Daniel Sampaio Augusto Éric Rohmer

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Daniel Sampaio Augusto Éric Rohmer UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA Daniel Sampaio Augusto Éric Rohmer: os Contos morais e seus equívocos São Paulo 2019 1 Daniel Sampaio Augusto Éric Rohmer: os Contos morais e seus equívocos Tese apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia do Departamento de Filosofia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de título de Doutor em Filosofia, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Olgária Chain Feres Matos. São Paulo 2019 2 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Augusto, Daniel Sampaio AÉ Éric Rohmer: os "Contos morais" e seus equívocos / Daniel Sampaio Augusto ; orientadora Olgária Matos. - São Paulo, 2019. 141 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Filosofia. Área de concentração: Filosofia. 1. Filosofia. 2. Estética. 3. Cinema. 4. Éric Rohmer. 5. "Seis contos morais". I. Matos, Olgária, orient. II. Título. 3 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO AUGUSTO, Daniel Sampaio. Éric Rohmer: os Contos morais e seus equívocos. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Departamento de Filosofia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2019. 4 DEDICATÓRIA Essa tese é de doutorado é dedicada Maria Pandeló Augusto. Nada que eu possa escrever ou filmar é maior do que o que ela me ensina. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Olgária Matos, orientadora no estudo e na vida. A José Miguel Wisnik, amigo de todas as horas. Aos professores que participaram da qualificação: Franklin Leopoldo e Silva e Leda Tenório da Motta, que contribuíram com observações valiosas. Aos meus pais, Miryam Christina Sampaio Augusto e Wilton Augusto, por tudo. A Cristina Andrade, que – no início deste trabalho – enviou de presente a tradução portuguesa dos Seis contos morais. A todos que, de um modo ou de outro, deram força e carinho nesse longo processo de elaboração da tese. À pessoa desconhecida que, durante minha adolescência, programou um filme de Éric Rohmer numa sala de cinema e abriu um mundo para mim. 6 RESUMO Análise e interpretação do ciclo moral de Éric Rohmer, com objetivo de relacionar filosofia e cinema. Palavras-chave: Éric Rohmer, Seis contos morais, A padeira do bairro, O joelho de Claire, Amor à tarde, filosofia, estética, cinema, literatura, moralismo, cristianismo, má-fé, ilusão, renunciação, realismo, cinema moderno, melodrama, escolha, Blaise Pascal, Jean-Paul Sartre, André Bazin, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Alain Badiou. 7 ABSTRACT Analysis and interpretation of the moral cycle of Éric Rohmer, aiming to relate philosophy and cinema. Keywords: Éric Rohmer, Six Moral Tales, Six Contes Moraux, The Bakery Girl of Monceau, La Boulangère de Monceau, Claire’s Knee, Le Genou de Claire, Love in the Afternoon, L’amour, l’après-midi, philosophy, aesthetics, cinema, literature, moralism, christianism, bad faith, illusion, realism, modern cinema, melodrama, choice, Blaise Pascal, Jean-Paul Sartre, André Bazin, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Alain Badiou. 8 SUMÁRIO Introdução: a estrutura do ciclo.............................................................................. 10 I. A padeira do bairro: má-fé e ilusão romanesca.................................................... 21 II. O joelho de Claire: renunciação e confissão....................................................... 43 III. Amor à tarde: cristianismo sem Cristo.............................................................. 79 Conclusão: a importância da escolha.................................................................... 105 Bibliografia.............................................................................................................. 115 Longas-metragens dirigidos por Éric Rohmer..................................................... 141 9 INTRODUÇÃO: A ESTRUTURA DO CICLO Éric Rohmer dirigiu os Seis Contos Morais (Six Contes Moraux) entre 1962 e 1972. São seis filmes: o curta-metragem A padeira do bairro1; o média-metragem A carreira de Suzanne2; os longas-metragens, Minha noite com ela3, A colecionadora4, O joelho de Claire5 e Amor à tarde6. Numa entrevista de 1965, realizada no período entre a finalização dos dois primeiros episódios e a preparação para o seguinte, ele definiu a série assim: “[...] eu considero que eles [os Contos Morais] são compostos na máquina eletrônica. Sendo dada a ideia de ‘contos morais’, se eu coloco ‘conto’ de um lado da máquina e ‘moral’ de outro, se desenvolvermos tudo o que é implicado pelo conto e tudo o que é implícito por moral, quase chegamos a pôr a situação, porque um conto moral, não sendo um conto de aventura, será forçosamente uma história em meia-tinta, então uma história de amor. Em uma história de amor, haverá forçosamente um homem e uma mulher. Mas, se há um homem e uma mulher, isso não é muito dramático; ou, então, seria necessário colocar em jogo impedimentos: a sociedade etc. Portanto, é melhor que haja três personagens: digamos, um homem e duas mulheres, já que eu sou um homem e meus contos são relatos em primeira pessoa. Assim, os temas dos Contos Morais decorrem da própria ideia de conto moral. Uma vez encontrado o tema, você poderá deduzir o conteúdo de cada uma das seis histórias.”7 1 Six contes moreaux, I, La Boulangère de Monceau (1962). Para a data, seguiu-se aqui: BAECQUE, Antoine; HERPE, Noël. Éric Rohmer. Paris: Stick, 2014, p. 543-554. No final do estudo, há uma filmografia completa dos longas-metragens de Rohmer. Os títulos em português são os do lançamento dos filmes no Brasil nas salas de cinema, em VHS ou em DVD. 2 Six contes moreaux, II, La Carrière de Suzanne (1963). 3 Six contes moreaux, III, Ma nuit chez Maud (1968). 4 Six contes moreaux, IV, La Collectionneuse (1966). 5 Six contes moreaux, V, Le genou de Claire (1970). 6 Six contes moreaux, VI, L’amour après-midi (1972). 7 No original: “[...] je considère qu’ils sont composés à la machine électronique. Etant donné l’idée de ‘contes moraux’, si je mets ‘conte’ d’un côté de la machine et ‘moral’ de l’autre, si l’on développe tout ce qui est impliqué par conte e tout ce que est impliqué par moral, on arrive presque à poser la situation, car, un conte moral n’étant pas un conte d’aventure, ce sera forcément une histoire en demi- teinte, donc une histoire d’amour. Dans une histoire d’amour, il y a forcément un homme et une femme. Mais s’il y a un homme et une femme, ce n’est pas très dramatique ; ou, alors, il faudrait faire entrer en jeu des empêchements : la société, etc. Donc, il vaut mieux qu’il y ait trois personnages : disons un homme e deux femmes, puisque je suis un homme et mes contes sont récits à la première personne. Ainsi, les thèmes des Contes moraux découlent de l’idée même de conte moral. Une fois trouvé le thème, vous pourrez déduire le contenu de chacun des six récits”. Trata-se de um trecho de entrevista de uma entrevista de Éric Rohmer para a revista Cahiers du Cinéma, recolhida em: BAECQUE, Antoine; TESSON, Charles (org.). Entretien avec Éric Rohmer. In : La Nouvelle Vague: Claude Chabrol, Jean-Luc Godard, Éric Rohmer, François Truffaut: textes et entretiens dans les Cahiers du cinéma. Paris: Cahiers du Cinéma, 1999, p. 243-4, tradução nossa. Ao longo do trabalho, 10 Aqui já temos algumas características da poética inicial dos contos: uma história de amor, três personagens (um homem e duas mulheres), um drama tecido a partir de impedimentos, enredo feito de meias-tintas, narrativas de um homem em primeira pessoa, a visada moral. Chama a atenção também a impessoalidade na criação (isto é, como se pudessem ser gerados por uma máquina) e a definição singular de uma história de amor (“forçosamente um homem e uma mulher”): são traços ligados à busca de objetividade (no primeiro caso) e à concepção do amor (no outro). Numa outra entrevista, concedida em 1974, após ter fechado a série, o diretor desenvolve com outras nuances as ideias de conto e de moral: “O próprio termo ‘conto moral’ é ambíguo [...] Cada uma das duas palavras pode se prestar à interpretação. Conto significa comumente ‘relato de fatos’, mas também ‘aventuras maravilhosas’. Meus filmes se tratam de pequenas crônicas da vida atual, desenvolvidas através de uma trama romanesca tênue, mas acentuando o caráter irreal da proposta. E há a palavra ‘moral’, aquilo se relaciona com os modos (mœurs) – isso se presta para mim a uma acepção mais psicológica do que sociológica [...] Seria um contrassenso acreditar que eu proponho uma moral qualquer, mas é livre cada um, ao ver meus filmes, de tirar a moral que lhe convém.”8 Nesta entrevista, a definição rohmeriana de conto moral é menos impessoal (não se fala mais que as histórias poderiam ser compostas numa máquina) e mais ambígua (“o próprio termo ‘conto moral’ é ambíguo”). Isto decorre provavelmente do traduzimos as citações no corpo do texto e transcrevemos os trechos originais no rodapé, de modo que o leitor possa conhecer a prosa original de Rohmer e de seus comentadores, assim como cotejar opções de tradução. É importante ressaltar que, apesar de Rohmer ter publicado mais de um livro na França, praticamente não existem traduções dos seus escritos no Brasil, com a exceção de um trabalho sobre a música (Ensaio sobre a noção de profundidade na música: Mozart em Beethoven. Tradução de Leda Tenório da Motta e Arthur Nestrovski. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1997). Além disso, apesar da fortuna crítica crescente em mais de um país, também não existe nenhum livro lançado em nosso país sobre o cineasta, somente ensaios, artigos e poucos trabalhos de pós-graduação (como as dissertações de mestrado de Daniela Cristina Gonçalves e de Gilberto Alexandre Sobrinho, citadas na bibliografia). 8 No original consultado: “Le terme même de ‘conte moral’ est ambigu […] Chacun des deux mots peut prêter à interprétation.
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