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3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds
3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds 1 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification An isolated thundercloud in the central New Mexico, with rudimentary indication of how electric charge is thought to be distributed and around the thundercloud, as inferred from the remote and in situ observations. Adapted from Krehbiel (1986). 2 2 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification A vertical tripole representing the idealized gross charge structure of a thundercloud. The negative screening layer charges at the cloud top and the positive corona space charge produced at ground are ignored here. 3 3 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification E = 2 E (−)cos( 90o−α) Q H = 2 2 3/2 2πεo()H + r sinα = k Q = const R2 ( ) Method of images for finding the electric field due to a negative point charge above a perfectly conducting ground at a field point located at the ground surface. 4 4 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification The electric field at ground due to the vertical tripole, labeled “Total”, as a function of the distance from the axis of the tripole. Also shown are the contributions to the total electric field from the three individual charges of the tripole. An upward directed electric field is defined as positive (according to the physics sign convention). 5 5 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification Electric Field Change Due to Negative Cloud-to-Ground Discharge Electric Field Change Due to a Cloud Discharge Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Distance, km Distance, km Electric field change at ground, due to the Electric field change at ground, due to the total removal of the negative charge of the total removal of the negative and upper vertical tripole via a cloud-to-ground positive charges of the vertical tripole via a discharge, as a function of distance from cloud discharge, as a function of distance from the axis of the tripole. -
The Observation of the Lightning Induced Variations in Atmospheric Ions
XV International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, 15-20 June 2014, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A. The Observation of the Lightning Induced Variations in Atmospheric Ions Xuemeng Chen1,*, Hanna E. Manninen1,2, Pasi Aalto1, Petri Keronen1, Antti Mäkelä3, Jussi Paatero3, Tuukka Petäjä1 and Markku Kulmala1 1. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 2. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia 3. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland ABSTRACT: Variations in atmospheric ion concentration were studied in a boreal forest in Finland, with emphasis on the effect of lightning. In general, changes in ion concentrations have diurnal and seasonal patterns. Distinct features were found in ions of different size ranges, namely small ions (0.8 – 1.7 nm) and intermediate ions (1.7 – 7 nm). Preliminary results on two case studies of lightning effect are present, one with rain effect and the other not. Bursts in the concentrations of small ions and intermediate ions were observed in both cases. However, different trends in trace gases were observed for the two cases. Further investigation is needed to reveal the nature of lightning ions and the mechanism in their formation. The work is under progress. INTRODUCTION Atmospheric ions, or air ions, refer to electric charge carriers present in the atmosphere. Distinct features exist in their chemical composition, mass, size as well as number of carried charges. According to Tammet [1998], atmospheric ions can be classified into small or cluster ions, intermediate ions, and large ions based on their mobility (Z) in air, being Z > 0.5 cm2V-1s-1, 0.5 cm2V-1s-1 ≤ Z ≥ 0.03 cm2V-1s-1 and Z< 0.03 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. -
The Error Is the Feature: How to Forecast Lightning Using a Model Prediction Error [Applied Data Science Track, Category Evidential]
The Error is the Feature: How to Forecast Lightning using a Model Prediction Error [Applied Data Science Track, Category Evidential] Christian Schön Jens Dittrich Richard Müller Saarland Informatics Campus Saarland Informatics Campus German Meteorological Service Big Data Analytics Group Big Data Analytics Group Offenbach, Germany ABSTRACT ACM Reference Format: Despite the progress within the last decades, weather forecasting Christian Schön, Jens Dittrich, and Richard Müller. 2019. The Error is the is still a challenging and computationally expensive task. Current Feature: How to Forecast Lightning using a Model Prediction Error: [Ap- plied Data Science Track, Category Evidential]. In Proceedings of 25th ACM satellite-based approaches to predict thunderstorms are usually SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD ’19). based on the analysis of the observed brightness temperatures in ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. different spectral channels and emit a warning if a critical threshold is reached. Recent progress in data science however demonstrates 1 INTRODUCTION that machine learning can be successfully applied to many research fields in science, especially in areas dealing with large datasets. Weather forecasting is a very complex and challenging task requir- We therefore present a new approach to the problem of predicting ing extremely complex models running on large supercomputers. thunderstorms based on machine learning. The core idea of our Besides delivering forecasts for variables such as the temperature, work is to use the error of two-dimensional optical flow algorithms one key task for meteorological services is the detection and pre- applied to images of meteorological satellites as a feature for ma- diction of severe weather conditions. -
Imagine2014 8B3 02 Gehrke
Loss Adjustment via Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) – Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance Thomas Gehrke, Regional Director Berlin, Resp. for International Affairs Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and 20.10.2014 1 Challenges for Crop Insurance Structure 1. Introduction – Demo 2. Vereinigte Hagel – Market leader in Europe 3. Precision Agriculture – UAS 4. Crop insurance – Loss adjustment via UAS 5. Challenges and Conclusion Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 2 Introduction – Demo Short film (not in pdf-file) Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 3 Structure 1. Introduction – Demo 2. Vereinigte Hagel – Market leader in Europe 3. Precision Agriculture – UAS 4. Crop insurance – Loss adjustment via UAS 5. Challenges and Conclusion Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 4 190 years of experience Secufarm® 1 Hail * Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 5 2013-05-09, Hail – winter barley Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 6 … and 4 weeks later Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 7 Our Line of MPCI* Products PROFESSIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT is crucial part of modern agriculture. With Secufarm® products, farmers can decide individually which agricultural Secufarm® 6 crops they would like to insure against ® Fire & Drought which risks. Secufarm 4 Frost Secufarm® 3 Storm & Intense Rain Secufarm® 1 certain crop types are eligible Hail only for Secufarm 1 * MPCI: Multi Peril Crop Insurance Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 8 Insurable Damages and their Causes Hail Storm Frost WEATHER RISKS are increasing further. -
Are the Fouta Djallon Highlands Still the Water Tower of West Africa?
water Article Are the Fouta Djallon Highlands Still the Water Tower of West Africa? Luc Descroix 1,2,*, Bakary Faty 3, Sylvie Paméla Manga 2,4,5, Ange Bouramanding Diedhiou 6 , Laurent A. Lambert 7 , Safietou Soumaré 2,8,9, Julien Andrieu 1,9, Andrew Ogilvie 10 , Ababacar Fall 8 , Gil Mahé 11 , Fatoumata Binta Sombily Diallo 12, Amirou Diallo 12, Kadiatou Diallo 13, Jean Albergel 14, Bachir Alkali Tanimoun 15, Ilia Amadou 15, Jean-Claude Bader 16, Aliou Barry 17, Ansoumana Bodian 18 , Yves Boulvert 19, Nadine Braquet 20, Jean-Louis Couture 21, Honoré Dacosta 22, Gwenaelle Dejacquelot 23, Mahamadou Diakité 24, Kourahoye Diallo 25, Eugenia Gallese 23, Luc Ferry 20, Lamine Konaté 26, Bernadette Nka Nnomo 27, Jean-Claude Olivry 19, Didier Orange 28 , Yaya Sakho 29, Saly Sambou 22 and Jean-Pierre Vandervaere 30 1 Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR PALOC IRD/MNHN/Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 LMI PATEO, UGB, St Louis 46024, Senegal; [email protected] (S.P.M.); [email protected] (S.S.) 3 Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau (DGPRE), Dakar 12500, Senegal; [email protected] 4 Département de Géographie, Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor 27000, Senegal 5 UFR des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université de Lorraine, 54015 Nancy, France 6 Master SPIBES/WABES Project (Centre d’Excellence sur les CC) Bingerville, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire; [email protected] 7 Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, -
Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES TOOLKIT A planning guide for public health and emergency response professionals WISCONSIN CLIMATE AND HEALTH PROGRAM Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health dhs.wisconsin.gov/climate | SEPTEMBER 2016 | [email protected] State of Wisconsin | Department of Health Services | Division of Public Health | P-01037 (Rev. 09/2016) 1 CONTENTS Introduction Definitions Guides Guide 1: Tornado Categories Guide 2: Recognizing Tornadoes Guide 3: Planning for Severe Storms Guide 4: Staying Safe in a Tornado Guide 5: Staying Safe in a Thunderstorm Guide 6: Lightning Safety Guide 7: After a Severe Storm or Tornado Guide 8: Straight-Line Winds Safety Guide 9: Talking Points Guide 10: Message Maps Appendices Appendix A: References Appendix B: Additional Resources ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit was made possible through funding from cooperative agreement 5UE1/EH001043-02 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the commitment of many individuals at the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS), Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health (BEOH), who contributed their valuable time and knowledge to its development. Special thanks to: Jeffrey Phillips, RS, Director of the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, DHS Megan Christenson, MS,MPH, Epidemiologist, DHS Stephanie Krueger, Public Health Associate, CDC/ DHS Margaret Thelen, BRACE LTE Angelina Hansen, BRACE LTE For more information, please contact: Colleen Moran, MS, MPH Climate and Health Program Manager Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health 1 W. Wilson St., Room 150 Madison, WI 53703 [email protected] 608-266-6761 2 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit is to provide information to local governments, health departments, and citizens in Wisconsin about preparing for and responding to severe storm events, including tornadoes. -
Analysis of Lightning and Precipitation Activities in Three Severe Convective Events Based on Doppler Radar and Microwave Radiometer Over the Central China Region
atmosphere Article Analysis of Lightning and Precipitation Activities in Three Severe Convective Events Based on Doppler Radar and Microwave Radiometer over the Central China Region Jing Sun 1, Jian Chai 2, Liang Leng 1,* and Guirong Xu 1 1 Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (G.X.) 2 Hubei Lightning Protecting Center, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-8180-4905 Received: 27 March 2019; Accepted: 23 May 2019; Published: 1 June 2019 Abstract: Hubei Province Region (HPR), located in Central China, is a concentrated area of severe convective weather. Three severe convective processes occurred in HPR were selected, namely 14–15 May 2015 (Case 1), 6–7 July 2013 (Case 2), and 11–12 September 2014 (Case 3). In order to investigate the differences between the three cases, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of cloud–ground lightning (CG) flashes and precipitation, the distribution of radar parameters, and the evolution of cloud environment characteristics (including water vapor (VD), liquid water content (LWC), relative humidity (RH), and temperature) were compared and analyzed by using the data of lightning locator, S-band Doppler radar, ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR), and automatic weather stations (AWS) in this study. The results showed that 80% of the CG flashes had an inverse correlation with the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall, 28.6% of positive CG (+CG) flashes occurred at the center of precipitation (>30 mm), and the percentage was higher than that of negative CG ( CG) − flashes (13%). -
Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel
Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel Towards Peaceful Coexistence UNOWAS STUDY 1 2 Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel Towards Peaceful Coexistence UNOWAS STUDY August 2018 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations p.8 Chapter 3: THE REPUBLIC OF MALI p.39-48 Acknowledgements p.9 Introduction Foreword p.10 a. Pastoralism and transhumance UNOWAS Mandate p.11 Pastoral Transhumance Methodology and Unit of Analysis of the b. Challenges facing pastoralists Study p.11 A weak state with institutional constraints Executive Summary p.12 Reduced access to pasture and water Introductionp.19 c. Security challenges and the causes and Pastoralism and Transhumance p.21 drivers of conflict Rebellion, terrorism, and the Malian state Chapter 1: BURKINA FASO p.23-30 Communal violence and farmer-herder Introduction conflicts a. Pastoralism, transhumance and d. Conflict prevention and resolution migration Recommendations b. Challenges facing pastoralists Loss of pasture land and blockage of Chapter 4: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF transhumance routes MAURITANIA p.49-57 Political (under-)representation and Introduction passivity a. Pastoralism and transhumance in Climate change and adaptation Mauritania Veterinary services b. Challenges facing pastoralists Education Water scarcity c. Security challenges and the causes and Shortages of pasture and animal feed in the drivers of conflict dry season Farmer-herder relations Challenges relating to cross-border Cattle rustling transhumance: The spread of terrorism to Burkina Faso Mauritania-Mali d. Conflict prevention and resolution Pastoralists and forest guards in Mali Recommendations Mauritania-Senegal c. Security challenges and the causes and Chapter 2: THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA p.31- drivers of conflict 38 The terrorist threat Introduction Armed robbery a. -
Appraisal Report Kankan-Kouremale-Bamako Road Multinational Guinea-Mali
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND ZZZ/PTTR/2000/01 Language: English Original: French APPRAISAL REPORT KANKAN-KOUREMALE-BAMAKO ROAD MULTINATIONAL GUINEA-MALI COUNTRY DEPARTMENT OCDW WEST REGION JANUARY 1999 SCCD : N.G. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PROJECT INFORMATION BRIEF, EQUIVALENTS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS, LIST OF ANNEXES AND TABLES, BASIC DATA, PROJECT LOGICAL FRAMEWORK, ANALYTICAL SUMMARY i-ix 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Genesis and Background.................................................................................... 1 1.2 Performance of Similar Projects..................................................................................... 2 2 THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ........................................................................................... 3 2.1 The Transport Sector in the Two Countries ................................................................... 3 2.2 Transport Policy, Planning and Coordination ................................................................ 4 2.3 Transport Sector Constraints.......................................................................................... 4 3 THE ROAD SUB-SECTOR .............................................................................................. 5 3.1 The Road Network ......................................................................................................... 5 3.2 The Automobile Fleet and Traffic................................................................................. -
Incident Management Situation Report Wednesday, August 2, 2000 - 0530 Mdt National Preparedness Level V
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SITUATION REPORT WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 2, 2000 - 0530 MDT NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS LEVEL V CURRENT SITUATION: Dry lightning and very heavy initial attack activity occurred in Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern California, Nevada and Utah. Many of the new starts are unstaffed. Seventeen new large fires were reported in the Western and Eastern Great Basin, Northern Rockies, Southern California, and Southern Areas. An Area Command Team was mobilized to Northern Rockies Area. One Type I Incident Management Team was mobilized to Nevada, one was mobilized to the Eastern Great Basin Area and one was reassigned within the Northern Rockies Area. Containment goals were reached on three large fires. Numerous aircraft, equipment, crew and overhead resource orders are being processed by the National Interagency Coordination Center. All eleven western states are reporting very high to extreme fire danger indices. EASTERN GREAT BASIN AREA LARGE FIRES: Priorities are being established by the Great Basin Multi-Agency Coordinating Group based on information submitted via Wildfire Situation Analysis reports and Incident Status Summary (ICS-209) forms. LOGAN COMPLEX, Wasatch-Cache National Forest. A Type II Incident Management Team (Carr) is assigned. This complex is comprised of the High Point (600 acres) and the Millville 2 (160 acres) fires, both located near Logan, UT. The Millville is a new fire that was ignited on 7/31 near the town of Millville. Helicopters are doing bucket work to support the suppression effort. OLDROYD COMPLEX, Fishlake National Forest. A Type I Incident Management Team (Hutchinson) is assigned. This complex includes the Oldroyd, Mona West, Broad, Mourning Dove and Yance fires near Richfield, UT. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
How Do Heat Waves, Cold Waves, Droughts, Hail and Tornadoes Affect US Agriculture? Southern Great Plains (Better Known As the Dust Bowl)
Research Papers Issue RP0271 How do heat waves, cold waves, December 2015 droughts, hail and tornadoes affect ECIP – Economic analysis of Climate US agriculture? Impacts and Policy Division By Emanuele Massetti SUMMARY We estimate the impact of extreme events on corn and Georgia Institute of Technology, soybeans yields, and on agricultural land values in the Eastern United CESIfo and States. We find the most harmful event is a severe drought but that cold Fondazione CMCC – Centro waves, heat waves, and storms all reduce both corn and soybean yields. Euro -Mediterraneo sui Over 80% of the damage from extreme events is caused by droughts and Cambiamenti Climatici cold waves with heat waves causing only 6% of the damage. Including FEEM – Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei extreme events in a panel model of weather alters how temperature emanuele.massetti@ affects yields, making cold temperature more harmful and hot pubpolicy.gatech.edu temperatures less harmful. Extreme events have no effect on farmland values probably because American farmers are buffered from extreme events by subsidized public crop insurance. Robert Mendelsohn Yale University [email protected] Keywords Climate change, agriculture, extreme events, heat waves, droughts. JEL codes: Q1, Q54 This report represents the Deliverable P152 developed within the framework of Work Package 7.1.3 of the GEMINA project, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research and the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea. CMCC Research Papers 1. INTRODUCTION 02 There is a large literature that studies how climate and weather affect agricultural productivity using a wide range of methods: large agro-economic models that combine atmospheric science, plant science and agricultural economics (Adams et al.