Throvgh the Ages

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SEPTEMBER, 1926

"Nature was here so lavish of her store That she bestow'd until she had no more." —^BROWN. .T] 1313 Ora El£l Bra B13 Era • Eia Era E13 IZra BIEJ Era cz^

VOL.4 SEPTEMBER. 1926 NO. 5

CONTENTS

PAGE DOORWAY IN THE SOUTHERN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D.C Frontispiece

REMOVAL OF STAINS FROM MARBLE 3 By D. W. KESSLER

MARBLE IN SPOKANE BUILDINGS 10

THE SPIRIT OF GENIALITY 17

ATLANTA'S RELATION TO GEORGIA'S MARBLES . ... 18

THE NEW WEST STREET BUILDING OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY 25

BANKS AND MARBLE 31 By ALFRED C. BOSSOM

ROTARY PARK, OKLAHOMA CITY 38

LIST OF THE WORLD'S MARBLES 40

Published Monthly by the NATIONAL ASSOCL\TION OF MARBLE DEALERS GAY AND WATER STREETS, BALTIMORE, MD. Executive Offices: 648 ROCKKFELLER BUILDING. CLEVELAND. OHIO. Application for Second-Class Mailing Privilege has been filed at Baltimore. Md. Subscription Price $3.00 per year Single Copies 3 5 cents

•Whatever is beautiful." wrote Willmott. "is also profitable." This entrance way, m the Southern Building, Washington, D.C., fully justified the statement. It isof Mountain White Danbv marble, and was designed by A. B. Heaton. A Monthly Magazine devoted to the uses of Marble - its universal adaptability, beauty, permanency and economy

BIE: C^J^ CH/HD

VOL.4 SEPTEMBER. 1926 NO. 5

REMOVAL OF STAINS FROM MARBLE

Suggestions for Treating Stains Caused by Iron, Tobacco and Ink

By D. W. KESSLER

(Published by Permission of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards of the U.S. Department of Q>mmerce.)

ARIOUS kinds of accidental stains necessary to resort to a poultice or bandage. may be encountered in marble in its By a poultice is meant a chemical mixed Vdifferent uses, and generally each with a fine inert powder and water, or some particular type of stain requires a special other liquid, to a pasty or mortar consist• treatment. It is not always possible to ency. This is applied to the stained part of determine what the staining matter is and the marble with a brush or trowel to form a in such cases the treatment has to be largely layer of considerable thickness. The band• experimental. A great variety of chemicals age treatment consists of soaking a layer of may be applied to marble without apprec• cotton or several thicknesses of cloth in a iable injury, but acids or those chemical chemical solution and pasting this over the solutions which develop an acid condition stain. In some cases the poultice is prefer• should usually be avoided or usedjudiciously. able and in others the bandage is better. However, the serpentines, commonly called Both serve to hold the chemicals in place Verde Antique marbles, are of such compo• for several hours without drying out. This sition that they are not appreciably af• prolongs the action of the solvent and as the fected by acids and hence this class permits solvent evaporates the dissolved matter is a wider variety of treatments. drawn out into the poultice or bandage. Usually stains cannot be readily re• Some stains can be removed with one appli• moved by merely applying the proper cation of the poultice or bandage while chemical to the surface or by scrubbing the others require several repetitions. In many stained part. This is due to the fact that cases of badly neglected marble which have stains penetrate to some degree and cannot become stained almost beyond recognition be reached by the mop. In general it is it is surprising how well they can be cleared THROVGH THE AGES

marble dust to make a paste just stiff enough to adhere in a thick coating to the marble. Apply this to the stained marble with a trowel or putty knife. This will remain tacky for a few days, but when it becomes dry it should be removed and replaced by a new layer. Usually this process will have to be repeated several times to remove the stain. This is a perfectly safe treatment and in some cases it may be found preferable to the more rapid treatment. Formula Number 2 Materials required: Sodium citrate, sod• ium hydrosulphite (Na,S^OJ and whiting. Sodium citrate can be obtained at any chemical supply house; whiting may be had from a paint store; but the hydro-sulphite may have to be ordered from one of the following firms: J. T. Baker Chemical Company, Phillips- Iron rust stain on marble made by iron filings laid on the surface and kept wet for two weeks. up and brought back to the original appear• ance. Methods of treating various stains will be discussed separately.

IRON STAINS This is a common type of stain on marble and can usually be recognized by its re• semblance to iron rust or by its position with respect to adjoining iron work. Two methods have been found which are effective in re• moving this type of stain; one of these methods is slow and has no injurious effects, and the other is fairly rapid but has a slight etching effect on the marble. The first of these is as follows:

Formula Number i Dissolve one part of Rochelle salt or sodium citrate in six parts of water. Add to this an equal volume of glycerin and mix This shows the same marble after treatment with iron rust formula Number 2. Three applications were thoroughly. Stir into this enough whiting or required to remove the stain completely.

[4] THROVGH THE AGES burg, New Jersey, or under the trade names indicated, from: "Burmol"—R. I. Street Company, 28 North Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois. "Sulphogen"—Riverside Manufacturing Company, Arcade Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Dissolve one part of sodium citrate in six parts of water and apply this to the stained marble; or even better, saturate a white cloth in the solution and paste it over the stain until ready to apply the hydrosulphite. The latter consists of small gray crystals a little coarser than table salt. If the stained marble is in a horizontal position sprinkle a thin layer of the hydrosulphite crystals over the stain, moisten with a few drops of water and cover with a thick paste made of whiting and water. I f the stain is on a vertical face of marble, the whiting putty can be applied first a little below the Tobacco stain on marble made by a layer of cotton kept soaked in strong tobacco juice and laid on the surface for two weeks.

Stain and hollowed out slightly to hold the hydrosulphite powder. Then work the putty and the hydrosulphite up until the stain is covered. Leave this on the stain for about an hour and remove. If the stain is not entirely removed repeat the operation. Unless the stain is deep, one treatment will usually remove it. This treatment is apt to dim the polish somewhat due to a slight etching effect. However, it is not a difficult matter to repolish the treated portion with a piece of chamois and some putty powder which can be obtained from a marble setter. Moisten the chamois, dip it into the dry putty powder and rub the marble vigor• ously until the polish is obtained.

TOBACCO STAINS The same marble as shown above after treatment with the poultice formula for tobacco stains mentioned in Tobacco stains may produce an unsightly the text. Three applications were required. appearance on marble but their removal is [5 THROVGH THE AGES

Ink stains on marble: No. ii. red non-copying ink; No. 12. purple duplicating ink; No. 13. red waterproof ink; No 14, blue- black writing ink. Nos. 12 and 14 were as intense as No. 11, but as these colors do not affect the photographic plate to the same extent as red, they appear rather weak in the illustration. [61 THROVGH THE AGES

The same marbles as shown on opposite page, after treatments as follows: No. 11 required two applications of the perborate poultice; No. 12 one application of the perborate poultice and one of chlorinated lime poultice; No. 13, same treatment as No. 12; No. 14. one application of jDerborate poultice and one of formula No. 2 for iron rust. [7] THROVGH THE AGES

not difficult. The grit scrubbing powders, until dry. If a brown stain (the iron) re• commonly used on marble or tile floors, are mains it should be treated with Formula usually satisfactory for application in the Number i or Number 2 mentioned above form of a poultice. Stir the powder into hot for iron rust. Sodium perborate can be ob• water until a mortar consistency is obtained. tained from any druggist. Mix this thoroughly for several minutes, Many of the red, green, violet and other then apply it to the stained marble in a bright colored inks are water solutions of layer inch or more in thickness. Leave synthetic dyes. Such inks contain no acids this on until dry (twenty-four hours at and do not etch marble. Stains made by least) and remove. Repeat the treatment if such can usually be removed with the necessary. sodium perborate treatment given above. If the scrubbing detergents are not at Small stains of this type of ink can often be hand, the following formula may be used: removed with ammonia water. This may Shave about i cubic inch of soap into one be used by soaking a piece of cotton in the quart of hot water and stir until dissolved. ammonia water and laying it over the stain In another vessel dissolve one large table- for a few hours. Javelle water may be ef• spoonful of soda ash or two of washing soda fectively used on such ink stains and in some (sal soda) in one pint of water. .A.dd this to ways it is preferable. This can be applied in the soap solution and mix the two thoroughly. the same way as the ammonia water or Scrub the stained marble with some of this mixed with whiting and applied as a poul• mi.xture on a soft cloth for two or three tice. minutes to remove the surface stain and A mixture of one part of chlorinated lime soak the marble. A poultice is then made and one part whiting mixed to a stiff paste with whiting or powdered talc four parts, with water may also be used as a poultic• corn starch one part., and enough of the soap ing material for this type of ink stains. solution to form a thick paste. Apply this to Chlorinated lime can usually be obtained the stain in a layer >^ inch thick and leave from any drug store but Javelle water, on on twenty-four hours. Repeat if necessary. account of its unstable nature, is not always easy to obtain. INK STAINS Some blue inks contain Prussian blue, Ordinary writing ink usually consists of which is a ferrocyanide. Such colors cannot gallotannate of iron, a blue dye, a mineral be removed by the perborate treatment, acid, phenol and a gum or glycerin. Such an Javelle water or chlorinated lime paste. ink etches the surface due to the acid con• Ammonia water or a soap solution will re• tent; the dye penetrates; some of the gal• move this color. lotannate also penetrates, but is mostly India ink consists of finely divided carbon precipitated at the surface. The stain, es• held in suspension in a liquid by gums, pecially if an old one, will require one treat• shellac, etc. The carbon does not penetrate ment to remove the dye and another to re• marble but some of the minute particles move the iron. The dye stain may be may lodge in the uneven parts of the sur• treated as follows: Make a saturated solu• face and be very difficult to remove. Car• tion of sodium perborate in water. Mix this bon is entirely insoluble, so chemical treat• with whiting to form a thick paste. Apply ments are of no avail. If a vigorous scrub• it to the stain in a thick layer and leave it bing with soap does not remove all of the

[8] THROVGH THE AGES carbon from the surface it will be necessary same manner as suggested for those from to use a mild grit and grind away part of bright colored inks referred to above. Some the surface. If a rough spot is left by this indelible inks contain silver salts which turn treatment it may be repolished as described black. A stain of this kind may be removed under Forniula Number 2 mentioned above with strong ammonia water, but the action for iron stains. is slow. Saturate a piece of cotton in the Indelible inks often consist of dyes and ammonia water and place it over the stain the stains from such may be treated in the for several hours.

This machine, which measures the transverse strength and elasticity of marble slabs, is one of several pieces of apparatus devised by the United States Bureau of Standards in Washington and used in the Bureau s study of problems relating to the marble indu.stry. Mr. D. \V. Kessler, the author of the foregoing article, who is in charge of this research work, is shown operating the handle of the machine.

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The $2,500,000 Davenport Hotel at Spokane. Marble has been used in various forms throughout this structure. Kirtland K. Cutter, Spokane, architect.

MARBLE IN SPOKANE BUILDINGS This Far Northwestern City Draws Largely Upon Alaskan Quarries

I iHE development of Spokane, Wash- Minnesota and Pacific tidewater. In no I ington, from an Indian village less other country in the world could such de• than fifty years ago to a modern mu• velopment have occurred in the short space nicipality of 130,000 people is one of the of half a century. great achievements of our day. Just as the pioneer discovered the great When James N. Glover, called the Northwest years ago, their followers are "Father of Spokane," settled on the Spo• rediscovering it today. The pioneer camped kane River bank in 1873 he little dreamed beside the Falls of the Spokane River, be• that one day Spokane would be the largest cause of their appealing beauty. The citi• community between the Twin Cities of zens of Spokane have built a modern city

10 THROVGH THE AGES about these Falls, attracted not alone by some indication lately that they may be this beauty but by the possibilities repre• reopened in the near future. The marble sented in its latent power. This city, with used is now brought from Alaska, Vermont its towering structures, representative of and Tennessee principally, though some of present day commercial architecture at its it comes from Georgia and Alabama and best, exerts a definite appeal to its residents even from far away Italy. as well as its strangers. In 1891 the Marble Bank Building, one of During the last dozen years, marble has the first structures in the city to use the been used extensively in Spokane's build• material, was constructed. This was owned ings. A few years ago some of this material and built by A. M. Cannon, Spokane's first was quarried at Valley, near Chewelah, building contractor. It is one of the most sixty miles north of Spokane, in Stevens substantial small buildings which this city county. At the present time these quarries possesses. It is built entirely of marble are closed down, though there has been brought from Alaska and is the home of the

The Marble Bank Building at Spokane, Washington. This structure is made entirely of Vermont marble and has l^en the home of the Fidelity National Bank for many years. L. L. Rand, of Spokane, was the architect.

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OLD NATIONAL BANK UNION TRUST COMPANY

Elevator corridor of the Old National Bank and Union Trust Company, Spokane The walls are of English Veined Italian marble.

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View of vault in the basement of the Old National Bank and Union Trust Company, Spjokane, Wash.

Main lobby of the Old National Bank and Union Trust Company. The floor is of Gray Tennessee, the counters and base of Verde .Antique, and the apron of Grecian Tinos No. 3. The stairway balustrade shown in the central foreground is Alaskan White.

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Lewis and Clark High School. Spokane, Washington. Marble, mostly Alaskan and Vermont, is used for the interior columns and stairways. L. L. Rand, Spokane, architect.

Fidelity National Bank, one of Spokane's stories high, is another building of note oldest banks. The architect, L. L. Rand, of which used marble in various forms. Un• Spokane, drew his inspiration from the fortunately, the interior is marred by the Renaissance style. The round arched win• introduction of a discordant element. The dows on the main facade, flanked by double huge Ionic columns, easily the most promi• Corinthian pilasters, are effectively sur• nent features of the main lobby, are of mounted by pilasters which are repeated in scagiola. This substitution detracts from an the ends of the side elevation. The compo• otherwise impressive room. The floor is of sition is finely proportioned and exceedingly Gray Tennessee. The counters are of Eng• effective, and the marble seems to be the lish Veined Italian marble, with tops and only logical material for its rendition. The bases of Verde Antique. The stairway lead• corridors and counters are also solid marble, ing to the vault floor is of Alaskan White so that the interior is in keeping with the marble, as are the walls of the safe deposit promise afforded by the external surfaces. department. The Italian marble, mentioned The Old National Bank Building, fifteen above, was also used in the elevator corri- THROVGH THE AGESn:^-5^ dors. The rich veining makes this portion of marble in the various Catholic churches are the building particularly interesting. A in many cases works of art. Our Lady of Tennessee floor, with borders and wall bases Lourdes, for example, has a marble pulpit, of Verde Antique, completes the effect. and this, as well as the altar rails and the The Lewis and Clark High School is altars themselves, almost invariably elicit noted for its marble stairways and coluinns, words of praise from visitors. which are mostly of material from Alaska As is customary in most large cities, the and Vermont. This structure, considered use of marble in the leading hotels is accepted from a tectonic point of view, is one of the as standard practice. The Davenport Hotel most imposing schools in Spokane. This is and restaurant, which may be taken as a not, however, the only educational struc• conspicuous example, followed the general ture in the city in which marble appears, as precedent and employed considerable mar• it is used extensively in the more than forty ble in its structure. The Italian marble schools, colleges and universities in this city. fountain on the main floor, in the lobby, The magnificent altars built of Italian shows an exquisitely wrought figure of a

The altars and rails in Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, Spokane, are of Italian marble.

15 THROVGH THE AGES child grasping a dolplnin, from the mouth in Spokane that deserves special mention. of which a stream of water pours into the This is the addition to the mortuary of bowl. The pedestal is elaborately carved Smith and Company. It is built of marble and in the water at the vase of the foun• and cost $80,000. It was designed by Julius tain brilliantly colored fish swim about Zittel, of Spokane. and add a pleasing color tone and touch During 1925 more than $4,000,000 was of action. expended on new and remodeled buildings The Pompeiian barber shop of the Daven• in Spokane. So far during the present year, port Hotel is acknowledged to be one of the building activity has more than held its most artistic, attractive and efficiently own; and in almost every one of the newer equipped and operated shops that can be structures marble has played a more or less found anywhere. The walls and columns prominent part. A great many of the smart supporting the elliptical arches forming the shops display show windows with marble ceiling are in Statuary marble with honed bases or even entire fagades of white or finish and of a cream color, shading into slightly veined marble; and entrance ways pale amber. The stairways of marble are also paved in Tennessee, Tra\'ertine or Alaska very attractive. White may be seen in ever-increasing numbers. A small structure was recently completed

Marble addition to the mortuary of Smith and Company of Spokane. Julius Zittel, Spokane, architect.

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The Library, Radcliffc College, CambridKe, Mass., has a marble trim. Bigelow and Wadsworth, Boston, architects.

'T^HERE is room for the cozy, homely builJ- X ing which can have a propriety and even a very dislinci formality of its own. The spirit of genial• ity has a legitimate place in architecture; certainly no material other than marble can, if intelligently used, add so much of animated individuality to the dull sombreness of brick. It has, besides, the advan• tages of stability and low cost of upkeep.

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Ivy Street entrance to the Hurt Building, Atlanta.

ATLANTA'S RELATION TO GEORGIA'S MARBLES This Thriving Southern City is Making a Practical Use of its State's Products

By O. F. REEVES

T is unusual for the history of a city to realization that what happened once could begin with its destruction, yet this is true happen again, turned their thoughts to I of Atlanta. War left it a smoking and buildings of permanence. leveled mass and the true history begins In the building of a city, it is perfectly with the year 1865. On sites, formerly oc• natural that native materials be given cupied by frame structures, new buildings preference, from an economic as well as a grew and the citizens, perhaps with the sentimental standpoint. In rebuilding, [•8] THROVGH THE AGES

Atlanta found herself more than abundantly ings which do not contain interior marble in supplied with these necessities. Occupying some form or other. This is so universally a conspicuous place in the list, were the true that a building of any size today can marbles of North Georgia. hardly be called a modem building, unless The layman has always recognized mar• marble has found its place somewhere in its ble as a synonym for beauty and durability, construction. and he knows that in Nature's storehouse A tabulation of the uses of marble com• nothing can be found that compares with it prises a list which would be a revelation to in this respect, but on the other hand he is those unfamiliar with building in these apt to think of marble as a material adapt• modem times. Bases, wainscots, bank fix• able only to the carving of monuments and tures, counters, desks, baths, public toilets, statuary, with perhaps an occasional usage door trims, casings, stairs, floors, fountains, for exterior building purposes. Modern garden seats, etc., make up but a few of the machinery, man's ingenuity, and a growing manifold uses of marble, and the treatment realization on the part of the architect that mns the range from plain smooth finished the possibilities of marble are unlimited, surfaces to the ultimate in design and art• have strengthened its position in the fields istry. of commerce. There are few modern build• A notable example of stair work is seen

Grand staircase of the Candler Building. Each floor of this building has its marble wainscoting and even the swimming pool in the basement is of white marble. Geo. E. Murphy, architect. THROVGH THE AGES

Telephone Company quarters on the first floor of the new addition to the Hurt Building.

Banking room of the Continental Trust Company, Hurt Building. The floors are Gray Tennessee; the screens and columns are Ta\ ernelle.

20 THROVGH THE AGESliM:^

View of the entrance rotunda in the Hurt Building. White Alabama and Brcche Violette marbles were used. in the grand staircase of the Candler Build• The Candler Building may be considered ing, Atlanta, Georgia. Beginning with its as the pioneer building in Atlanta in the in• carved griffins, forming the newell posts, terior marble field; a comparison of its mar• it mounts in heavy moulded treads between ble, however, with that in later buildings solid marble walls and facias. In bas-relief reveals that time has but served to enhance are carved busts of members of the Candler its beauty. family. Massive balusters and handrails The Federal Reserve Bank Building in follow the wind of the stairs around the Atlanta is a comparatively recent structure well hole. in which marble was generously used. The Marble is lavishly used throughout the exterior treatment is in classic design; and interior of this building in wainscots and in the interior, selected marbles have been floors, and the almost perfect condition of used to obtain the maximum in lighting this material after over twenty years' serv• effects and general harmony. ice is a striking testimonial of its practical Another outstanding structure in the city qualities. is the Hurt Building, occupying a triangu-

[ 2^ r^Q^rfHROVGH THE AGES lar site at Edgewood Avenue, Ivy Street and screens and wall marbles are of Botticino, Exchange Place. It is sev^enteen stories and the floor of Pink Tennessee. high, of "flat iron" shape, and the exterior The corridors throughout the building up to and including the first floor cornice have marble floors and wainscoting. In the line, is of Mezzotint Georgia marble with first floor of the older building the floors and bush hammered finish. It was designed by- walls are White Alabama; the first floor James E. R. Carpenter, of New York. rotunda of the new addition has Georgia The triangular plan just mentioned has floors and walls. All of the toilet rooms have its base on Ivy Street. In the middle of this marble floors, wainscoting and stalls. The southeast front is a finely sculptured marble floors generally are of hone finish; the wain• doorway, in the Renaissance style, placed scoting has a polished finish. between double Ionic pediments that ex• A notable group of buildings, mentioned tend through the lower floors to the first in a recent issue of 'THROVGH THE AGES," cornice and support heavily carved medal• is that of Emory University. The exteriors lions above. This doorway with its round of these are of marble, and future additions arched pediment and ornate decorations is will be constructed of the same material. one of two features that distinguish an other• Random Ashlar of White Georgia was used; wise ordinary, though not unattractive, ex• the dullness of wide expanses of unbroken terior. The other is the entrance way at the surfaces of monotones is thus alleviated and northwest, or tip, of the flatiron. Here a the effect is decidedly impressive. circular portico of marble contains massive The use of marble is not, however, con• marble columns and a marble balustrade. fined to the large buildings of Atlanta. The capitals of these colunins are intri• Small shops, lunch rooms, and dozens of cately carved, as is the frieze above the similar enterprises have discovered the doorway. economic advantages of this material. It is The interior of the Hurt Building is even finding its way into private residences, equally rich in marbles. In the original in increasing quantities. structure, which was built in 1914, the en• A specific example of such usage is shown trance rotunda is a combined treatment of in the illustration on page 24, which dem• White Alabama and imported Breche Vio- onstrates clearly that a home interior need lette. Generally speaking, the original not necessarily be rendered cold and overly building was treated with Alabama marble; formal because of marble. In this room, the addition was built in 1924, and in this which is a solarium, the floor is of marble portion light Cherokee marble was em• tile, of Gray Tennessee and Alps Green in ployed. The banking room quarters, origi• alternate squares; Alps Green is also used nally occupied by the Federal Reserve Bank for the border base, risers of the steps, win• and which are located just above the ro• dow trim, stools and cap. The walls are of tunda at the main entrance to the building, Gray Tennessee, honed finished. Such a are finished entirely in Tavernelle marble room as this is both impressive and at the with a hone finish, except for a floor of Gray same time "livable" and full of warmth. Tennessee. On the first floor of the new ad• Naturally, the cost of upkeep is practically dition are the city offices of the Southern eliminated, and the ease with which this Bell Telephone Company, which have the apartment can be cleaned is a joy to the appearance of a banking room. Here the housekeeper.

22 THROVGH THE AGES ik^^!.

View of the entrance of the Hurt Building, in Atlanta. Georgia, looking down from the stair head. This is a part of the original building erected in 1914, from designs by James E. R. Carpenter of New York. In this portion the dignity of the white Alabama marble floors and lower walls is rendered doubly effective by the colorful purples and rich reddish browns of the upper wall panels, the Corinthian pilasters, and the gracefully curving arms of the double stairway. The entrance to the offices of the Continental Trust Company is at the head of the stairs.

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Atlantans are naturally proud of Georgia's coln Memorial Building, Washington. D.C.; marbles. They have not only used them "Civic Virtue," New York City, N.Y.; and themselves, but they have seen them the statue, in heroic proportions, of Dr. shipped to far distant states and even into Crawford Long, which stands in the Hall of foreign countries. While exact figures are Fame, Washington, D.C. not available, it is safe to assume that the The quarries and finishing plants give revenue derived from these exports runs, employment to thousands and the payrolls not into thousands, or hundreds of thou• run into staggering figures. The help is sands, but into millions annually. For in• chiefly Anglo-Saxon and diversified in body stance, in the exterior alone of the Capitol from laborer to master artisan. Building at San Juan, Porto Rico, at this What the marble industry has meant to time being completed, the marble contract Atlanta in the past is a mere shadow of ran almost $ i ,000,000. events to follow, and the skyline of this Recognition by other sections of the wonder city presents an ever growing monu• country of Georgia marble for sculptural ment to those pioneers who have wrested purposes is evidenced by such notable works from the vaults of Nature the foundations of as the colossal Lincoln statue in the Lin• the Empire State.

Solarium in a residence in Atlanta, Georgia. The walls and half of the floor tiles are Gray Tennessee; the dark marble is Alps Green.

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THE NEW WEST STREET BUILDING OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY

NEW building giant has appeared on building on West Street, the latest addition .the skyline of downtown New York, to the country's modern telephone struc• A a rugged, castle-Iike structure, the tures, and the largest telephone building in architectural beauty of which makes it the world. stand out in relief against the background The building was conceived by H. F. of flat sides and square tops of other sky• Thurber, former president of the company, scrapers. now Chairman of the Board of Directors, This is the New York Telephone Com• when at the end of the world war the de• pany's new central office and administration mand for new telephone service in New

[25l THROVGH THE AGES

two buildings would be needed to meet the tele• phone company's re• quirements, studies pre• pared by telephone en• gineers showed that the erection of a single large building was feasible and would effect the greater economy. The site was chosen and acquired in 1920 and plans for a suitable structure were prepared by McKenzie, V'oorhees & Gmelin, of New York City. This site in itself is of historical interest. It was part of the river bed in 1609 when Hen- drick Hudson sailed up the river which bears his name. The block which is bounded by West, Washington, Bar• clay and Vesey Streets, Manhattan, was first ac• counted for in 1696 in the great charter granted

One of the elevator banks in the Barclay-Vesey Building. The floor and walls by the English governor are Travertine; the columns and bases are Levanto marble. Thomas Dongan, but it Note the exquisite carving. was not until 1773 that the lots under water were York City and elsewhere in the company's deeded as property, the land being later territory became the greatest ever known, reclaimed between 1787 and 1800 when and existing quarters became inadequate. bulkheads were thrown out and the land The telephone business must always func• behind them filled in to make wharves for tion on the basis of future as well as present trading vessels near the markets in this requirements, and it was foreseen that with• vicinitN'. in a few years considerable space would be The land \K'as bought by the telephone needed for new central office and larger ad- company in various small parcels; the work ministrative quarters. of demolition began May, 1923, and was While it was first believed that at least completed on July 14th of the same year.

[26 THROVGH THE AGES

During the work of excavation many old rifice of architectural beauty. Rising in the relics were found at different levels of the air 486 feet above ground, with five floors filled in ground. Foundation work started below ground level and thirty-two above, on June 20, 1923, and was completed on the building presents something of the ap- August 30, 1924. Hundreds of "sandhogs" pearance of a pyramid, with setbacks oc- labored day and night until bedrock had curring symmetrically above the tenth been reached 70 feet below the ground level, floor, up to which point the full area of the and twenty-two huge caissons forming the building site is utilized. The site itself is main supports of the building had been approximately 210 by 250 feet; and the sunk. Forty concrete buttresses were also total usable floor space amounts to over provided to support the foundation walls. 860,000 square feet, providing room for Structural steel work above the ground began in the fall of 1924 and under the efforts of armies of workmen, the building crept up, story by story. The first space was ready for oc• cupancy in February, 1926, the building being completely occupied in June 1926, departments moving in from the other quarters day by day as floors were finished and placed at the disposal of the building superin• tendent by the builders. The new telephone building represents a combination of Ameri• can labor and capital in the construction of head• quarters for an industry peculiarly American. With a cross section acreage pyramided to its maximum economic point in thegeneral build• ing plan, and with util• ity as its outstanding characteristic, there has A section of the executive suite on the twenty-ninth floor, Barclay-Vescy , , , Building. The floors are of Travertine; the walls are of nevertheless been no sac- Kato stone with bases of Levanto.

[27] THROVGH THE AGES approximately six thousand workers. Gray marble. In the basement stairways a The exterior of the building is of rough considerable quantity of white Stratford brick, light buff in color, with sills, lintels, has been used. arches and panels of limestone. On the Preparatory studies from plaster models ground floor running the full length of the have assured a uniformly artistic and building on the Vesey Street side, is a decorative scheme for the entire building. covered arcade 17 feet wide, over which the This is especially noticeable on the twenty- building space is pyramided for ten floors, ninth floor where the executive offices and effecting a convenience to the traveling and suites are located. shopping public passing through Vesey In the ante-room, the corridors and re• Street and at the same time making no ception rooms, the floors are covered with sacrifice of building space. This arcade is a Travertine stone. To harmonize with this new departure in building construction in floor, a wainscoting of Kato stone was used downtown Manhattan, and city engineers for the walls and piers of the elevator corri• have pointed to this type of arcade as a dors. means to aid in the solution of New York's Blending with the Travertine stone in the growing pedestrian and vehicular traffic ante and reception rooms on this floor, is a problem. wainscoting of coarse sand finished plaster Marble and stone enter largely into both with a Kato stone chair rail. The walls are the outside and inside decorative scheme of of sand finished plaster and also carry an the new West Street building. On the out• ornamental plaster frieze. The ceilings are side the stone in the arches, lintels and pan• also of sand finished plaster. els has been finished in decorative designs, Altogether there are 122,065 square feet hand chiseled, the decorative stone arches of six varieties of marble used in the new of the main entrances being particularly interior of the telephone buildings, the fine examples of handicraft. average thickness of the marble used being Beauty and simplicity of design are the inches. The different varieties are used outstanding characteristics of the interior in the following quantities: of the building—beauty linked with utility Botticino, 67,000 square feet. and modern construction. Travertine, 23,400square feet. The walls and floor of the main lobby and Napoleon Gray, 21,000 square feet. certain of the corridors are of Travertine Levanto, 5,425 square feet. marble with Levanto marble base and trim• Kato, 2,640 square feet. mings: elevator entrances and doors are of Tennessee Pink, 2,600 square feet. hand wrought iron with bronze frames. This does not include the stone on the Twenty-four electrically operated elevators outer walls of the building, of which there in four banks provide the vertical transpor• was 40,000 cubic feet used; the granite tation. bases and facings on the ground floor, of Most of the other corridors have floors of which 5,500 cubic feet were used: nor the Terrazzo with a wainscot of Botticino mar• 16,600 cubic feet of cast stone. ble 4>2 feet high along the corridor walls. Marble and stone, always a beautify ing The walls above are of a buff finish to har• factor in any structure, contribute largely monize with the floors and wainscot. All to the fine appearance of the new Telephone partitions in the lavatories are of Napoleon Building. .Among the other features of an

28 'J^M THROVGH THE AGES

A portion of the lobby of the new Telephone Building in New York, showing a corner of hand-cut Levanto marble with walls and floor of Travertine stone. artistic nature are twelve mural panels ex• "This building has a splendid site cover• tending the full length of the main lobby ing a whole block. In the hands of a good ceiling. These panels illustrate the develop• many architects it might have been ruined, ment of communication, from the primitive becoming merely another ineffective and methods of the ancient Greek runners and monotonous building. Instead, it has been smoke signals of the American Indians, to made the most impressive modem building the present era of telephonic accomplish• in the world. ment. The large central panel symbolizes "Upon every one of the four approaching the achievement of electrical communica• streets, I found the most impressive, most tion which has spanned the world. overpowering building giving an impression Discussing the artistic architecture of this of sheer might. Study it from the streets building giant, the late Mr. Joseph Pennell, that surround it. Thus you will learn that whose etchings have made him famous, great things are being done in the city after describes in the New York Times magazine all." of October i8, 1925, the New York Tele• Others have shared the impression Mr. phone Company building as an oasis of Pennell expressed at his first sight of the new beauty in a desert of building standardiza• Telephone Building which, seen from the tion. He goes on to say: ferry boats plying the river, or even from the "There is now being completed in New crowded streets of downtown Manhattan, York City a most impressive piece of mass stands out—a thing of beautifully sym• construction, the New York Telephone metrical lines in an environment of monot• Company Building. onous flat-topped structures.

One of the elevator banks in the Barclay-V'csey Building. The flooran d walls are Travertine; the trim is Levanto marble.

30 The National State Bank of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Dennison and Hirons. New York, architects. Notice the exquisite carving in the Napoleon Gray marble of the door. BANKS-AND MARBLE By ALFRED C. BOSSOM

HEN you think of prosperity in We have not far to seek. Just think of the men, conservative success, affluence, best you know; it will suffice. Picture him Winstinctively your mind turns to the behind a handsome marble bank screen bankers you know. The finer the building which rests upon a beautiful marble floor the banker has, the more financial reverence and all framed against a dignified marble you unconsciously bestow upon him—and background. why? Now just stop a moment! Isn't that the Being human we use our sight more than way the best bank you know is equipped? any other faculty. We mentally visualize If it is otherwise, it naturally wouldn't be the prosperous banker in appropriate sur• the best bank. roundings—and what are those? The rule applies from Maine to Cali-

[31] ^^:| THROVGH THE AGES fomia, from Oregon to Florida. The aristo• marble was installed, otherwise a cheap sub• crats of the profession have done it—and stitute material would have been selected. why? For 365 days a year this material is Because that type of architectural cloth• preaching its sermon of stability, provided ing invariably conveys the impression these it is kept clean. bankers desire the public to have: Security, There is no advertising that will "carry Prosp>erity, Dignity. on" for so little effort, year in and year out. Is there any other material that so ably The richest use it and the poorest would conveys this to the observer without the like to—and probably would if they were banker saying a word or paying a dollar for possessed of sufficient foresight and an advertising to tell the story ? understanding of its actual economies. No matter from where the man or woman Let us take a little journey of inspection. may come, all know marble is solid; it is not We will start in the most important city in initially cheap (though it is not actually the world. The office of J. P. Morgan at the "expensive" either) and it is not an imita• corner of Broad and Wall Streets, in New tion of something it is not; and if it is in a York, not only has marble on the inside, but bank, they are pretty safe in assuming that it has entire exterior of American marble the bank was prosperous and safe when this and it looks better today than it did the day

The Old Peoples Trust Company Bank, of Chicago. The yellow Siena marble of the counters are rich in color. ^:^| THRQVGH THE AGES 1^1^

Tic trading room of the New York Stock Exchange, New York City, has walls of NafX>leon Gray. Trowbridge and Livingston, of New York, were the architects. the building was opened a number of years In quick succession, we transport our• ago. selves to the Continental and Commercial Step across the street to the New York of Chicago, the Liberty of Buffalo, the Stock Exchange. Again the choice of facade American Exchange of Dallas—they have material was another American marble. all used this king of bank building materials, The men whose actions go a long way to• either internally or externally, or both. ward making the world believe this country Is there a single new Federal Reserve is either prosperous or otherwise, selected it Bank Building that has omitted to use as most appropriate to convey the correct marble? Richmond, Cleveland, Minneapo• impression to the beholder. lis—they are rich with it. Why, they would The list of such buildings in New York almost as soon omit the vault, as to build could be extended indefinitely. Let's jump, the main banking room without making use however, to New Orleans where we see the of marble in some portion. great Hibernia, lined and columned with the Men wear trousers for two reasons—to most beautifully selected Hauteville mar• protect their legs and because it is expected ble. Another and even longer jump lands of them. us in San Fransisco. The Bank of Italy— Banks use marble for pretty much the here it is again! same reasons—it will stand the hardest wear

[33 THRQVGH THE AGES

The Washington Branch Bank, in Wash• ington, D.C. The flcxjrs are Tennessee; the counters and columns are Tavernclle Clair, with Black and Gold bases.

Royal Jersey Green marble in the Easton Trust Co.. at Easton, Pennsylvania. Hoggson Bros., architects.

34 THROVGH THE AGESlM^:^

The benches, check desks and columns, he- sides the floor and counters, are all marble in the Broadway Trust and Savings Bank, in Chicago, Illinois.

TheLibertyBankof Buffalo. New York. Alfred C. Bossom, of New York City, was the architect.

[35I THROVGH THE AGES and tear and then again "it's expected of into your banker's office with your hat in them." your hand actually desiring to pay him Other materials, such as handsome wal• some interest on a thoroughly secured loan, nut counters or limestone walls, are used but feeling all the time he was doing you a most successfully sometimes, but even at favor by actually letting you have the very that, what designers would use them with• commodity from which he made his profit, out using a marble base ? and to supply which he kept his bank open, THAT TELLS THE STORY—marble stands the old wooden screen was the rule of the the strain of wear better than any other day. material that has been used in banking Times have changed; every sane man houses. knows that a bank's prosperity depends In those dear, old days when you walked absolutely upon the success of its customers

lowing Calloway. N.Y. A memorial tablet of white marble against a background of Black and Gold marble in the First National Bank of Jersey City.

[36 THRQVGH THE AGESliM:^

In the Bank of California, at Seattle, the floor is Napoleon Gray marble with Black Belgian border. The screens, check desks, settees and counters are of Escalette marble with Belgian Black base. John Graham. Seattle, architect. and vice versa, and that the banker is the pressed German Hamburg, the new banks custodian of the collected units of resources are using marble. London, Paris, Copen• of all his customers. hagen—all are following the "American Consequently everyone now feels a pro• Way," and when you go into a modem prietory interest in "My Bank," no matter European bank today and fail to find some how small the account or how large the line marble, you feel as though all is not quite of credit; and all want to see the banker in as it should be. There is something missing appropriate surroundings. and you wonder what. The impression you The wood-interior idea that America receive is, to say the least, one that is not originally acquired from Europe no longer likely to redound to the benefit of that holds even over there. America's examples particular banking institution. have opened their eyes, and they are follow• America was quick to appreciate the ing our precedents. psychology of marble. It has a lot to learn In sunny Spanish Madrid and in hard yet about the actual economy of marble.

[37 THROVGH THE AGES

ROTARY PARK, OKLAHOMA CITY The Rotarians of this Western City Provide an Extensive Playground For the Children of the Poor

TENRY L. MENCKEN never misses Oklahoma City—a part of the municipality I an opportunity to deride the activ• that was largely inhabited by the poorer I ities of the Babbitts; but we often classes of residents—comprising approx• suspect, even when he is bombarding the imately forty-three acres. This was to be im• Rotarians, the Civitans and the Kiwani proved, beautified and fitted up as a play• with his most bitter invectives, that he is ground, and provided with competent in• writing with his tongue in his cheek and structors and supervisors. thoroughly enjoying the dust that his rapid- The idea met with a hearty reception, and fire pen is kicking up. $23,000 was immediately subscribed by the But even if Mencken is sincere—if he is membership of the Rotary Club, numbering actually suffering from a chronic Babbitt- at that time about 200. The ground was phobia—the recent action of the Oklahoma purchased for $6,500, a club house costing City Rotarians of establishing a playground approximately $6,000 was built; trees, hedges for the under-privileged poor children of that and flowers were planted, the landscaping city, must excite in him a certain admiration. accomplished and a shelter building erected. This playground, known as Rotary Park, A swimming pool was constructed as well as was first conceived in 1921, when Mr. Walter several wading pools, and many kinds of C. Dean, then Chairman of the Boys' Work playground apparatus were installed. In Committee, outlined a plan to purchase a add i t ion, tenn is cou rts and basebal 1 d i amonds piece of land in the southwestern portion of were built, and as a fitting introduction to

[38] this children's dreamland of pleasure, a beau• the future and that supervised play be pro• tiful white marble entrance way was erected. vided at two other city parks. A professional play man of national repute The handsome marble entrance mentioned was brought to Oklahoma City to supervise above was designed by Bailey and Alden, the sports of the children. Life guards were architects of Oklahoma City. The huge engaged and a year round caretaker and a wheel, the Rotarian symbol, is carved with group of helpers were employed. All of the the name and slogan of the organization: expense was borne by the Rotary Club. The "Service; Not Self." Below, in deeply in• total outlay for the grounds and equipment cised letters, appears the name of the park, was about $47,000. The upkeep expense beneath which is the inscription: "Presented until the first of this year was also met by to the Boys and Girls of This City by the the Club, but on January i, 1926, Rotary Oklahoma City Rotary Club MCMXXII." f^ark was deeded to the children of Oklahoma This entrance way was erected in August, City through the city, with the provision 1925, and the entire design, excepting the that the program of improvements as out• lamps over the center piers, was built of lined by the club would be carried out in Imi^erial Gray marble.

Detail of the entrance to Rotary Park, Oklahoma City. Oklahoma. Imperial Gray marble was used. Bailey and Alden, of Oklahoma City, were the architects.

[39] ai THROVGH THEAGES

A LIST OF THE WORLD'S MARBLES J- J- MCCLYMONT

-In a past issue, Mr. McClymont proposed, for the sake of convenience, to divide the different marbles into four NoU groups. These arbitrary groupings were as follows:

GROUP D—AH marble, stone GROUP B — Any marble or GROUP C — Any marble or GROUP A — Any marble or stone that cannot be sold as and so-called serpentine mar• stone sold to the trade in fair- stone sold to the trade in slahs bles, and Onyx, which, by or blocks of fair or medium sound but contains a mini• sized slabs or blocks of com• mum amount of natural de^ their peculiar formation are mercial size, rectangularshapc size, generally rectangular known to be fragile, such as shape, guaranteed to be sound fects. such as dry scams, old and guaranteed by the seller fractures, partially or com• Breccias and nearly all highly to be sound, free from natural and free from natural defects, colored marbles and serpen• the finishing of which, be• pletely healed surface voids, defects, that can be finished etc.. to be treated by the tines, and that are sold to the at a minimum cost, and sold cause of texture, the size of trade in irregular shaped slabs, the shajae and size of manufacturer in the most ap>- the consumer as sound proved manner, reinforced blocks or slabs without a marble. block.s. is somewhat more ex• guarantee as to their sound• pensive than those in Group A. where necessary by liners on back or metal inlays and sold ness, treated by the manu• to the consumer as semi- facturer in the most approved sound marble. manner, reinforced where nec• essary by liners on back or metal inlays and sold to the consumer as unsound marble.

Royal Rouge—Group A. Rubanne Island Home Pike Quarries, near Knox- Same as Swiss Cipollino. ville, Tennessee. Reddish-brown, with dark brown veins Rubio and slender markings. (Watson.) Quarried at West Rutland, Vermont. Delicate pinkish tint with thin placated Royal St. Remy greenish veins. St. Remy Quarries, Rochefort, Namur, Belgium. Rubreville—See Lumachelle des Argonne. Rich reddish-brown, with clouded gray and white veins. Ruhpolding Marbles Quarried near Ruhpolding on the River Royal Veined White Traun, Upper Bavaria, Germany. Quarried near Stukely, Shefford County, They are known by the following names, Quebec Province, Canada. which are taken from "British and For• White irregularly banded and clouded eign Marbles and Other Ornamental with light greenish-gray veins. Stones," by John Watson : Ruhpolding Dark Red—Dark red or Rozonago Red—See Famosa Red. dark brown with occasional light red• dish-brown patches. Ruban Bleu Ruhpolding Fiery Red—Bright red with Quarried near Ardinghen, Pas-de-Calais, slightly mottled appearance. France. Ruhpolding Light Red—Light brown• ish red with numerous white veins and a Grayish-white with bluish-white ribbons few light brown markings. or bands. (Blagrove.) 40 Ruhpolding Red and Green—Light Russian Urals, Malachite—See Russian Mal• grayish-red with green veins. achite, which is found in the Ural Moun• Ruhpolding Rose—Fawn colored with tains. distinct crimson shade, a few white veins and some black irregular thread• Ruszikaer like markings. Quarried near Ruszika, Hungary. Ruin Marble (Breccia) Dull white, with occasional faint gray veinings. See Alberese di Mugnione Takes a good polish. (Watson.) Alberese di Riguano Alberese di Vichio Rutland Building Marble

Russ Marbles Vermont Marble Company's Quarry, West Rutland, Vermont. These marbles, quarried in Vosges, France, There are several subvarieties of this mar• contain numerous fossils. ble, all of which are white and generally Russ Brun is brown and Russ Vert ex• without much veining. hibits mingled shades of brown and green. (From George H. Blagrove's "Marble Rutland Italian Decorations," page io6.) Quarried at Rutland, Vermont. Russian Malachite Faintly bluish-white with faint irregular grayish and yellow-brownish mottlings. Medno-Rudiansk Mines, Nizhne Tagilsk, Perm, Russia. Rutland Second Statuary—See Second Stat• Notwithstanding that according to R. uary Rutland. Murchison, "Geology of Russia," Vol. I., page 374, a cross-section of this deposit is not more than eighteen by nine feet, ex• Rutland Top White or Top White. tending to a great but unknown depth, Quarried at Rutland, Vermont. large masses have been excavated and Creamish-white, but does not polish well. sent to all parts of the world. It is used Takes a low polish. principally for table tops, vases, and personal ornaments. Ruvara Banded with various shades of green. Monkton Quarry, near Monkton, Addison County, Vermont. Russian Marbles Rather light red in which is included very See Esthonia numerous small and flesh-colored areas. Gray Ural Takes high polish. Podolsk Reval Rylstone St. Koloma Quarried near Rylstone, New South Wales, Tula Australia. White Ural Gray, with white wavy veins. (Watson.)

41] =^^^^1 THRQVGH THE AGES

Sabalgarh St. Anne Granit Quarried near Arudy, a small town at the Gora Quarries, Sabalgarh, Gwalior, Cen• entrance of the Vallee d'Ossau, Basses- tral India. Pyrenees, France. Irregular concentric bands of orange, Gray, closely packed with small encrinal green and red, embedded in a ground-mass ossicles. In general appearance it some• of light buff. what resembles a gray granite; hence the Takes a good polish. (Watson.) name. (Watson.)

Sable 6"^ Anne Marbles See Noir de Sable. Many marbles of various shades com• mercially known by other names, some• Sagyin Quarries times called St. Anne. See Mandalay White. St. Anne Saillon Quarries The principal quarries are at Gougnies, near Charleroi; and at Biesme, Namur, See Cipollino Swiss. Belgium. Dark gray with light gray and white St. Albans markings. The quarries producing the Champlain or Swanton marbles are located between St. St. Anne Rubane Albans and Swanton, Vermont. Quarried near Arudy, Basses-Pyrenees, France. St. Ambrogio Rather dark gray, white veins and mark• Same as Yellow Verona. ings.

St. Ambrosio St. Aubin Quarried near Verona, Italy. See Noir Veine. Light mahogany or reddish brown, with oval patches of light red. (Blagrove.) Si. Beat or Blanc de St. Beat. Is obtainable in large sizes. Quarried at St. Beat, Haute Gironde, France. St. Andre White Statuary. St. Andre Quarries, Ain, France. White with fossil markings. (Blagrove.) St. Beat (Gray) See Gris de St. Beat. St. Anne Grand Dessin or St. Anne Grand Francais. St. Beaume Quarried near Arudy, Basses-Pyrenees, Quarried near Brignoles, Department of France. Var, France. Gray with numerous white veins and Mottled white and yellow with fine red markings. It also contains a few fossils. markings. (Extract from Watson.) Takes high polish. ^4^] THROVGH THE AGES

DETAIL OF F,NTR,\NCE TO ROTARY PARK. OKLAHOMA CITY. OKLAHOMA. BAILEY AND ALDEN. Archiiecis. The entire double entrance is huik of I mpcriul Gray marble quarried and finished by the Carthage Marble and White Lime Company.

CARTHAGE MARBLE AND WHITE LIME CO. CARTHAGE M I SSOU Rl LOBBY OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF CLEVELAND, OHIO

WALKER & WEEKS. ArclUiecis

This beautiful corridor, full of life and color, is made doubly effective by the choice of marbles used.

These marbles were installed by ThcHaworth.MarblcCo. Thestand- ing m.arbic is Old Convent Siena. The floors are Tavemelle Tennessee, with Belgian Black Strips. Interior of the Taylorsvillc, Kentucky. Bank

This marble treatment offers a sug• gestion for the small bank. It is a combination of Alabama and Verde Antique marble, forming an effective contrast and a maximum of dignity. THE HA WORTH MARBLE CO. PETER & BURGHARD CLEVELAND - OHIO STONE COMPANY LOUISVILLE KENTUCKY

43 ^^ITHROVGH THE AGES

INTERIOR .ADDITION TO THE COLORADO NATIONAL BANK. DENVER. COL.

M. H. HoYT and B. HOYT. Denver. Architects .ALEXANDER SIMPSON. JR., CO., Denver, Cent Contractors

This lavish marble treatment was fabricated by the Gray Knox'Marble Company and erected for them by us. Hauteville marble was used for the standing columns, banking screen, seats and officers" island. The floor is of Gray Tennessee marble.

SALOMONE-O'BRIEN MARBLE CO.

KNOXVILLE - - - TENNESSEE