Rusty Hatred in Shakespeare’s Comedy The Merchant of Venice (Andri Setiawan, Ahmad Muhid)
RUSTY HATRED IN SHAKESPEARE’S COMEDY THE MERCHANT OF VENICE Andri Setiawan, Ahmad Muhid, S.S, M. Hum Faculty of Language and Culture, University of AKI Jl. Imam Bonjol 15 – 17 Semarang 50179 Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract The comedy genre drama of Shakespeare The Merchant of Venice is interesting to discuss because it contains topics which will give lessons about how to lead life. Hatred for example is a theme which is fascinating to discuss because it occurs in human life. Because of this, the writer decides to analyze it under the title of “Rusty Hatred in Shakespeare’s Comedy The Merchant of Venice”. The writer uses library research to get the main data of the text drama The Merchant of Venice. Secondary data, such as opinions of the experts are taken from various sources like books, webs, internet and so forth. The approach that the writer uses is structural approach because it is an approach that concerns about the elements that build a literary work, like theme, character, setting, plot and so forth. Hatred that the Jewish Shylock possesses is increasing to extreme level. It starts from his being mocked and labelled as a dog until being spitted on cloak and beard that happen many times. Besides that, his business of interest is being constrained because Antonio, a rich Christian merchant, takes no interest of lending his money. This condition makes Shylock hateful, plans to revenge, and kills Antonio carefully. The type of hatred that Shylock has is racial and religious. Shylock hates Antonio because he is a Christian, not a Jew, and vice versa. On the other hand, Antonio also hates Shylock because Shylock is not a local citizen, just a new comer and moreover he is greedy for money by interest. His rusty hatred has made him be punished by court, acquisition on all his wealth and the obligation to be Christian because he has planned to kill a local Christian Venetian, Antonio. Key words: The Merchant of Venice, hatred, William Shakespeare, racism
1. Introduction strong feeling of dislike on someone Hate or hatred is something that is or something. It is also a deep and bad to keep in someone’s heart. If it is extreme emotional dislike, especially there inside, life won’t be quiet. Life invoking feelings of anger or will be in trouble for himself and also resentment. It can be directed against for others. Then, if this condition individuals, groups, entities, objects, occurs, the world is not a good place behaviours, or ideas to live in. Hatred is an extremely (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/eng
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lish/hatred, accessed March 26th kebencian. Socially, Shylock has 2018: 10.45). been lowered by Antonio in the eyes Interesting stories like this can be of Venetian community. Shylock is found in literary work of drama, either really “down” psychologically too. tragedy or comedy. It is because So, because of this, his surrounding drama describes life and human people have become authoritarians to activities as explained by Reaske him and that is why this is the source “Drama is a work of literature or of his anger and hatred. He will surely composition which delineates life and revenge or pay back against them. human activity by means of presenting Furthermore, Engelberta various actions – and dialogues – Pardamean told that Kebencian between groups of characters” (1966: 5). merupakan sebuah emosi yang sangat In the story, a man of hatred, a kuat dan melambangkan Jewish called Shylock has deep hatred ketidaksukaan, permusuhan, atau towards a merchant from Venice who antipati untuk seseorang (2011: 9) in is very rich and generous. This man a book under the title of Psikologi has prevented his business from Kebencian. Time will come for him to expanding because he cannot get disgrace them, chiefly Antonio, the interest from lending his money. This mastermind. man who is called Antonio, not only There are many consequences makes Shylock’s business in from his hatred, especially on or difficulty but Antonio also dislikes against Antonio. Shylock who is Shylock very much. Shylock’s hatred filled with emotion, hostility and keeps increasing because he is called antipathy is always trying to get the dog and spitted. Therefore, his best moment to pay back his being dislikes keep ballooning and swelling. humiliated and undermined. When In a book entitled Kebencian dan time comes, Shylock is really Otoritarianisme, Erich Fromm (2011: inhuman. He will cut one pound of 4) explained that iklim sosial Antonio’s flesh because Antonio (termasuk sejarah pribadi individu) cannot pay back or return his debt on merupakan sumber kemarahan dan the right time.
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Based on this background, the condition of the bond (contract) and writer wants to discuss his thesis signs it. under the title: Rusty Hatred in Bassanio takes the money and Shakespeare’s Comedy The Merchant prepares to go visit Portia, a wealthy of Venice. heiress living in Belmont. She is 1.1 Synopsis of The Merchant of unmarried because her father has Venice decreed that all suitors must first The Merchant of Venice opens select one of three caskets in order to with Antonio, a Christian merchant, marry her. The caskets, one made of in a depressed state. His friends try to gold, one of silver, and one of base cheer him up, but nothing works to lead, all contain different messages. make him feel better. Finally his Only one of these caskets contains a friend Bassanio, an aristocrat who has picture of Portia. The suitor who picks lost all of his money, comes and asks that casket will be granted permission Antonio to loan him some money. to marry her. Antonio, who has tied up all of his Prior to Bassanio's arrival money is seafaring ventures, is unable the Prince of Morocco tries his luck in to give Bassanio a direct loan. Instead choosing among the caskets. He picks he offers to use his good credit to get the gold casket because it contains an a loan for Bassanio. Bassanio inscription reading "what every man finds Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, desires." Instead of Portia's picture, he and convinces him to give a loan of finds a skull which symbolizes the three thousand ducats as long as fact that gold hides corruption. As Antonio will sign the contract. In a part of losing the suit, he is further rather unusual twist, instead of sworn to never propose marriage to charging the Christian men interest, any other woman, and must return to Shylock agrees to waive it as long as Morocco immediately. The next Antonio promises him a pound of his suitor, the Prince of Aragon, selects flesh as collateral. Antonio, thinking the silver casket which bears an this is a "merry sport," accepts the inscription stating that it will give a man what he deserves. Inside is a
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picture of an idiot, indicating that his the dashing soldier with whom she self-centered approach was foolish. fell in love several years earlier. He too leaves in shame. Portia begs Bassanio to wait before Back in Venice, Jessica, the choosing among the caskets, but he daughter of Shylock, has fallen in demands the right to start love with Lorenzo. They plan to immediately. Without even properly escape one night when Shylock is reading the inscriptions, Bassanio invited to eat at Bassanio's house. selects the lead one because he After Shylock leaves Lorenzo goes to considers it a threatening casket. his house with two friends. Jessica Portia is overjoyed when he finds her appears at a window dressed as a boy portrait inside. She gives him a ring to and tosses a chest of money and seal their engagement and they jewels down to them. She then prepare to get married the next emerges from the house and runs day. Graziano, who has accompanied away with Lorenzo. Bassanio to Belmont, tells him that he Shylock, upon discovering that his and Nerissa(Portia's friend) wish to be daughter has run away with a lot of his married as well. money, blames Antonio for helping A messenger arrives and hands her escape. At the same time there are Bassanio a letter from Antonio in rumors developing in Venice that which he informs Bassanio that he has many of Antonio's ships, with which lost all his money and must forfeit a he expected to repay Shylock for the pound of flesh to Shylock. Bassanio loan, have sunk or been lost at sea. immediately tells Portia what has Shylock begins to revel in the news happened. She orders him to take six that Antonio is losing everything thousand ducats and return to Venice because he wants to exact his pound where he can pay Shylock and cancel of flesh in revenge for the many the contract. After Bassanio and insults Antonio has dealt him Graziano have left, Nerissa and Portia throughout the years. depart for Venice disguised as men. Bassanio arrives in Belmont and Shylock has Antonio arrested and meets Portia. She remembers him as brought before the Duke of Venice,
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who presides over a court of justice. doctor. She informs him that he may The Duke pleads with Shylock to have his pound of flesh, but that if he forgive the contract and let Antonio sheds a single drop of blood then go free. When he refuses, the Duke Venice can take away his lands and asks him how he expects any mercy if wealth according to the law. Shylock, he is unable to offer it. The Duke then clearly unable to comply with this tells the gathered men that he is law, asks instead that he be given the waiting for a doctor of the law to six thousand ducats. Portia refuses his arrive. request, explaining that she has Nerissa enters the court and hands already ruled according to the a letter to the Duke which notifies him contract, and that it must be carried that a Doctor Bellario has sent an out. educated young doctor in his place. Portia then starts to read the Portia arrives disguised as the contract literally, reaffirming that Doctor Balthasar. She informs the Shylock must take exactly one pound Duke that she has studied the case and of flesh, no more and no less, or he will preside over it. She first asks will violate the contract and die. Shylock for the contract and looks it Shylock tells the court that he wishes over. Bassanio offers to pay Shylock to completely drop his case and the six thousand ducats, but he refuses forgive Antonio the entire three to accept the money, preferring thousand ducats. Portia again refuses instead the revenge of killing his request, explaining that the law in Antonio. Unable to find any Venice states that if any foreigner loopholes, Portia grants Shylock his conspires against the life of a pound of flesh. Shylock, overjoyed at Venetian, half his wealth is to be winning his case, holds a knife ready given to the man against whom he to cut into Antonio's breast. conspired, and half is taken as a fine Portia stops him by asking if he has by the state. In addition, the Duke is a surgeon present to suppress the flow granted the power of life and death of blood. Shylock tells her that the over him. bond said nothing about providing a
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When Shylock is pardoned by the reunion is destroyed when Portia asks Duke, he informs the court that he Bassanio about the ring (which he would prefer death rather than lose gave away). She forgives him only everything he owns. Antonio asks the after Antonio vouches for Bassanio's court to return the fine of half of fidelity. Shylock's wealth provided Shylock Portia then gives Antonio the ring converts to Christianity. In addition, and has him hand it to Bassanio. He is Antonio declares he will keep his shocked to see it is the same ring he share in a trust for Jessica and gave "Balthasar". Portia finally tells Lorenzo. Portia agrees to this, and him the truth about Balthasar. The also makes Shylock promise to give play ends with three happy couples: all his money to Lorenzo upon his namely Lorenzo and Jessica, Nerissa death. and Graziano, as well as Portia and After the trial Bassanio thanks "Dr. Bassanio. However, Antonio and Balthasar" (Portia) for "his" good Shylock remain outcasts, separated work and offers "him" anything "he" from the happy ending. desires. Portia asks him for the ring she had given him earlier as a token of 2. Theoretical Framework their love. He is upset about giving it People usually generalize that comedy to her since he thinks she is is something funny. It is actually "Balthasar." However, after Antonio incomplete definition. Comedy is defined points out that he nearly lost his life as a literary genre and a type of dramatic for Bassanio, Bassanio pulls off the work that is amusing and satirical in its ring and hands it to her. tone, mostly having a cheerful ending. The Portia and Nerissa return to motif of this dramatic work is triumph Belmont dressed normally. Lorenzo over unpleasant circumstance by creating and Jessica have been living there, comic effects, resulting in a happy or enjoying the comfortable life successful conclusion. Belmont offers. Soon after the two (https://literarydevices.net/comedy, women arrive, Bassanio and Graziano accessed on March 21, 2018: 10:30). also return from Venice. The happy The Merchant of Venice is a comedy
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of Shakespeare that was written in Individual who appears in a Elizabethan period in 15th century. literary work is called character. In Comedy, in its Elizabethan usage, had general, character makes all features a very different meaning from modern that make a person, a group of people, comedy. A Shakespearean comedy is a thing a place and events, etc. one that has a happy ending, usually When someone wants to refer to a involving marriages between the person to what he is like and not in a unmarried characters, and a tone and term of a literary work, the character style that is more light-hearted means who grow nature generally. than Shakespeare's other plays. It is his personality, his attitude Shakespearean comedies tend to toward life, his spiritual qualities, his also include: intelligence, even his physical build, a. A greater emphasis on situations as well as his moral and by clothes, rather than characters (this numbs the house and furnishing and the the audience's connection to the friends he chooses (Potter, 1967:3). characters, so that when Character is an important element characters experience misfortune, in literary works for it makes the story the audience still finds it happens. Character determines the laughable) events, without character the event b. A struggle of young lovers to may will not happen. Through the overcome difficulty, often character, the readers may know the presented by elders author’s purpose in creating a literary c. Separation and re-unification work. As quoted by Abrams, d. Deception of characters character are the person in dramatic (especially mistaken identity) and narrative work are interpreted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespe the readers as being an endorsed with arean_comedy, March 21, 2018) moral and dispositional qualities that 2.1. Intrinsic Elements of Drama or are expressed in what they say in the Play dialogue and what they do action 2.1.1 Character and Characterization (1925:20). a. Character
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There are two kinds of character, According to Perrine cited by they are round and flat character. Koesnosoebroto (1998: 11) there are Round character is a complex two methods of characterization when character often a major can grow, the author present the character in the change and surprise convincingly that literary works. The methods are: acts in a way what you do not expect 1) Direct Characterization or Method from had gone before but not accept of Telling or Discursive Method as possible even probable and The author tells us directly, by realistic. Flat character is a fictional exposition or analysis, what the character that is relatively simple who character is like. The method of direct is presented a having rather new characterization has an advantage of thought sometimes dominant trait and being clear economical but it can who does not change much in the never be used alone. course of the story 2) Indirect Characterization or (https://learn.lexiconic.net/character, Method of Showing or Dramatic accessed on March 21, 2018: 11:30). Method E.M Foster as quoted by Kenney in The author shows us the character How to Analyze Fiction states that flat in action we infer what he is like from character is less the representation of what he thinks or say does. Dialogueis a human personality, the embodiment used to reveal a character indirectly. of a single attitude or obsession in the 2.1.2 Theme character. While round character is What the play means as opposed to not simply embodiment of single what happens (the plot). Sometimes attitudes. It would be pointless to list the theme is clearly stated in the title. examples complex character from It may be stated through dialogue by a fiction (1996:28). character acting as the playwright’s b. Characterization voice. Or it may be the theme is less Character has a close relation to obvious and emerges only after some the characterization. Characterization study or thought. The abstract issues is the way the author presents the and feelings that grow out of the character in the literary work. dramatic action.
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The theme of a play is its message, continues, using suspense to build its central concerns-in short, what it is tension in the audience and in the about. It is by no means a simple thing characters in developing further the to decide what the theme of a play is pattern of rising action. and many plays contain several rather The audience wonders what is just a single theme. Often, the search going to happen, sees the characters for a theme tempts us to oversimplify set in motion, and then watches as and to reduce a complex play to a certain questions implied by the relatively simple catchphrase. drama are answered one by one. The Sometimes playwrights become action achieves its greatest tension as anxious about readers and viewers it moves to a point of climax, when a missing their thematic intentions and reevaluation is experienced, usually reveal them in one or two speeches by the chief characters. Once the (https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bits climax has been reached, the plot tream/10603/06_chapter%201.pdf, continues, sometimes very briefly, in accessed on March 21, 2018: 11:45). a pattern of falling action as we reach 2.1.3 Plot the drama’s conclusion and the The plot in a dramatic or narrative characters understand their work is constituted by its events and circumstances and themselves better actions, as these are rendered and than they did at the beginning of the ordered towards achieving particular play. The function of plot is to give artistic and emotional effects. Plot is a action a form that helps us understand term for the action of a drama. Plot elements of the drama in relation to implies that the action has a shape and one another. Often, plays can have form that will ultimately prove several interrelated plots or only one. satisfying to the audience. Generally, The events of a play; the story as a carefully plotted play begins with opposed to the theme; what happens exposition, an explanation of what rather than what it means. The plot happened before the play began and must have some sort of unity and of how to characters arrived at their clarity by setting up a pattern by present situation. The play then which each action initiating the next
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rather than standing alone without tream/10603/06_chapter%201.pdf, connection to what came before it or accessed on March 21, 2018: 11:45) what follows. In the plot of a play, 2.1.5 Dialogue characters are involved in conflict that Plays depend on their unfolding on has a pattern of movement. The action dialogue. The dialogue is the speeches and movement in the play begins that the characters use to advance the from the initial entanglement, through action. Since there is no description or rising action, climax, and falling commentary on the action, as there is action to resolution in most novels, the dialogue must tell (https://literarydevices.net/plot/, the whole story. Fine playwrights have accessed on March 21, 2018: 11:45) developed ways of revealing character, 2.1.4 Setting advancing action, and introducing The settings of a play includes many themes by a highly efficient use of things. First, it refers to the time and dialogue. Ordinarily dialogue is place in which the action occurs. spoken by one character to other, who Second, it refers to the scenery, the then responds physical elements that appear on stage (https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bits to verify the author’s stage directions. tream/10603/06_chapter%201.pdf, The overall setting of a narrative or accessed on March 21, 2018: 11:45). dramatic work is the general locale, 2.2 Definition and Types of Hatred historical time and social 2.2.1 These are some definition of circumstances in which its action hatred: occurs; the setting of a single episode a. A kind of wishes to destroy the or scene within such a work is the source of its unhappiness (Freud, particular physical location in which it 1958: xi) takes place. The overall setting of b. An extremely strong feeling of Macbeth, for example, is medieval dislike Scotland, and the setting for the (https://dictionary.cambridge.org particular scene in which Macbeth /dictionary/english/hatred, comes upon the witches is basted heath accessed on March 21, 2018: (https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bits 11:50).
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c. Hatred is an extremely strong animosity and prejudice with little or feeling of dislike for someone nothing to back it up. This blind or something hatred often has to do with race, (https://www.collinsdictionary. religion, gender, politics or sexual com/dictionary/english/hatred, orientation. As such, it has wreaked accessed on March 21, 2018: havoc on the world for centuries and 11:50). will probably continue to do so for d. Kebencian merupakan sebuah many more. Klasman (2000: iii) emosi yang sangat kuat dan stated there are three types of hatred. melambangkan ketidaksukaan, There are racism, religious and permusuhan, atau antipati untuk politically-based hatred, and hatred seseorang, sebuah hal, barang, based on sexual orientation. Below atau fenomena. Hal ini juga are the explanation from the three merupakan sebuah keinginan types of hatred manifests itself: untuk menghindari, a. Racism menghancurkan atau menghilangkannya. Kadangkala Racism is characterized by racial kebencian dideskripsikan sebagai prejudice or discrimination. To lawan daripada cinta atau narrow it down a bit, prejudice is persahabatan; tetapi banyak defined by Goldon Allport as "a orang yang menganggap bahwa feeling, favorable or unfavorable, lawan daripada cinta adalah toward a person or thing, prior to, or ketidakpedulian not based on, actual experience" (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ke (1979: 6). This hostility has been bencian, accessed on March 21, known over the years to lead to some 2018: 11:50) pretty heinous errors in human 2.2.2 Types of Hatred judgment, including the slave trade, Much like love, hatred is often racial profiling and countless hate blind, making human beings prone to crimes. Interestingly enough, it does believe things that simply are not true. not appear that humans are hardwired Sadly, too many of us fall victim to to hate based on skin color. this reality, resulting in feelings of
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Hatred is believed to be a learned Maori Work (Grace, 2013), we learn emotion, and recent studies have that two branches of the Maori tribe shown that racism is also learned, in New Zealand completely rather than innate. When ancient exterminated or forced into slavery people adopted the "us versus them" the similarly named Moriori tribe theory, they were being territorial, because they wanted the Moriori's rather than racist because they land. Terrorist attacks are almost probably never saw people who always related to political arguments, looked different from them. Many religious disagreements or both. psychologists believe that, although Religious and politically motivated people do classify others based on atrocities have traditionally been race, they are more likely to mentally inspired by greed, envy and fear. classify them based on age and c. Hatred based on sexual orientation gender. According to author Michael The decision to come out of the Shermer, who wrote The Science of closet is usually a very difficult one Good and Evil (2004), if all humans that is not made easier by rampant had the same skin color we would find homophobia that persists in today's a new way to divide groups up and society. According to the American perpetuate the "one of us" or "one of Psychological Association (2014), them" habit. homosexuality and bisexuality are b. Religious and politically-based often subject to social stigmas such as hatred prejudice, violence and If you need further proof that discrimination. humans don't require differing skin It's important to remember that colors to find fault with each other, hatred can be a strong word in some simply look to the many religious and circumstances as it relates to these political wars that have occurred issues. For example, it is possible to throughout history. Protestants and be disapproving or intolerant of others Catholics, members of two religions of a different race or orientation that promote peace and love, have without proclaiming to hate them. fought bloody wars. In How the
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2.3 Definition of Impact 3.1 Method of Collecting Data According to English Oxford The researchers use library dictionary (Sykes, 1976: 537) research in collecting data. Coming to “Impact” means the action of one the library, reading some books and object coming forcibly into contact collecting the data from the readable with another. media, the researchers take some For example, ‘there was the sound relevant information based on the of a third impact’ or ‘bullets which analyzed problem. That information expand and cause devastating injury is used as the data to support the on impact’. researchers’ study. To obtain further Experts from University of Sussex, information, the researchers also use Rupert Brown, Mark Walters and search engine website in the internet Jenny Paterson to visit and to collect some data. (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk- 3.2 Method of Approach 42622767, accessed on April 25th There are two methods that the 2018: 19:45) said that hate gives researchers used in analyzing the data effects in the forms of: he had: a. physical attack 3.2.1 Structural approach b. anger Structural approach or objective c. anxiety approach is a method that observes all d. threat aspects which create a literary work Hate can happen because of such as theme, plot, setting, character religion, sexual orientation, disability, and characterization, and other or because they are transgender. aspects related to the literary work. The researchers use structural 2. Method of Research approach based on the discussion of The researchers use two methods one of the intrinsic element that is in analyzing the novel. Those character. methods are: 3.2.2 Sociological approach Singewood and Laureson (1972: 12) state that Sociology is
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systematically study of social materialistic, money-centered person, behavior and human group. It mainly he (Antonio) finally changes his mind. concerns with the influences of social This condition happens because relationship upon the attitude and Antonio does not have cash to help behavior, how societies are Bassanio with three thousand ducats of established and changed. So, in Italian money. general sociology is the study of Shylock: Three thousand ducats; well. human society. Bassanio: Ay, sir, for three months. … May you stead me? will you pleasure me? shall I know 4. Result and Discussion your answer? 4.1 Antonio as a Round Character Shylock: Three thousand ducats for and Shylock as a Flat Character three months and Antonio Who is meant by the title of the play bound. (ACT I, Scene iii, The Merchant of Venice is actually page 11) Antonio, a rich man who possess a It means there is a change of Antonio’s much merchandise in Venice. He has a character from being unfriendly into close friend named Bassanio. Antonio friendly. On the other hand, a money- as well as Bassanio do not make lender Shylock is consistent to be person friendship with a Jewish named who always wishes for money. He loves Shylock because they know, as a lending money to others but with interest proverb says, Berteman dengan (usurer). Because of his constant behavior tukang minyak wangi kita akan ikut from the beginning of the story until the wangi, berteman dengan tukang end, he is a flat character. sampah kita bisa ikut kena bau busuk 4.2 Strong Hatred in The Merchant of sampah (www.Organisasi.Org/Situs Venice Web Belajar Online, accessed on The story that has setting in Venice, th March 26 2018: 15:45). Making Belmont and at Court of Justice has an friendship with a bad person possibly interesting theme. The major theme of the means inviting difficulties. story is hatred. It is said so because hatred Although at first Antonio keeps the topic colors the story so strongly that the distance from Shylock because of his antagonist is fighting back against the
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protagonist with all his might. especially from Antonio. Shylock is Shylock is a rich Jewish money lender called “dog” and “misbeliever” because (usurer) who newly comes to Venice with he likes to bite. He also misuses his a business of money lending. He charges religion of Jews (he uses religion interest for money he has lent to people. wrongly), so he is named misbeliever too. Shylock must fight face-to-face against This is different from disbeliever who has Christian Antonio who is Venetian with no belief in God. bigger cash money and more Shylock is humiliated by being spitted merchandises. Besides that, Shylock is on his coat. This is really a strong way of always bullied and ill-treated by the insulting others. It means he is lower than merchant Antonio because Shylock any human even the same as animal or breeds his money fast. On the contrary, lower. Who can do this? A rich man can Antonio lends his money to Venetian do this to the poor people. Mostly poor without any interest. Shylock is attributed people can do nothing to fight back as a villain. He is capable of smiling because of his poverty. outside but threatening mercilessly What about Shylock? He is a Jewish inside. but not as rich as Antonio. At this Antonio: Was this inserted to make moment, he restrains himself from anger. interest good? Shylock does not want to confront openly Shylock: I cannot tell; I make it breed against the rich Antonio who is loved by as fast: people. People hate his being greedy for Antonio: The devil can cite Scripture money and gold. Therefore, Shylock is for his purpose. An evil soul not only spitted many times, but is also producing holy witness. Is kicked as strange dog. like a villain with a smiling He burns and keeps burning his fire of cheek, a goodly apple rotten at the heart: O, what a hatred in his heart. He is waiting for the goodly outside falsehood right time to revenge and punish Antonio hath! (ACT II, Scene iii, some time, some day. page 14) Shylock: Well then, it now appears you Due to his heartless deeds, Shylock need my help: gets multiple mocking from people and Go to, then; you come to me,
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and you say Antonio and Bassanio must go to Shylock 'Shylock, we would have of whom they hate very much. moneys:' you say so; Here is a lesson people can learn. You, that did void your rheum Human is not perfect. Only God is upon my beard perfect. Although someone is well known And foot me as you spurn a as rich, there is possibility that he has no stranger cur enough cash. It is not wise for a man to be Over your threshold: moneys is boastful or arrogant because there are your suit What should I say to you? many possibilities happening to him. Should I not say The hatred of both parties (Shylock 'Hath a dog money? is it possible and Antonio) reach the highest point at A cur can lend three thousand court. When the case is brought to court, ducats?' Or they argue very strongly. The debate is Shall I bend low and in a surrounding the execution from Shylock bondman's key, to Antonio. Shylock is insistent on cutting With bated breath and one pound flesh. The bond says that if whispering humbleness, Say Antonio fails to pay back the money in 3 this; months, Shylock can cut Antonio’s flesh. 'Fair sir, you spit on me on And the deal has been agreed by both Wednesday last; You spurn'd me such a day; Antonio and Shylock. Shylock is another time insistent. You call'd me dog; and for these Shylock: Gaoler, look to him: tell not courtesies me of mercy; This is the fool I'll lend you thus much moneys'? that lent out money gratis: (ACT II, Scene iii, page15) Gaoler, look to him. It seems it is high time that Shylock Antonio: Hear me yet, good Shylock. could launch his attack on Antonio now. Shylock: I'll have my bond; speak not This time Antonio needs help from against my bond: I have sworn an oath that I will Shylock in the form of cash money have my bond. Thou call'dst amounting until 3000 ducats to be lent to me dog before thou hadst a his close friend Bassanio. And sadly, cause; But, since I am a dog,
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beware my fangs: The duke also from the Duke of Venice. They all shall grant me justice. I do ask Shylock to have mercy on Antonio. wonder, Thou naughty Shylock is offered with double even triple gaoler, that thou art so fond. payback. “Portia: What, no more? Pay To come abroad with him at him six thousand, and deface the bond; his request. Double six thousand, and then treble that” Antonio: I pray thee, hear me speak. (ACT IV, Scene iii, page 57). But his Shylock: I'll have my bond; I will not hatred has not only tripled but it has hear thee speak: I'll have my bond; and therefore speak mounted hundreds times until he brings no more. I'll not be made a and sharpens his knife to the court, ready soft and dull-eyed fool, to to cut Antonio on whatever place he shake the head, relent, and wants. Hatred has blinded his eyes. sigh, and yield. To Christian Hatred has sealed his heart from having intercessors. Follow not; mercy on others. And it means there is I'll have no speaking: I will possibility that Antonio will die, if have my bond. (ACT IV, Shylock cuts or slices on vital organs. Scene iii, page 57) Duke: I am sorry for thee: thou art come Shylock is leading now. He can to answer a stony adversary, an ‘dictate’ the court because the bond inhuman wretch incapable of pity, seems to side with him. Now, he can void and empty from any dram of despise Antonio. mercy. (ACT IV, Scene i, page 64) ShylockL: I'll have my bond; speak not Shylock: The pound of flesh, which I against my bond: I have sworn demand of him, is dearly an oath that I will have my bond. bought; 'tis mine and I will have Thou call'dst me dog before it. If you deny me, fie upon your thou hadst a cause; But, since I law! There is no force in the am a dog, beware my fangs: The decrees of Venice. I stand for duke shall grant me justice. judgment: answer; shall I have (ACT IV, Scene iii, page 57). it? (ACT IV, Scene i, page 67) Shylock is really firm with his demand The type of hatred that has dwelled in although there are many appeals coming Shylock heart is of type 1 and type 2 from Antonio, Bassanio, the lawyer and hatreds. Type 1 hatred is “Racism” which
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is characterized by racial prejudice or love, have fought bloody wars, like what discrimination. Prejudice is an irrational happened in New Zealand, the Maori who attitude of hostility directed toward an oppressed Moriori of who are all individual, a group, a race or their Christian people. supposed characteristics. In this case, 4.3 The Impacts of Hatred in The Shylock has irrational attitude towards Merchant of Venice Antonio, both as individual and as race. Antonio’s hate on Shylock is not Shylock is Jews whereas Antonio is comparable to Shylock’s hate on Antonio. Christian. Shylock hates Antonio not only Antonio’s hate is a kind of humiliating because he spits on him (individual), but others but Shylock’s hate has reached also because he is a Christian (religion). levels of crime. It is not common hate. Shylock [Aside]: How like a fawning Possibly Antonio never predicts the publican he looks! I hate him for impacts of his ill-treatment will eventually he is a Christian, but more for that threaten his life. He may think that it is in low simplicity. He lends out exciting and just a fun to play on the money gratis and brings down. weaker, the poorer people named Shylock. The rate of usance here with us in He mocks on only a greedy Shylock and Venice. If I can catch him once to be followed with launching sputum upon the hip, I will feed fat the from his mouth on Shylock, sometimes on ancient grudge I bear him. He hates our sacred nation, and he his beard, some other time on his rails, …Cursed be my tribe, if I gabardine or Jewish coat. He thinks it is forgive him! (ACT II, Scene ii, really entertaining and probably amazing. page 12-13) Surprisingly, the impacts are really The second type of hatred that Shylock gigantic and out of his control. Antonio keeps is “Religious and politically-based has made blunder or a big mistake to play hatred”, but in this story, the focus is on with a man filled with deep rusty hatred. the religious-based hatred. The proof is Firstly, Shylock just hates Antonio, just look to the many religious war that regular hatred that is manageable and have occurred throughout history. controllable. It is the low level of hatred Protestants and Catholics, members of which commonly exists in common two religions that promote peace and people. But if he cannot manage this
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hatred, someone will talk bad or curse hath the stones upon her, and the against the person whom he hates. If he is ducats. (ACT II, Scene iii, page 37) not able to pay back, the hatred will grow Why Shylock does not want to take and grow until he will take revenge. He shining money anymore? There is triple will pay back the same quality of payment for him if he wants to free mocking as he has suffered. Antonio from his sharp knife. This To the extreme, he wants to crush or condition happens because he has hatred demolish the person who has played on in himself, deep hatred; hatred that has himself. If possible, he is going to crush been covered with rust. Hatred now can the hated to pieces. At this level he is defeat desire for money from a Jewish ready to take someone’s soul. In this way, usurer or money lender. he is a criminal now. His having no mercy will trap him in Shylock’s firm stance to have difficulty although Shylock never thinks Antonio’s flesh of 1 pound is based on of the consequences to happen in the rusty hatred that has dominated his mind. future. He is sure that he will be able to He is no longer interested in double or satisfy his revenge that has mounted. But, triple money of payback. Someone who again, human design is not perfect. Only has been well known for his thirst of God’s design and strategy is perfect. money until his love of money is the same There comes a smart ‘doctor’ in law as his love for his daughter, now has who is invited to mediate controversy changed. How deep Shylock loves for between the Jew and Antonio the money can be seen from the following merchant. His (or her) name is Balthasar lines. (he is actually Portia, not a man but the Salanio: I never heard a passion so wife of Bassanio who comes in the confused, So strange, outrageous, courtroom with undercover clothes). At and so variable, As the dog Jew did that time a woman is not allowed to be a utter in the streets: 'My daughter! O court lawyer. my ducats! O my daughter! … And Clerk [Reads]: Your grace shall jewels, two stones, two rich and understand that at the receipt of precious stones, Stolen by my your letter I am very sick: but in the daughter! Justice! find the girl; She instant that your messenger came,
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in loving visitation was with me a Antonio’s body. It is his heart. Antonio young doctor of Rome; his name is says goodbye to his friend Bassanio. He Balthasar. I acquainted him with thinks there is nobody who will be able to the cause in controversy between save his life from the hand of the beast the Jew and Antonio the merchant Shylock. He has no hope to live in the … (ACT IV, Scene i, page 70) world. His wealth, family and everything At courtroom, Balthasar pretends to be will soon end. fair and pleases Shylock to do his bond Antonio: But little: I am arm'd and well because law has said so in the agreement. prepared. Give me your hand, Shylock smiles and highly appreciates the Bassanio: Fare you well! … For lawyer. He thinks that his revenge will if the Jew do cut but deep come true. Long years of oppression enough, I'll pay it presently with under Antonio will soon be over and even all my heart. (ACT IV, Scene i, he has time to pay back. Shylock is really page 74) delighted. When Shylock is in his joy and Antonio Portia: You must prepare your bosom for is in his desperation, there comes a turning his knife. point. The lawyer asks Shylock to stop his Shylock: O noble judge! O excellent steps. He gives Shylock a reprimand. young man! … Shylock can cut flesh but without Shylock: 'Tis very true: O wise and dropping a single drop or even droplet of upright judge! How much more blood. Because the bond just says a pound elder art thou than thy looks! of flesh, no extra drops of blood. Shylock Portia: Therefore lay bare your bosom. is threatened, if he drops a drop of Shylock: Ay, his breast. So says the bond: Christian blood he will be punished. The doth it not, noble judge? 'Nearest his heart:' those are the very punishment consists of confiscation of his words. (ACT IV, Scene i, page lands and goods. 72) Portia: And you must cut this flesh from off When Shylock is ‘celebrating’ his his breast: The law allows it, and the victory, Antonio is in deep sadness. He court awards it. can do nothing but prepare to die. Shylock: Most learned judge! A sentence! Come, prepare! Possibility to die is big because the Jew will select to cut on deadly part of
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Portia: Tarry a little; there is something so much… Thou diest and all thy else. This bond doth give thee here goods are confiscate. (ACT IV, no jot of blood; The words Scene i, page 76) expressly are 'a pound of flesh:' With this unexpected condition, Take then thy bond, take thou thy Shylock is truly cornered. He is speechless pound of flesh; But, in the cutting for some minutes. He feels he has no way it, if thou dost shed one drop of out from complicated situation he never Christian blood, thy lands and predicts before. He is panic. But, goods are, by the laws of Venice, strangely, he wants to take the offer of confiscate unto the state of Venice. three times (thrice) offer. Unfortunately, it (ACT IV, Scene i, page 75) is too late because the lawyer says that the Shylock is indeed a heartless Jewish. offer is not valid anymore. Shylock has Knowing that he will lose the case, he is rejected the offer in the beginning of court willing to take the offer of 3 times process. payback. He thinks that he will be safe by Finally, Shylock is punished because not cutting 1 pound flesh and choosing he has intended to kill a Christian with his payback. He thinks he is smart. But he is cutting 1 pound flesh. The punishment not. Because the lawyer is more and more includes all his lands and goods skilful in playing his ‘cards’. confiscated, 50 percent will go to state and Shylock: I take this offer, then; pay the the other half will be handed to Antonio, bond thrice and let the Christian the winner. Besides that, Shylock is forced go. Bassanio: Here is the money. to convert Christian. Portia: Soft! The Jew shall have all Antonio is willing to give his part to the justice; soft! no haste: He shall have couple of Jessica (daughter to Shylock) nothing but the penalty. and Lorenzo because Jessica has been Gratiano: O Jew! an upright judge, a oppressed by her father. Jessica has learned judge! married to a Christian named Lorenzo. In Portia: Therefore prepare thee to cut off this matter, Antonio is not a revengeful the flesh. Shed thou no blood, nor person. He hates Shylock but still he gives cut thou less nor more. But just a his 50 percent goods from Shylock to pound of flesh: if thou cut'st more Shylock’s daughter. or less than a just pound, be it but
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The story ends with happiness because also exists because of hate. For example most Antonio’s ships have arrived Shylock has threatened Antonio due to bringing much profit. Bassanio also turns his deep hatred on Antonio. His threat is happy because he now knows that to kill Antonio although he covers it with Balthasar, the lawyer, is his wife who law execution. Hate is really deadly comes to Venice to help Antonio who has poison to kill others. Keep away from helped her husband. Happy ending is one hate or hatred. characteristic of drama comedy story. . The impacts of hate as stated by 5. Conclusion and Suggestion experts of University of Sussex (Rupert 5.1 Conclusion Brown, Mark Walters & Jenny Paterson) The Merchant of Venice is a drama of also prove right in the story. Firstly, there comedy that has a major theme of are some physical attacks on Shylock in dangerous hatred in the heart of a man. the form spitting to his cloak and beard. The story takes the setting in Venice Italy Because of hate too, Antonio is almost during the fifteen century. Shakespeare dead because his body flesh will be cut warns not to easily make contract of for 1 pond. If Antonio loses the case in borrowing or debt because it is risky of court, he will be seriously physically losing not only property but also life, like attacked. what has happened to Antonio, the Anger has also occurred because of merchant of Venice. hate, for example Shylock is angry with The story has a protagonist Antonio (a Antonio. Shylock hates Antonio because round character) who has to face his he hates or dislikes Antonio’s blocking on antagonist Shylock (a flat character). They his business. Shylock cannot get profit hate each other. The hatred of Shylock from interest rate by lending his money. keeps increasing because he is humiliated Anxiety happens because Shylock’s and bullied by a rich man Antonio in the hate make many people anxious. They are form of mocking, spitting and dog anxious of not being able to save the life attributes on himself. Shylock is despised of Antonio. Duke of Venice is also because he is not only a greedy money anxious at court if Shylock is merciless lender but also a Jewish. then he cut Antonio’s flesh alive. Threat Shylock’s rusty hatred has brought
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him to endanger the life of a Venetian herself. Someone can change his or her Christian Antonio. It occurs because personality into a good person. Antonio borrows his money of 300 ducats Italian currency but he fails to return the 6. Bibliography borrowing on time of 3 months. The bond Abrams, M.H & Silas, D.S. 1925. A Glossary of Literary Term. Michigan: says that Shylock will cut 1 pound of Holt, Reinhart and Weinston. Antonio’s flash if he fails to pay back. Barnet, Silvan. et.al.1976. An The kind of hatred that Shylock has is Introduction on Literature. Boston: of Racism and religious hatred which is Foresman and Company. characterized by racial prejudice or Foster, Edward M. 1927. Aspects of the discrimination towards individual named Novel. London: Arnold Publication Company. Antonio from different religion. Shylock hates Antonio because he is not Jewish Freud, Sigmund. 1958. Psychoanalysis. USA: Groiler Publication Company. and also Christian. Antonio also hates
Shylock because he is Jewish and not a Holman, C. Hugh. 1974. A Handbook to Literature Rev 3rd Edition. New York: Venetian. His hatred is also Religious The Oddysey Press, Inc. and politically-based hatred. Holzknecht, J. Karl. 1950. The Serious hatred will give negative Backgrounds of Shakespeare’s Plays. impacts. The impacts is Shylock’s New York: American Book Co. sentence of an order to give his goods 50 Kenny, William. 1966. How to Analyze percent to state and 50 percent to Antonio Fiction. New York: Monarch Press. and besides that, he must convert Klansman A. 2000. At a White Power Christian for losing at court. Rally in Skokie Types of Hatred, Vol Ill. Np. USA. 5.2 Suggestion
The writer suggests that the following Klansman A. 2000. Hatred in Social Life. London: Birmingham University researcher will analyze on the danger of Press. borrowing money, especially in a big Potter, James L. 1967. Elements of number. Besides, the story can be Literature. New York: The Oddysey analyzed on the elements of the Press, Inc. importance of hating only the deeds of a Robert, Edgar dan Jacobs, Henry E. 1989. person, but not on the person himself or Literature, an Introduction to Reading
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and Writing. Eglewood Cliffs. New Jersey. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk- 42622767, April 25th, 2018: 19:45. Wellek, Rene dan Warren, Austen. 1956. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
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