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Who Were the Romans Anyway? Dr. Patrick McFadden University of Memphis, World Languages and Literatures Virtual World Language Expo April 12-15, 2021 How do we picture Romans? Little Caesars? Credit: littlecaesars.com How do we picture the Irish? Credit:: Wikimedia Commons/ public domain What do we mean by Romans? Clients? Auxiliaries? Caracalla (212): Constitutio Antoniana? ? *All otherwise unattributed images are credited to Wikimedia Commons and are in the public domain. Let’s start at the top Julio-Claudian Emperors (27 BC - 69 AD) - Italy Augustus Tiberius Caligula Two dynasties, low diversity Flavian Emperors (69 AD - 96 AD) -Italy Vespasian Titus Domitian Credit: Shakko / CC-BY 3.0 Credit: Richard Mortel / CC-BY 2.0 Finally to the Provinces! Spain! Antonine Dynasty (96-192 AD) Trajan Hadrian Credit: Rabax66 / CC-BY 4.0 Carole Raddato / CC-BY 2.0 On to Africa and the Near East! Severan Dynasty (193- 235 AD) Septimius Severus Julia Domna Elagabalus Credit: Yair Haklai/ CC-BY 4.0 More Near East and the Balkans! Philip the Arab (244-49 AD) - Shahba, Syria Diocletian (284 - 305 AD) - Dalmatia - Croatia Valentinian (364-78 AD) - Pannonia - modern Balkans Philip the Arab Diocletian Credit: Jose Luiz/ CC-BY 4.0 Credit: dronepicr/ CC-BY 2.0 Let’s Start at the beginning Mythology: Memnon & Andromeda Ethiopia 2nd Punic Wars & Octavian vs. Antony and Cleopatra Masinissa (King of Numidia) Juba II (King of Mauretania) Ecclesiastical Writers Perpetua and Felicity (Early 200s, Carthage) Credit: Q. Finnegan, Quotidian Quintillian, Accessed April 5, 2021 More Berbers! Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD, Carthage) Playwrights! Publius Terentius Afer (fl. 170-160 BC) Phoenecian? Berber? Ancient Novelists Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis (c. 124-170 AD, Numidia) Fayum Portraits: Thousands of People We Can’t Name! Credit: Sailko CC-BY 3.0 Credit: Orf3us CC-BY 4.0 Credit: Brück & Sohn Credit: Zde CC-BY 4.0 Kunstverlag CC-BY 4.0 Credit: Zde CC-BY 4.0.

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Iudaea Capta Vs. Mother Zion: the Flavian Discourse on Judaeans and Its Delegitimation in 4 Ezra
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