Selected Bibliography

General Works The Cambridge Ancient History, Vols. X-XII and Vol. V of Plates. Cambridge, I934-39 The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, Cambridge, I924 JONES, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire, 284-602, 3 vols. Norman, I964 JONES, H. s. The Roman Empire, 29 B.C.-A.D. 476, 3d impres­ sion. London, I 9 I 6 LOT, F. The End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages. New York, I93 I NILSSON, M.P. Imperial Rome. London, I926 PARKER, H. M.D. A History of the Roman World from A.D. 138 to 337, 2d ed. London, I958 ROSTOVTZEFF, M., and BICKERMAN, E. A History of the Ancient World. New York, I96I ROSTOVTZEFF, M. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2d ed. by P.M. Fraser, 2 vols. Oxford, I956 SALMON, E. T. A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138, 3d ed. London, I957

Special Periods and Reigns

JONES, A. H. M. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, rev. ed. New York, I962 HAMMOND, M. The Antonine Monarchy. Rome, I959 HENDERSON, B. w. Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire, A.D. 69-70. London, I9o8 ---Five Roman Emperors; V espasian, Titus, Domitian, N erva, Trajan, A.D. 69-117. Cambridge, I927 -- The Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian, A.D. 76-138.London, I923 HOLMES, T. R. The Architect of the Roman Empire, 2 vols. Ox­ ford, I928-3I SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 MARSH, F. B. The Founding of the Roman Empire, 2d ed. London, I927 ---The Reign of Tiberius. London, I93 I SYME, R. The Roman Revolution. Oxford, I939

Constitutional CROOK, J. A. Consilium Principis. Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. Cambridge, I954 HAMMOND, M. The Augustan Principate in Theory and Practice during' the fulio-Claudian Period. Cambridge, Mass., I933 JOLOWicz, H. F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 2d ed. Cambridge, I96I JONEs, A. H. M. Studies in Roman Government and Law. Oxford, 1960 MCFAYDEN, D. The History of the Title lmperator under the Roman Empire. Chicago, 1920 SHERWIN-WHITE, A. N. The Roman Citizenship. Oxford, 1939

The Armed Forces CHEESMAN, G. L. The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. Ox- ford, 1914 PARKER, H. M.D. The Roman Legions, rev. ed. Cambridge, 1958 REYNOLDs, P. K. B. The Vigiles of hnperial Rome. London, 1926 STARR, c. G., JR. The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C.-A.D. 324, 2d ed. Cambridge, r 960

The Provinces BOUCHIER, E. s. Spain under the Roman Empire. Oxford, 1914 ---Syria as a Roman Province. Oxford, 19I6 BROGAN, o. Roman Gaul. London, 1953 BROUGHTON, T. R. s. The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis. Baltimore, 1929 CHILVER, G. E. F. Cisalpine Gaul; Social and Economic History from 49 B.C. to the Death of Trajan. Oxford, 1941 JONES, A. H. M. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. Ox­ ford, 1937 ---The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford, 1940 MAGIE, D. Roman Rule in Asia Minor, 2 vols. Princeton, I95o SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY sTEVENSoN, G. H. Roman Provincial Administration till the Age of the Antonines, 2d ed. Oxford, I949 WARMINGTON, B. H. The North African Provinces from Diocletian to the Vandal Conquest. Cambridge, I954

Social and Economic BARRow, R. H. Slavery in the Roman Empire. London, I928 cARCOPINo, J. Daily Life in Ancient Rome; the People and the City at the Height of the Empire. New Haven, I940 CHARLESWORTH, M.P. Trade-Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, 2d ed., rev. Cambridge, I926 CLAusiNG, R. The Roman Co lonate. New York, I 92 5 DAVIES, o. Roman Mines in Europe. Oxford, I935 DILL, s. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 2d ed. London, I905 --- Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Em­ pire. London, I9IO DUFF, A. M. Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire. Oxford, I928 FRANK, T., ed. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, Vols. II-V. Baltimore, I936-4o HEITLAND, w. E. Agricola. A Study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World from the Point of View of Labour. Cambridge, I 92 I WARMINGTON, E. H. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge, I928 WHEELER, M. Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers. London, I954

Religion GLOVER, T. R. The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Em­ pire, wth ed. London, I 92 3 MOMIGLIANO, A., ed. The Conflict between Paganism and Chris­ tianity in the Fourth Century. Oxford, I 96 3 Index

Ablabius, 250 Antonius Pius, 4, 73, 8o, 98, I6o; Abuse of power, trial for, I92-I95i letters to Ephesus, 229-230 of requisition, I97-I98 Apion, I5I Achaia, 2I, 116 Apodemius, 102, I04 Achilles, 230 Apollinaris, Sidonius, 6 Actium, 43; battle of, 108, I48, 3I8 Apollinarius, Julius, I 5 I, I 52 Acts of the Apostles, 288-289 Appeal to Caesar, 289 Adiutor, Aurelius, 305 Appianus, I 36, I 37 Adrianople, I 74; battle of ( 378), 6 Apronianus, 2 IO Aedesius, 100, IOI, I03 Apuleius, Sextus, I6, 7I Aela, I98 Aqueducts, I9, 207-209; curators of, Aelafius, Constantine's letter to, J40- 44 34I Aquitania, I23, 126 Africa, 2I, 25, 95, 99, 120, I24, I48, Arabia, 2 I; road building in, I98 I85, 200, 203, 296; benefactions to Arabian expedition, I 3, 2 I the church of, Constantine's, 339- Aratus, 92 340; Christian persecution in, un­ Arbetio, 95, 100, IOI, 102 der Diocletian, 332-335; under Arcadius, I46 Valerian, 33o-33 I Aridelus, I42 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 4, I2D-I24, Ariminum, I9 I25; in Britain, I83-I85 Arinthaeus, 94 Agrippa, Marcus, I6, 20, 75, 207 Ariobaranes, King, 2 I Agrippina, 104, 106 Aristomenes, 204, 205 Alamanni, 85, 87, g6, 97 Aries, 34o-34I Alaric, I74 Armaturae, 100, I 07 Alavivus, I75• I77 Armenia, 3, I3, 2I Albani, 22 Armorers, state, p6-3 I 7 Albania, I49 Arms factories, state, 3 I 6 Albanum, 36 Army, Roman, 50, 8o, I48-I77; allot­ Albinus, Luccius, I90 ments for veterans, I7J-I74i col­ Albinus of Etruria, IOI ony of veterans at Cyrene, I62; at Alexander the Great, 92 Deultum, I6I; distribution of Alexandria, I86, 223-226, 230, 232, forces, I48-I5o; draft in the fourth century, I68-I7o; draft un­ 257·32I Alimenta, the, 293-294 der the principate, I 5o; Egyptian Allegiance, oath of, 43-44, 72 recruit, letter from, I 5 I; Egyptian soldier, letter from, I 5 I-I 52; fed­ Allobrogicus, I I 3 erates, I74-I77; foreign cavalry­ Allotments for veterans, I7J-I74 man, discharge certificate of, I6o­ Alps, 3, 2I, 93, 107, IIO I6I; hereditary military service, Ammianus Marcellinus, 6, 85-89, I 70; legionary veterans, discharge 89-94, 95-IOO, IOD-I07, I27, I28- of, I58; marriage of soldiers, I55- I33, I74-I77, 209-2I2, 268-269 I57i mobile army of Constantine, Antioch, 257, 306 I67; mutiny in, I62-I66; Numid­ Antiochus, King, I 29 ian troops reviewed by Hadrian, Antistius, Gaius, I 8 I5J-I55i pay sheet of two legion- 350 INDEX aries in Egypt, I52-I53; prae­ Caelianus, Sempronius, I 50 torian, discharge certificate of, Caepio, Fannius, 35, 37, 39 I sS-I 59; rations, I 70-I 7 I; recruits, Caesar, 2, 2S commutation of, I7I-I72; sailor, Caesar, Gaius, I7 discharge certificate of, I 59-I 6o; Caesar, Julius, 3, So, I09, I I4, I45, tax privileges of soldiers and vet­ 256 erans, I72-I73; troops as police, Caesar, Lucius, I 7 use of, I 57 Caesarea, 257, 2S9 Arruntius, Lucius, I5, 37, 72, 75 Caligula, 4I, 43, 77, 7S, 224 Asia, 2 I, 120, 124, IS5; divine honors Callistratus, 2 35-2 36 for Augustus in, 3 IS-3 I9; new im­ Calpurnius, SeXtus, I 3 7 perial temple in, 32I-323 Calvisius, Gaius, IS Asia Minor, 3 I 3 Campania, I33 Asinius, Gaius, I6 Caracalla, 3, 29I Asinius, Gallus, 72, 75 Carthage, 203, 330 Asinius, Lucius, I 53 Cassius, Gaius, 73, uS-120 Assyria, 9I Catholics, 339, 340 Athanaric, I75 Catius, Fronto, I92 Athens, 126, IS7 Cato the Censor, 129 Attaleia, I62 Catullinus, I 55 Atticus, Gaius Baebius, I 3S-I 39 Catulus, I 33 Augustine, 6 Celer, Ulpius, I43 Augustus, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 2S, 33, 36, Celsus, Constantine's letter to, 34I- 37-3S, 39, 40, 4I, 43, 49, 50, 70, 342 7I-72, 74, 76, 77, 7S, So, 10S, I I I, Censorious, Gaius, I6 113, 115, I35• I3S, I4S, I5I, I6I, Census, in Egypt, 256-257; in Syria, I62, 207, 2oS, 256, 273; acts of, 256; of Galerius, 266-267 I3-23; divine honors in Asia for, Census return, 257-259; Egyptian, 31S-319; Egypt under, I79; oath of 251)-260 allegiance to, 43-44; reforms of, Cerialis, Petilius, I 2 3 44-49; Spain under, I7S-I79 Cerealis, Tullius, I93 Aurelian, 3, I67 Certificate of sacrifice under Decius, Aurelius, Marcus, 3, 4, 50, So; im­ 327 perial high court under, 277-279 Charisius, Arcadius, 235, 236-23S Austurians, 2oo, 202 Charter of Malaca, 212-2I9; of Sal­ pensa, 2 I9-2 2 3 Bacchylides, 90 Christians and Christianity, 5 I, S2, Balbus, Cornelius, I 3 5 S9, 205, 211, 250, 27I; bishops, Bassus, Julius, ISS-I92 judicial powers of, 343-344; Benefactor, civic, 24S-250 Catholics, 339, 340; certificate of Bishops, judicial powers of, 343-344 sacrifice under Decius, 327; Con­ Bithynia, 93, 125, 126, q6, IS6, ISS, stantine's benefactions to the 240, 244 African church, 339-340; grant of Bolanus, V ettius, 12 3 immunity to the clergy, 340; Bonitus, 107 Donatists, 339, 340, 34I; edict of Britain and the Britons, 3, S4, S5, 95, Galerius and, 335-336; Edict of 97. 99. 117, 120, 12I, 123, 124, I4S, Milan (313), 336-339; paganism I7S; Agricola in, IS3-IS5 forbidden by Theodosius I, 345; Brundisium, treaty of, 73 Pliny and, 324-327 Brutus, 36, 73 Cicero, 105-106 Buildings, public, 24I-243 Cilicia, I S6 Burgundians, 97 Cirta, 332 INDEX 351 Cities, the, 207-255; aqueducts, 207- Commodus, 3, So 209; buildings, public, 241-243; Comum, 125, 245, 293 city council, minutes of, 232-235; Confiscations, 262-266 summons to, 2 32; city councilors, Coninius, Lucius, 1S 235-23S, 24o-241; civic benefactor, Constans, 96, 104; pagan worship 24S-25o; civic finances in the forbidden by, 344 fourth century, 252; civic magis­ Constantine, 2, 3, So, S4, 105, 107, trates, election of, 230-232; civic 143· 170, 209, 250, 271, 312, 336- school, 245-247; civic theater, 247- 337. 343, 344; grant of immunity 24S; decurions, government posts to clergy, 340; imperial cult and, and, 252-253; Roman senate and, 342-343; letter to Aelafius, 34o- 253-254; defensor civitatis, 254; 341; letter to Celsus, 341-342; mo­ federate city, 223; fire brigade, bile army of, 167 244-245; foundation of a city, 25Q- Constantius, So, S4, Ss, S9, 93, 94, 96, 252; free, corrector of, 1S6-1SS 100,104,107,145.315 Citizens, Roman, imperial cult and, Constitutio Antoniniana, the, 291- 32o-32I 292 Citizenship, Roman, expansion of, Constitution of the principate, 26-35 2S7-2SS; recommendation for, Consuls, 2S, 36 2S9-291; rights of, 2SS-2S9 Corruption in administration, trial Civil magistrates, election of, 23o- for, 1SS-192 232 Corsica, 2S5 Civil service, 51, 141-147; couriers, Corvinus, Messala, II 5, 207 imperial, I45-146; freedman of Corvus, Valerius, 72 Augustus, imperial, I4I; heredi­ Cottian Alps, 107 tary civil servants, 143-144; mili­ Council of Nicaea ( 32 5), 342 tary clerk, 143; number of offi­ Couriers, imperial, 145-I46 cials, 146; prerequisites of civil Crassus, Marcus, 1S, So servants, 144-145; promotion for Cremona, 102 an imperial freedman, 142; promo­ Cremutius, Cordus, 46 tion for an imperial slave, 142-143; Crete, 126, 196 salaries of officials, 146-147; slaves Customs, 26I-262 as, 142, 243-244 Cyrene, 1z6; colony of veterans at, Civil wars, 2, 13, 23, 4S, S2, S4, S9, 162 107, II5 Cyprian, 5, 33o-331 Claudiopolis, 242, 243 Cyprus, 25, 37, 40 Claudius, 3, 2S, 109, III, u7, 135, q6, 14S, 159, 20S, 210, 279, 317, Dacia and the Dacians, 3, 22, 261 32 1; accession of, 7S-So; as a Dagalaiphus, 94 young man, n-7S; edict on the Dalmatia, I 49, I 5 1 Anauni, 2S7-2SS; letter to Alex­ Damascus, 19S, 2 1 1 andria, 223-226; speech on the Decemius, Ss, S7 Gallic senators, 111-114 Decidiana, Domitia, 1 2 I Clothing levy, 27o-271 Decius, certificate of sacrifice under, Coins, 14 327 Collatio lustra/is, the, collection of, Decurions, government posts and, 272; liability to, 271-272 252-253; Roman senate and, 253- Colonate, legal disabilities of, 3 14; 254 origins of, 312; in Palestine, 312- Defensor civitatis, 254 313; in Thrace, 313 Defensor plebis, 95 Cominius, Lucius, 207 Demaratus of Corinth, I 1 2 Co'11tmendatio, 70 Deultum, colony of veterans at, 161 352 INDEX Digest, the, 7 Falerio, Domitian's letter to, 228-229 Dio, Cassius, 4, s, 26, 27, 28-35, Federate city, 223 36-37· 37-40, 40-41, 49. so, SI-69, Federates, 174-177 1]8, 291 Ferox, Julius, 136, 193 Diocletian, 1, 2, 7, so, 51, So, 82-84, Festus, 289 104, 167, 168, I]O, 266, 3f2, 316, Finance, so; civic, in the fourth cen­ 317, 335; Christian persecution in tury, 255; municipal government, Africa under, 332-33s; in Palestine 5I under, 33 1-332; edict on prices, Fines, 262-266 308-3 12; indiction of, 267-268 Fire brigade, city, 244-245 Dionysius, 327, 328, 329 Firminus, Hostilius, 195 Domitian, 3, 28, 122, 124, 152, 189; Firmus, 97, 20s letter to Falerio, 228-229 Flaccianus, 201, 203, 204 Domitius, Quintus, 138 Flavian, 206 Donatists, 339, 340, 341 Fleets, Roman, 148, 149, 151, I5Frontinus, 207-209 Egypt, 21, 135· 148, Ip, 152-153, 223, Fronto, 185-186 230, 232, 233, 262, 267, 313; census Furnius, Gaius, 20 in, 2s6-26o; persecution under v a­ lerian, 327-330; road building in, Galba, 4, 41, 79, 108, 122; adoption 198-199i under Augustus, 179 of Piso, Bo-82 Ephesus, Pius' letters to, 229-2 30 Galerius, census of, 266-267; edict Equestrian order ( equites), 30, 3 1, of, 33s-336 32, 45, 50, 51, 113, 114, 134-140, Gallia Comata, 109, 113 141, 149; appointment, imperial Gallia N arbonensis, 2 1, 25, 37, 40, letter of, 137-138; recommenda­ 113,126 tion for, q6-137; financial qualifi­ Gallicanus, Cornelius, 143 cations for, 134-1 3Si judicial Gallic wars, 93 powers of procurators, 135-136; Gallienus, 3, 330 offices of, so; promotion, recom­ Gallus, Asinius, 7S mendation for, 136 Gaul and the Gauls, 3, 17, 21, 84, 85, Erechthius, 204, 205 86, 96, 100, 102, 104, 110, I I I-I 14, Ethiopia, 2 1 148, 202 Etruria, 103, 110, 112, 149 Gelos, Gaius Julius, 141 Etruscans, 11 o, 11 2 Germanicus, 70, 7 1, 76, 77, 11 3, 197, Eudaemon, Aurelius, 232 198,238,273 Eunuchs, 1 3 1 Germanus, 328 Eusebius, 5, 6, 1oo, 101, 103, 328-330, Germany and the Germans, 3, 21, 331-332, 335-336, 337-339, 339-340 82, 91, 93, I 14, 148, 174 Excubitor, Bs, 89 Gentiles, Bs, 10o,IOI Extortion, trial for, 188-192 Glabrio, Acilius, 129 Gladiatorial games, I<)-20 Fabius, Paulus, 207, 208 Gold miner, 305-306 Fabricus, Quintus, 18 Gordian, 294 INDEX 353 Goths, 174, 175, 327 Jews, 224, 289 Government posts, decurions and, Josephus, 5 252-253 Jovian, 2, 89,94 Graecinus, Julius, 120 Jovinus, 203, 204 Gratian, 2, 96, 168, 205 Juba, King, 148 Gratian the Elder, 95-96 Judaea, 256, 289 Greece, 186, 187 Judicial powers of bishops, 343-344; Gytheum, letter of Tiberius to, 3 21 of procurators, 135-136 Julian, 96, 199; accession of, 84-89; Hadrian, 77, 92, 98, 126-127; troops death of, 89-94; indiction under, in Numidia reviewed by, 153-155 268-269 Haterius, Quintus, 75, 76 Julian laws, 196 Hereditary civil servants, 143-144; Julian the Apostate, 2, 6, 345 military service, 170 J ulianus, Cal purnius, 13 7 Hermeros, Titus Claudius, 143 J ulianus, Salvi us, 12 7 Hermopolis, 230 Jurisdiction, imperial, 51 ; in the Herodian, 5 provinces, 28o-285 Hesperius, 206 Justice, 273-286; civil cases at Rome, Hiberi, 22 279-280; dispute between two High court, imperial, under Marcus cities, 285-286; imperial high court Aurelius, 277-279; under Trajan, under Marcus Aurelius, 277-279; 275-277; senate as, 273-275 under Trajan, 275-277; provinces, Hirtius, Gaius, 14, 73 jurisdiction in, 28o-285; senate as a Hispo, Caepio, 191 high COUrt, 273-275 Historians of Rome, 3-6 Justin, 95 Homer, 132 Justinian, 7, 179 Homullus, Titus, 191 Justinian Code, 8 Honoratus, Vitellius, 193 Honorius, 174 Lacedaemon, 187 Honors, excessive imperial, 51 Lactanius, 5-6, 82, 83-84, 266-267, Hosius, 339 335 Hostilius, Tullus, 115 Laelius, Decimus, 18 House of representatives, provincial, Lampadius, 100, 101, 209, 210 196-197 Land, state, leases of, 314-315 Huns, 3, 174 Land tax, 256,257,261,267,314 Laniogaisus, 104 Iberia, 149 Latium, 149 Illyricum, 22, 25, 97, 99, 313 Leases of state land, 3 14-3 15 Imperial cult, Constantine and, 342- Legates, 27 34 3; Roman citizens and, po-p 1 Lentulus, Lucius, 18 Imperial estates, tenants of, 296-298; Lentulus, Publius and Gnaeus, 15, 18 tenures of, emphyteutic, 298-299 Lepidus, Marcus, 73, 75 India, 22 Lepidus, Paulus Aemilius, 38 Indiction in the fifth century, 267- Leptis, 201, 202, 203 270,269-270 Lex de imperio, 41-43 lntemelium, 122 Lex Laetoria, 279 Isis worship, 32 7 Libanius, 6 Italy, 21, 43, 50, 51, So, 108, 110, 126, Liberalis, Salvius, 194 148, 149· 150,257 Licinius, 107, 336-337, 344 Liguria, 12 z Jerusalem, 288, 289 Livia Augusta, 49, 71, 74, 77, 78, 197 jesus,256,323-324 Lollius, 73 354 INDEX Lower Pannonia, 126 Mithraism, 32 7 Lucretius, Lucius, I 7 Moesia, 3, 25, 116, I I7, uS, I49 Lucretius, Quintus, I5, I7, 40 Mucianus, I22 Lucretius, Spurius, I I 5 Mucius, Quintus, IS3 Lugunum, I I 3 Municipal government, 5 I Lupicinus, S4, S5, S6, I77 Munigua, Titus' letter to, 227-22S Lupus, Nymphidius, 136 Mursa, battle of, 107 Lysias, Claudius, 2SS Murena, Terentius Varro, 35, 37, 39 Mutiny in the army, I62-I66 Macedonia, 2I, 25, 116 Macer, Baebius, I9I Nero, 2, 3, I7, 1S, 2I, 22, 41, 74, 122; Macrianus, King, 97 persecution of Christians, 32 3-324 Macrinus, Marcus Carantius, I43 Nerva, 2, 3, So, IS9, I9S Maecenas, Cilnius, I I5; speech of, Nevitta, 94 4cr-69 Nicaea, 96, 24I, 242; Council of Magnentius, 96, 100 (323), 342 Malaca, charter of, 2 I2-2 I 9 Nicomedia, 6, 244, 33 7 Malarichus, IOI-102, I03 Nigrinianus, 103 Mallibaudes, 102 N orbonese Gaul, I 10 Marcellus, Marcus, I5, I9, 37, 2S5 Noricum, 3 Marcian, 95 Numa, I I2, 129 Marcius, N uma, I I 5 Numi_dia, 332; troops in, Hadrian Marcus Caesar, 92 reviews, I 53-I 55 Marius, Caius, 7 2, I 35 Marriage of soldiers, I 55-I 57 Oath of Allegiance, 43-44, 72 Marseilles, I 2 I Octavian, 24 Marsianus, 137-13S Octavius, 72 Martianus, Flavius, I93· I94• I95 Olympiodorus, 6 Martius, Ancus, 112 Oppius, Gaius, I35 Mauritania, 97, I4S, IS6 Orcistus, 250 Maurus,SS Orfitus, 12S, 2 IO Maxentius, So, 337 Orosius, 6 Maximian, 2, So, S4 Otho, 4, 4I, 79, 8o, I22 Maximus, Gaius Virius, 257 Oxyrhynchus, 232 Maximus, Paullus Fabius, I5 Medes, 2I, 22 Paganism, Constans forbids, 344; Memmius, 305 Theodosius I forbids, 345 Merobaudes, 206 Palestine, Christian persecution in; Mesopotamia, 3, 94 under Diocletian, 33 1-332; colo­ Messala, II5 nate in, 3 I2-3 I 3 Messala, Marcus, IS Palladius, 202, 203, 204, 205 Meterius, 205 Palmyra, tariff of, 239-240 Metrodorus, 93 Pancratius, 203, 204 Milan, I04, 206; Edict of (3I3), 336- Pannonia, 3, 22, 95, I49, 163; Lower, 339 126 Military service, heredity, I70 Pansa, Gaius, I4, 73 Milo of Croton, 95 Paphlagonia, 43 Mining and miners, gold miner, 305- Papinian, I79, I8I 306; in the fourth century, 3I5; Papyri, the, 7 silver mines, imperial, 299-305 Paris, S7 Mint workers, 317 Parthians, 3, 22, 85, 92, 93 Misenum, I4S, I5I Pasienus, Lucius, IS INDEX 355 Paterculos, V elleius, 4 public, restoration of ( 27 B.c.), Paulinus, Suetonius, 1 2 1 24-25; senate in, w8-1o9; settle­ Paulinus, Valerius, 191 ment of 19 B.c., 40-41; settlement Paulus, 179, 183, 258-259 of 2 3 B.C., 35-40 Paul the Apostle, 288-289 Priscus, Marius, 6, 192-195 Pedanius, Secundus, 118-120 Privy council, 44 Persecution of the Christians, by Pro cilia, Julia, 1 2 1 Nero, 323-324; by Diocletian, 331- Proconsuls, 27, 36; duties of, 179- 332, 332-335; by Valerian, 330-331 183; preparations of, 185-186 Persia and the Persians, 3, 85, 89, 91, Procurators, 27, q8, 141; judicial 93· 330 power of, 135-136 Persicus, 1 1 3 Propontis, 93 Pertinax, 2 Provinces, the, 108, 178-2o6; abuse Pilate, Pontius, 324 of power, trial for, 192-195; cor­ Pisidia, 21 rupt administration, trial for, 188- Piso, Gnaeus, 18, 75, 273; Galba's 192; division of (27 B.c.), 25-26; adoption of, 8o-82 government of, 50; house of rep­ Pistoria, 209 resentatives, I96-197; jurisdiction Plancus, Lucius Munatius, 38 in, 28o-285; petition to the em­ Plato, 90 peror, 2oo-2o6 Plebs, Roman, 17, 23, 36 Ptolemies, 224 Pliny the Younger, 5, 114-115, 125, Public buildings, 241-243 126, 134-135, 136, 150, 157, !86- Publicola, Valerius, 130 !88, !88-192, 192-195· 223, 240- Pudens, Marius, 138 241, 241-243· 243-244· 244-245. Purchase of office, 199-20o 245-247· 275-277, 29Q-291, 293i Python, Popillius, 260 Christians and, 324-327 Pollio, Asinius, 75 Quaestors, 27 Pollio, Herennius, 190 Quintilius, Publius, 17 Pollio, Vedius, 74 Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, 2 56 Poll tax, 256, 257, 260, 267 Pompeian law, 240 Rations, military, I7o-171; commu­ Pompeius, Gnaeus, 38, 8o, 195 tation of, 171 Pompeius, Sextus, 13, 16, 71, 73 Ravenna, 148, 151 Pomponius, 183 Recruits, military, commutation of, Possessor, Julius, 139 171-172 Praetorian prefect, 50 Reforms of Augustus, 44-49 Praetorians, 163 Regulus, 130, 195 Prefect of the city, 44, 50, 115-116, Religion, 318-345; Christians, see 209; of the corn supply, 50 Christians and Christianity; pagan­ Prefects, 2 7, 1 8 5 ism, 344• 345 Price regulation, 306-307 Religious policy, 51, 95, 100 Prices, edict on, Diocletian's, 308- Remigius, 98, 201, 206 312 Republic, Roman, restoration of ( 2 7 Primus, Marcus, 35, 37, 39 B.C.), 24-2 5 Principate, foundations of, q-69; Requisition, abuse of, 197-198 Augustus, acts of, 13-23; constitu­ Res Gestae, 24, 40, 70 tion of, 26-35; draft under, mili­ Rhaetia, 3 tary, 150; lex de imperio, 41-43; Rhoemetalces, 149 oath of allegiance, 43-44; prov­ Rixa, Marcus Juventius, 285 inces, division of (27 B.c.), 25-26; Road building in Arabia, 198; m reforms of Augustus, 44-49; re- Egypt, I 98-I 99 INDEX

Romanization, I S4 Senex, Julius, IS6 Roman See, 209 Sentius, Gaius, 40 Romanus, 20I, 204,205,206 Serenus, Tettienus, I43 Romanus, V oconius, I I 4 Servius, Claudius, I9S Rome, 12S, I3o, I33, I4I, I74• 207; Sestius, Lucius, 36 civil cases at, 27g-2So; fire of 64 Settlement of I9 B.c., 4o-4I; of 23 A.D., 323; in the fourth century, B.C., 35-40 20g-2I2 Severus, Septimius, 2, 3, 50, 20I, 203, Romulius, Denter, I I 5 232 Romulus, uo, I I 2, I I 5 Sicily, 21 Rufus, Bassaeus, I3g-I40 Silanus, Marcus, 20, I 2 I Rufus, Calpurnius, IS3 Silver mines, imperial, 299--305 Rufus, Minicius, I43 Silvanus, Plautius, I I7-I IS; usurpa- Rufus, Pomponius, IS9 tion of, 10o-107 Ruricius, 202, 204 Simoni des, I 29 Simplex, Caecilius, 2S5, 2S6 Sabinus, Julius, I 52 Sintula, S5 Sabinus, Poppaeus, I I 6-I I 7 Slaves and slavery, I3I, I4I, I42-I43, Sabora, Vespasian's letter to, 22 7 I4S, I5o, 207, 257, 299, 3I7; civil Saenian law, I I I servants, 243-244 Sailor, discharge cenificate of, I 59- Socrates, 5, 6 I6o Solicinium, 96 Salinator, Fuscus, I36 Sophocles, 90 Salutius, S9, 94 Sozomenus, 5, 6 Sardinia, 2I, 2S5 Spain, I7, 2I, I IO, I I5, I I7, I27, I4S, Sarmatians, 22 212; under Augustus, I7S-I79 Sassanian dynasty, 3, S2 Stachao, 200 Saturnius, Venuleius, ISo, IS3 State land, leases of, 3 I4-315 Saxons, 97 Statilius, Taurus, I I6 Scaptopara, 294 Status, 2S7-292; appeal to Caesar, Scaurus, Mamercus, 75-76, 2 I I 2S9; Claudius' edict on the anauni, School, civic, 245-247 2S7-2S8; constitutio Antoniniana, Scipio, qo the, 29I-292; recommendation for Scurranus, Musicus, I42 the citizenship, 289-29I; rights of Scutarii, S5 citizens, 2SS-2S9 Scythians, 2 2 Strabo, 4, 25-26, 4I, 7I, I7S-I79 Secretariats, imperial, 5 I Subcensors, 50 Secular Games, 20 Suetonius, 4, 44, 45-49, 77-7S, 79-So Semiramis, I 3I Sulla, 135 Sempronian laws, 135 Sulpensa, charter of, 2 Ig--2 23 Senate, Roman, 3, I6-I7, 40, 4I, 45, Superbus, Tarquinius, I I 2, I I 5 50, 70, 74-75, 7S, 79, So, 10S-I33, Sulpicius, Postumius, 207 I34, I4I, I6I; admission to, recom­ Sulpicius, Publius, I6 mendation for, I I4-II 5; decurions Symmachus, 6, 209, 2 Io and, 253-254; high coun, 273-275; Syria, 2 I, 125, I4S, I9S; census in, in early principate, 10S-Io9; in 256 founh century, I27-I33; powers of, 5 I; prefect of the city, u5-u6; Tacitus, 4, 7o-77, So-S2, 108-Io9, senators from the provinces, I09- 109-II I, I I2-I I4, II5-II6, II6-I I7, I II II7-IIS, II8-120, I2Q-I24, 125, Senatorial magistracies at Rome, 50 126-I27, I4S-I50, I63-I66, 1S4-IS5, INDEX 357 I92, I94· I95· I96-I97· 273-275. Treason, trials for, 51 J2D-J2I,322-J2J, 323-324 Tribunes, 27, 36, 77 Tarentum, treaty of, 73 Tribute, 148 Tariff of Palmyra, 238-240 Tridentum, 287 T arquinius, Priscus, 112 Trieste, 248 Tatianus, 233 Trio, Fulcinius, 273 Taurus, I I5 Tripolis, zoo-2o6 Taxes and taxation, 82, I 35, I48, I49• Tubero, ()uintus Aelius, 5, 207, 208 I6I, 238, 256-272; clothing levy, Tullius, Servius, I 12 27o-2 7 I; collatio lustra/is, collect­ T urranius, Gaius, 7 I tion of, 272; liability to, 27I-272; Tuscany, 209 commutation of taxes in kind, 27I; confiscations, 262-266; customs, Ulpian, I79, I8o, 181, I82-183, 257- 26I-262; direct taxes, 256, 26I; 258 fines, 262-266; food stuffs tax, 27o; Umbria, 149 gold tax, 270; indiction, 269-270; Ursicinus, 100, 104-I07 land tax, 256, 257, 26I, 267, 3I4; U rsinus, 2 II poll tax, 256, 257, 260, 267; privi­ leges of soldiers and veterans, I 72- Vadomarius, 96 173 V alens, 2, 96, I 68, I 75 Tedius, ()uintus, 74 Valentinian, 2, 95-100, I46, I68, 205, Tenants of imperial estates, 296-298 206, 315 Tenures of imperial estates, emphy- Valentinus, 97 teutic, 298-299 Valerian, Christian persecution in Terentius, ZJO Africa under, 330-33 I; in Egypt T ertullian, 32 3, 324 under, 327-330 Tertullus, Cornutus, u6, I94, I95 Valerius, Messala, 72 Theater, civic, 247-248 Valgius, Gaius, I6 Theodoret, 5, 6 Vargus, IJ, 73 Theodosian Code, 7 ,8 Varro, Cingonius, I zo Theodosius I, 2, I46, I74; paganism Varronianus, 94 forbidden by, 345 Varros, 73 Theophanes, 189, I9Q, I9I Vatican, the, 2 10 Thrace, I49, I74• I75, I76, 294; co- V elleius, Paterculus, 24-2 5 lonate in, 3I 3 Veranius, 173 Thrasea, Paetus, I 96 Verrinianus, 105 Tiberias, 4I Vespasian, z, 4, 4I, 79, 108, I 18, 122, Tiberius, 3, 4, I6, 4I, 43, 45, 49, so, 78, 108, I I3, I I6, I4I, I42, I48, I49, IZ 3, I43• 2 n; letter to Sa bora, 227 273; accession of, 7o-77; letter to Vestinus, Lucius, I I 3 Veterans, military, allotments for, Gytheum, 32 I Tigranes, King, 2 I I73-174; colony at Cyrene, I62; Timarchus, Claudius, I96 colony at Deultum, I6I; discharge Tithe system, 2 56 certificate of, I58-I61; discharge Titus, I89; letter to Munigua, 227- of legionary, I 58; tax privileges of, 228 I72-I73i T orquatus, I 54 Via Flaminia, I9 Trajan, 3, 5, 50, I14, 125, I48, I5o, Victor, Aurelius, 5, 94 151, I57· 211, 223, 241, 242, 244· Vienna, 113 245, 291, 293, 323, 324, 326-327; Vinicius, Marcus, I5, I7 imperial high court under, 275- Vipsania, 75 277 Vipstanus, Lucius, 109, I I I 358 INDEX

Visigoths, I74 Vivenna, Caelius, I I 2. Vitellius, 4, 28, 4I, 79, 273 Viventins, 209, 2 I I Vitellius, Aulus, I09 Vithigabius, 96 Zosimus, 5, 6, I67 DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION Edited by Eugene C. Black and Leonard W. Levy

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE WEST Morton Smith: ANCIENT GREECE A. H. M. Jones: A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY Vol. I: The Republic Vol. II: The Empire Deno Geanakoplos: BYZANTINE EMPIRE Marshall W. Baldwin: CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY Bernard Lewis: ISLAM THROUGH SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT David Herlihy: HISTORY OF FEUDALISM William M. Bowsky: RISE OF COMMERCE AND TOWNS David Herlihy: MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND SOCIETY

EARLY MODERN HISTORY

Hanna H. Gray: CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE Florence Edler de Roover: MONEY, BANKING, AND COMMERCE, THIRTEENTH THROUGH SIXTEENTH CENTURIES V. J, Parry: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Ralph E. Giesey: EVOLUTION OF THE DYNASTIC STATE J, H. Parry: THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE: Selected Documents Hans J, Hillerbrand: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION John C. Olin: THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION Crest Ranum: THE CENTURY OF LOUIS XIV Thomas Hegarty: RUSSIAN HISTORY THROUGH PETER THE GREAT Marie Boas Hall: NATURE AND NATURE's LAWS Barry E. Supple: HISTORY OF MERCANTILISM Arthur J, Slavin: IMPERIALISM, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY, 1550-1763 Herbert H. Rowen: THE LOW COUNTRIES C. A. Macartney: THE HABSBURG AND HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Lester G. Crocker: THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Robert and Elborg Forster: EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1848

Paul H. Beik: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION David L. Dowd: NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1799-1815 Rene Albrecht-Carrie: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE John B. Halsted: ROMANTICISM R. Max Hartwell: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Mack Walker: METTERNICH'S EUROPE Douglas Johnson: THE ASCENDANT BOURGEOISIE John A. Hawgood: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, AND SOCIALISM, 1850-1914

Eugene C. Black: VICTORIAN CULTURE AND SOCIBTY Eugene C. Black: BRITISH POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Denis Mack Smith: THE MAKING OF ITALY, 1796-1870 David Thomson: FRANCE: Empire and Republic, 1850-1940 Theodore S. Hamerow: BISMARCK'S MITTELEUROPA Eugene 0. Golob: THE AGE OF LAISSEZ FAIRE Roland N. Stromberg: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND SYMBOLISM: Modes of Thought and Expression irt Europe, 1848-1914 Melvin Kranz berg: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Jesse D. Clarkson: TSARIST RUSSIA: Catherine the Great to Nicholas II Philip D. Curtin and John R. W. Smail: IMPERIALISM Massimo Salvadori: MODERN SOCIALISM

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jere C. King: THE FIRST WORLD WAR S. Clough, T. and C. Moodie: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EUROPE: Twentieth Century W. Warren Wagar: SCIENCE, FAITH, AND MAN: European Thought Since 1914 Paul A. Gagnon: INTERNATIONALISM AND DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE-WARS, 1919-1939 Henry Cord Meyer: WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY Michal Vyvyan: RUSSIA FROM LENIN TO KHRUSHCHEV Charles f. Delzell: MEDITERRANEAN FASCISM, 1919-1945 Donald C. Watt: THE SECOND WORLD WAR