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World War II: Moments in Our Family
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Honors Theses Department of English 9-11-2006 World War II: Moments in our Family Yvonne Richter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_hontheses Recommended Citation Richter, Yvonne, "World War II: Moments in our Family." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_hontheses/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD WAR II: MOMENTS IN OUR FAMILY by YVONNE NICOLE RICHTER Under the Direction of Josh Russell ABSTRACT This thesis explores the history of one German family during World War II, using the inspiration and background knowledge gained from historic scholarship and literature to create narratives closely following actual experiences and memories to help understand the peculiarities of war narrative and war memory. The sources are interviews with relatives, existing literature on the subject matter, and the writer’s imagination. INDEX WORDS: World War II, Refugees, Vertreibung, Silesia, Germany, Paderborn, Silesia, Germany, Paderborn, Red Army, Children, Adolescents, Firebombing, Ratibor, Gestapo WORLD WAR II: MOMENTS IN OUR FAMILY by YVONNE NICOLE RICHTER An Honors Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfi llment of the -
The Crisis Manager the Jacobsohn Era, 1914 –1938 INTRODUCTION
CHRONICLE 05 The crisis manager The Jacobsohn era, 1914 –1938 INTRODUCTION From the First World War to National Socialism A world in turmoil “Carpe diem” – seize the day. This Latin motto is carved over their positions. Beyond the factory gates, things on the gravestone of Dr. Willy Jacobsohn in Los Angeles were also far from peaceful: German society took a long and captures the essence of his life admirably. Given time to recover from the war. The period up until the the decades spanned by Jacobsohn’s career, this out- end of 1923 was scourged by unemployment, food and look on everyday life made a lot of sense: after all, housing shortages, and high inflation. The “Golden his career at Beiersdorf took place during what was Twenties” offered a brief respite, but even in the heyday arguably the most turbulent period in European history. of Germany’s first democracy, racist and anti-Semitic In fact, there are quite a few historians who describe feelings were simmering below the surface in society the period between 1914 and 1945 as the “second and politics, erupting in 1933 when the National Socia- Thirty Years War.” lists came to power. Jewish businessman Jacobsohn The First World War broke out shortly after Jacob- was no longer able to remain in Germany and, five years sohn joined the company in 1914. Although the war later, was even forced to leave Europe for America. ended four years later, Beiersdorf continued to suffer However, by then he had succeeded in stabilizing the crisis after crisis. Dr. Oscar Troplowitz and Dr. -
Small State Autonomy in Hierarchical Regimes. the Case of Bulgaria in the German and Soviet Spheres of Influence 1933 – 1956
Small State Autonomy in Hierarchical Regimes. The Case of Bulgaria in the German and Soviet Spheres of Influence 1933 – 1956 By Vera Asenova Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Prof. Julius Horváth Budapest, Hungary November 2013 Statement I hereby state that the thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. The thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Vera Asenova ………………... ii Abstract This thesis studies international cooperation between a small and a big state in the framework of administered international trade regimes. It discusses the short-term economic goals and long-term institutional effects of international rules on domestic politics of small states. A central concept is the concept of authority in hierarchical relations as defined by Lake, 2009. Authority is granted by the small state in the course of interaction with the hegemonic state, but authority is also utilized by the latter in order to attract small partners and to create positive expectations from cooperation. The main research question is how do small states trade their own authority for economic gains in relations with foreign governments and with local actors. This question is about the relationship between international and domestic hierarchies and the structural continuities that result from international cooperation. The contested relationship between foreign authority and domestic institutions is examined through the experience of Bulgaria under two different international trade regimes – the German economic sphere in the 1930’s and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the early 1950’s. -
Deutsche Bundesbank, Joint Vienna Institute, Oesterreichische Nationalbank Course on Monetary Policy Implementation Vienna, Aust
Deutsche Bundesbank, Joint Vienna Institute, Oesterreichische Nationalbank Course on Monetary Policy Implementation Vienna, Austria March 7-11, 2016 READING LIST Session Topic Source L-1 Principles for Modern Monetary Policy: Overview and Implications for Operations Frankel, Jeffrey A. (2010). “Monetary Policy in Emerging Markets: A Survey,” NBER Working Paper 16125, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Internet www.nber.org/papers/w16125 International Monetary Fund (2015). “Evolving Monetary Policy Frameworks in Low-Income and Other Developing Countries,” October. Internet https://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2015/102315.pdf International Monetary Fund (2013). “The Dog That Didn’t Bark: Has Inflation Been Muzzled or Was It Just Sleeping?” World Economic Internet Outlook, April, Chapter 3. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/pdf/text.pdf Ostry, Jonathan et. al. (2012). “Two Targets, Two Instruments: Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies in Emerging Market Economies,” IMF Staff Discussion Note. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2012/sdn1201.pdf Internet L-2 Monetary Policy Implementation and the Central Bank Balance Sheet Bindseil, Ulrich (2014). Representing Policy Operations in Financial Moodle Accounts, in Ulrich Bindseil (2014): Monetary Policy Operations and the Financial System, Chapter 2, pp. 15-35. European Central Bank (2015). The role of the central bank balance sheet in monetary policy, Economic Bulletin, Issue 4/2015. http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/art01_eb201504.en.pdf Internet Rule, Garreth (2015). Understanding the central bank balance sheet, CCBS Handbook, No. 32. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Documents/ccbs/handb Internet ooks/pdf/ccbshb32.pdf Page 1 of 5 L-3 Open Market Operations (OMO): Frequency, Maturities, Counterparties Bindseil, Ulrich (2014). -
The Ends of Four Big Inflations
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Inflation: Causes and Effects Volume Author/Editor: Robert E. Hall Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-31323-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/hall82-1 Publication Date: 1982 Chapter Title: The Ends of Four Big Inflations Chapter Author: Thomas J. Sargent Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452 Chapter pages in book: (p. 41 - 98) The Ends of Four Big Inflations Thomas J. Sargent 2.1 Introduction Since the middle 1960s, many Western economies have experienced persistent and growing rates of inflation. Some prominent economists and statesmen have become convinced that this inflation has a stubborn, self-sustaining momentum and that either it simply is not susceptible to cure by conventional measures of monetary and fiscal restraint or, in terms of the consequent widespread and sustained unemployment, the cost of eradicating inflation by monetary and fiscal measures would be prohibitively high. It is often claimed that there is an underlying rate of inflation which responds slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal measures.1 Evidently, this underlying rate of inflation is the rate of inflation that firms and workers have come to expect will prevail in the future. There is momentum in this process because firms and workers supposedly form their expectations by extrapolating past rates of inflation into the future. If this is true, the years from the middle 1960s to the early 1980s have left firms and workers with a legacy of high expected rates of inflation which promise to respond only slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal policy actions. -
The Berlin Stock Exchange in the “Great Disorder” Stephanie Collet (Deutsche Bundesbank) and Caroline Fohlin (Emory University and CEPR London) Plan for the Talk
The Berlin Stock Exchange in the “Great Disorder” Stephanie Collet (Deutsche Bundesbank) and Caroline Fohlin (Emory University and CEPR London) Plan for the talk • Background on “The Great Disorder” • Microstructure of the Berlin Stock Exchange • Data & Methods • Results: 1. Market Activity 2. Order Imbalance 3. Direction of Trade—excess supply v. demand 4. Volatility of returns 5. Market illiquidity—Roll measure “The Great Disorder” Median Share Price and C&F100, 1921-30 (Daily) 1000000000.00 From the end of World War I to the Great Depression 100000000.00 • Political upheaval: 10000000.00 • Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II Median C&F100 1000000.00 • Founding of the Weimar Republic • Rise of the Nazi party 100000.00 • Economic upheaval: • Massive war debt and reparations 10000.00 Percent of par value of par Percent • Loss of productive capacity (and land) 1000.00 • Monetary upheaval: • Hyperinflation and its end 100.00 • Reichsbank policy regime changes 10.00 • Financial upheaval: • Boom in corporate foundations 1.00 • 1927 stock market “bubble” and collapse (Black Friday, 13. May 1927) Date Early 20’s Run-up to Hyperinflation Median Share Price in the Early Stages of Inflation, 1921-22 (Daily) 1600.00 1400.00 “London Assassination of 1200.00 Ultimatum” on foreign minister, reparations Walther Rathenau 1000.00 800.00 reparations set at 132 billion 600.00 gold marks Percent of par value parof Percent 400.00 Germany demands 200.00 Median C&F100 moratorium on reparation payments 0.00 Date Political Event Economic/Reparations Event Financial/Monetary Event The Hyperinflation Median Share Price and C&F100 During the Peak Hyperinflation, Median October 1922-December 1923 (Daily) C&F100 1000000000.00 Hilter's 100000000.00 beer hall putsch, 10000000.00 Occupation Munich of Ruhr 1000000.00 15. -
Central Banking Institutions and Traditions in West Germany After the War by Jörg Bibow the Levy Economics Institute May 2004
Working Paper No. 406 Investigating the Intellectual Origins of Euroland’s Macroeconomic Policy Regime: Central Banking Institutions and Traditions in West Germany After the War by Jörg Bibow The Levy Economics Institute May 2004 “The reasons for the success of German monetary policy in defending price stability are in part historical. The experience gained twice with hyperinflation in the first half of this century has helped to develop a special sensitivity to inflation and has caused the wider public to believe in the critical importance of monetary stability in Germany. For this reason, the strong position of the Bundesbank is widely accepted by the general public - questioning its independence even seems to be a national taboo. This social consensus has yielded strong support for the policy of the Bundesbank. … No government has ever seriously considered modifying the Bundesbank Act as a means to deal with cases of conflict, although it could have done so with a simple majority of the Parliament. Historical experience in Germany testifies to the success of the concept of an independent central bank. Inflation rates have remained far below the average rates of most other industrial countries. Stable prices have contributed to a fairly stable social climate, which is felt to have favored growth of the German economy; this has strengthened its role in the world economy. The German currency, the Deutsche Mark, has become a major reserve currency in the world and the “anchor currency” in the European Monetary System, and it enjoys a high standing. ... In the light of the success of the Bundesbank, it is only natural that the German public will expect that any successor, which could take its place at the European level, should be at least as well equipped as the Bundesbank to defend price stability” (Hans Tietmeyer 1991: 182-3; Bundesbank president 1993-9). -
Banking Globalization, Monetary Transmission, and the Lending
The International Banking Research Network: Approaches and Initiatives Claudia M. Buch (Deutsche Bundesbank) Linda Goldberg (Federal Reserve Bank of New York) Joint IBRN-IMF Workshop | Washington DC | October 15, 2019 National Bank of Poland Oesterreichische Nationalbank Deutsche Bundesbank Sveriges Riksbank Norges Bank Central Bank of Russia Bank of Danmarks Nationalbank Canada Bank of England Central Bank of Ireland De Nederlandsche Bank Banque de France US Federal Reserve Banco de España Bank of Japan Banco de Portugal Bank of Korea Reserve Hong Kong Swiss National Bank Bank of Banco de Monetary Authority India México Banka Slovenije Banca D’Italia Central Bank of Central Bank of the Bank of Greece Colombia Republic of Turkey Banco Central do Brasil Bank of Israel Reserve Bank of Australia Central Bank of Chile International Organizations Bank for Organisation for Economic Financial International International European Central Bank European Systemic Risk Board Cooperation and Stability Board Monetary Fund Settlements Development 2 How does the IBRN operate? 3 Collectively determine policy- relevant issue Analyze (confidential) bank- level datasets Use common methodology, complement with cross- country perspective Share code, results, and perform meta analysis 4 What are the key research questions and outputs? 5 International transmission Adjustment of bank of monetary policy lending to liquidity risk through bank lending Interaction between Cross-border lending monetary and prudential effects of policies for bank lending macroprudential -
World Bank Document
I NTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUGTImr AIID DEY2LOP11Eifr ECONOMIC DEPARTMENt ,-------------- Public Disclosure Authorized 68047 Public Disclosure Authorized THE CURRENCY REFORH II~ T' m; i.rr.srLFU~ ZO IRS Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared b,y: Svend Andersen August :;iJ, 1948 Public Disclosure Authorized THE CURRENCY REFORM IN THE HESTER:tLZONES OF GERHANY ?umma~I and Gonclu~ions Judged by the initial effects, the currency reform in Hestern Germany has been a fair success. Roughly nine-tenths of the war inflated money volume has been eliminated. Hoarded goods have re-appeared in the shops, the black market has been dealt a damaging blow, and the rene\ved incentives to earn money have caused absenteeism to disappea.r. Vlith one stroke a money economy has been restored. Furthermore the influx of raw materials has increased through the ECA, the food situation has improved thanks to both ECA and the weather, and finally Germany has been incor porated in the plans for expansion of inter-European trade. Prospects for a sUbstantial increase in the present level of production, which is only half of pre-war, should therefore be fairly good. On the purely monetary side, the means are available to prevent both exaggerated deflation and renewed inflation. However, this relatively bright picture has many dark spots. Not only are there a number of "ifs" on the production side, but equilibrium between the income level and the flow of consumer's goods has not yet been reached. When the extreme scarcity of money immediately fo11ouing the reform has been mitigated, the question will arise whether production can be stepped up quickly enough to prevent an excessive increase in the price level, now largely free from controls. -
The Bundesbank Ellen Kennedy
Key Institutions of German Democracy Number 4 THE BUNDESBANK ELLEN KENNEDY GERMAN ISSUES 19 American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University THE BUNDESBANK ELLEN KENNEDY GERMAN ISSUES 19 The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) is a center for advanced research, study, and discussion on the politics, culture, and society of the Federal Republic of Germany. Established in 1983 and affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University but governed by its own Board of Trustees, AICGS is a privately incorporated institute dedicated to independent, critical, and comprehensive analysis and assessment of current German issues. Its goals are to help develop a new generation of American scholars with a thorough understanding of contemporary Germany, deepen American knowledge and understanding of current German developments, contribute to American policy analysis of problems relating to Germany, and promote interdisciplinary and comparative research on Germany. Executive Director: Jackson Janes Research Director: Carl Lankowski Director of Development: William S. Stokes IV Board of Trustees, Cochair: Steven Muller Board of Trustees, Cochair: Harry J. Gray The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©1998 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-17-2 ISSN 1041-9810 Additional copies of this AICGS German Issue are available from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265-9531, E-mail: [email protected], Web: http://www.aicgs.org ii FOREWORD Professor Ellen Kennedy’s short study is the fourth in the Institute’s series on key institutions of German democracy. -
Political Aspects of the Bundesbank: Did the German Central Bank Have the Final Say on German Monetary Union and European Monetary Union?
Political Aspects of the Bundesbank: Did the German Central Bank Have the Final Say on German Monetary Union and European Monetary Union? Flannery Dyon Senior Sophister As the euro area’s debt and banking problems increase, so has the role Germany plays in euro area policy-making, as the European Central Bank attempts to reassure markets. Flannery Dyon provides a fasci- nating insight into the influence of the Bundesbank, the German Cen- tral Bank, in shaping both German and European monetary policy. Introduction “There was just a moment of chaos when the D-mark took over East Germany on July 1st: a crowd of 10,000 gathered in East Berlin’s Al- exanderplatz and banged on the doors of Deutsche Bank, which as a publicity stunt chose to open at midnight. But the Prussian disci- pline prevailed. The Bundesbank had advised East Germans to save, not spend, their new notes. The East Germans obliged by drawing much less than the Bundesbank had expected. The feared spending boom was not to be.” In just a few sentences The Economist’s Berlin correspondent (1990) manages to describe the mixture of excitement and apprehension that accompanied the first hours of the German Monetary Union (GMU), which was accomplished on July 1st 1990, preceding the formal German reunification that would take place on October 3rd of that same year. 32 Monetary Thought The achievement of GMU was an essential step in completing for- mal German Reunification, which had been one of the main foreign policy goals of the Federal Republic of Germany since its creation in 1949. -
German Monetary History in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Research Papers in Economics German Monetary History in the First Half of the Twentieth Century Robert L. Hetzel t the end of 1998, the German Bundesbank turned over the adminis- tration of monetary policy to the European Central Bank (ECB). In Athe years between World War I and 1998, the Bundesbank had come to embody the modern central bank. What history did Germany traverse to make possible the creation of such an institution? And how does that history help us define a modern central bank? Today, a central bank chooses one of two objectives. It may target either the exchange rate or domestic economic conditions, including the inflation rate. In either case, the central bank is the unique institution charged with controlling the chosen objective. Such control relies exclusively on the central bank’s management of its own balance sheet. In particular, the central bank controls its liabilities (the monetary base) through its asset acquisition.1 Conversely, a country with a modern central bank does not rely on govern- ment intervention in specific markets to achieve either price-level or exchange- rate objectives. If the central bank targets the exchange rate, the country does not rely on exchange controls, multiple exchange rates, tariffs, quotas, or other This history will be continued in a related article, to appear in a future issue of the Economic Quarterly. It will consider how Germany came to define stability of the mark in terms of its internal value (price level) rather than external value (exchange rate).