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LEADER Local Action Groups and Their Innovative Approaches to Rural Development in South Bohemia in the Post-Crisis Period

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LEADER Local Action Groups and Their Innovative Approaches to Rural Development in South Bohemia in the Post-Crisis Period Rural Areas and Development, 14(2017) Jiří Sálus, Tomáš Pilař, Anna Bábíková, Věra Majerova 197 Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, Praha, Czech Republic [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] LEADER Local Action Groups and their innovative approaches to rural development in South Bohemia in the post-crisis period Abstract: The article is focused on the role of regional identity and local orga- nisation in rural development during and after the global economic crisis. The relationship among these phenomena was investigated on LEADER Local Action Group development documents 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 in the South Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic. The methodology is based on discursive analysis of text and socio-economic analysis. Keywords: innovation, local organisations, regional identity, rural development, South Bohemia © EUROPEAN RURAL DEVELOPMENT NETWORK www.rad.erdn.eu 198 Introduction Jiří Sálus, Tomáš Pilař, Anna Bábíková, Věra Majerova Věra Bábíková, Anna Pilař, Jiří Sálus, Tomáš The success of rural development in localities depends on many factors. The- se factors are of internal and external origin, which should be reflected in de- velopment documents. For this article, we have chosen the global economic crisis as an external factor affecting rural development. The crisis influenced the 2007-2013 European Union (EU) programming period. Within the planning of development strategies for 2014-2020, the consequences of that crisis are already known. Therefore, a shift from dysfunctional to functional innovation processes in strategic documents can be assumed. As development documents, the strategic plans of LEADER Local Action Groups (LAGs) in the Southern Bohemia Region (SBR) were selected. According to EU methodology, SBR is categorised as ‘predominantly rural’. In the analysed documents, we look at the role of regional identity and the organisations operating there. We assume that a comparison of the development documents for both programming periods will reveal the elements of transformation of rural society in the post-crisis period. Organisations in the course of modification surroundings Organisations as systems with a certain structure, including formal and infor- mal elements, are influenced by external and internal surroundings (Armstrong, 1999). This is especially reflected during a crisis period, because the actions of every organisation are affected by what is happening externally (Keller, 2007). In this connection, there is a whole range of possible scenarios. Organi- sations are under the influential values of the social environment in which they occur. From the external surroundings, inputs are drawn and outputs provided. Internal and external pressures can often cause the surrender of some of the programme goals, in order to maintain at least some of them. They begin to have a life of their own, regardless of the interests of the founders. These ideas are included in the Crozier Concept (Selznick, 1949). Within the population theory, organisations are likened to an animal species, which similarly may strive for survival in a form strategy based on generalisa- tion or specialism. Specialists focus on the rapid adaptation to surrounding or- ganisations, generalists proceed carefully and leave spare capacity in the case of need (Freeman and Hannan, 1983). Organisations contend with each other for limited resources and only a few survive (Hannan and Freeman, 1989). Organisations are able to adapt and react to the pressures of the surroundings. Apart from competition, they can also use co-operation. (Emerson, 1964) Pres- sures of surroundings, according to the rendition of the concept by Scott (1992), can be managed by using bumpers and bridges strategies (theory of dependence on sources). Both strategies manipulate the boundaries of self-demarcation of the organisation, thereby increasing their chances of survival. A bumpers strate- gy builds borders and protects the central core against influences from the sur- roundings. The second strategy expands the borders and through co-operation creates a bridge between organisations and partners in the environment. These 199 theories stress the limitations of resources and the limited capacity of the sur- in South Bohemia... rural to development approaches LEADER innovative their Local Action Groups and roundings on which we depend and which cannot be exceeded. In regional development, structures arise to facilitate coordination and stake- holder cooperation, as a result of the process of organisation. Efforts to achie- ve a common goal lead to the organisation of relationships between communi- ty actors. An organisation should be present to form a bridge between public and private interests. Mutual trust and common goals are important (Ježek, 2007). The particular case mentioned is LAGs that arise on the principle of local cooperation. They originated in the Czech Republic in 2004, when the association began to be developed for the purpose of drawing from EU funds and thus bringing together citizens, municipalities, NGOs and entrepreneurs. Collaboration is conducted on the principle of the partnership of local sectors, in order to achieve the strategic goals of the region. Regional identity as a prerequisite for the development of the region Figure 1. Dimensions of regional identity Source: Paasi, 1986. Regional identity is an oft-discussed concept, especially in the context of regional development (Paasi, 1986, 2002; Raagmaa, 2002; Chromý, 2008), cultural and historical geography and cultural economy (Ray, 1998; Kneaf- sey, 2001; Kneafsey et al., 2001). This article deals with identity, with respect to the spatial and regional aspects (Fialová et al., 2010), knowing that even this definition is an unavoidable overlap of the concept of identity with the 200 individual and collective levels. Paasi (1986, 2002) attempts to explain this Jiří Sálus, Tomáš Pilař, Anna Bábíková, Věra Majerova Věra Bábíková, Anna Pilař, Jiří Sálus, Tomáš by differentiation between identity of the region and regional identity of the inhabitants (Figure 1). Identity of the region, according to Passi, can be understood on two levels. The first level refers to the social, cultural, environmental, economic and other characteristics of the region that allow it to be distinguished from other regi- ons within current scientific knowledge. The second level can be understood in terms of perception – how the region is perceived, not only by its own population but also by citizens living outside its borders. As further noted by Zimmerbauer (2011), identity of the region is a mechanism that allows a di- stinction based on highlighting its own characteristics and their articulation by communicative means. The second component is the identity of the inhabitants (also known as regio- nal consciousness), which reflects the degree of identification of the populati- on with the image of the region and its characteristics. According to Chromý et al. (2009), both dimensions of identity are connected and influence each other. A strong regional identity of the population can support the reproduc- tion of identity of the region. However, in areas with weak regional identity consciousness, regional identity is rather shaped from the outside than by its own inhabitants. This may lead to the identification of the population with a negative image of the region and thereby promote its marginalisation and exclusion – which unfortunately can mean a loss of identity of the region. Formation of regional identity takes place during the institutionalisation of the region. According to Paasi, institutionalisation of a region is a ‘socio-spatial process during which some territorial unit emerges as a part of the spatial structure of a society and becomes established and clearly identified in diffe- rent spheres of social action and social consciousness’. This process consists of several stages (Paasi, 2002): (1) acquiring the shape of the geographical re- gion; (2) formation of symbolic significance; (3) the emergence of institutions of the region; (4) stabilisation of regional identity in the minds and behaviour of inhabitants of the region and the outer region of acceptance. A region, however, may not become an administrative unit, but nevertheless can have a strong symbolic significance for a number of residents. The reason is, for example, the persistence of cultural traditions in the area. The formation of a region from the ‘top’ is just one approach to forming a region, but not the only one (Paasi, 2002; Chromý et al., 2014). In keeping with the theory of endogenous development, a bottom-up approach is increasingly advocated, which leaves the territorial communities a high degree of autonomy in coor- dinating their own developmental directions. For this reason, there is also the strengthening of regional identity, including its implementation in develop- ment strategies. In this context, we emphasise the mobilisation functions of local actors and sourcing development (Raagmaa, 2002). Crisis as a risk factor 201 LEADER Local Action Groups and their innovative approaches to rural development in South Bohemia... rural to development approaches LEADER innovative their Local Action Groups and Regional development is influenced by four fundamental crisis tendencies: (1) economic crisis; (2) crisis of rationality; (3) crisis of legitimacy; (4) crisis of motivation (Koselleck 1988; Habermas, 2000). The causes of the crisis of the social system (in our case the crisis in the development
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