DOCSLIB.ORG

Personalized Regenerative Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Personalized Regenerative Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Personalized Regenerative Medicine Babak Arjmand1, Parisa Goodarzi2, Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani2, Khadijeh Falahzadeh1, and Bagher Larijani3 1 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Received: 02 Oct. 2016; Revised: 12 Dec. 2016, Accepted: 25 Feb. 2017 Abstract- Personalized medicine as a novel field of medicine refers to the prescription of specific therapeutics procedure for an individual. This approach has established based on pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic information and data. The terms precision and personalized medicines are sometimes applied interchangeably. However, there has been a shift from “personalized medicine” towards “precision medicine”. Although personalized medicine emerged from pharmacogenetics, nowadays it covers many fields of healthcare. Accordingly, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy as the new fields of medicine use cell- based products in order to develop personalized treatments. Different sources of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered in targeted therapies which could give many advantages. iPSCs as the novel and individual pluripotent stem cells have been introduced as the appropriate candidates for personalized cell therapies. Cellular therapies can provide a personalized approach. Because of person-to-person and population differences in the result of stem cell therapy, individualized cellular therapy must be adjusted according to the patient specific profile, in order to achieve best therapeutic results and outcomes. Several factors should be considered to achieve personalized stem cells therapy such as, recipient factors, donor factors, and the overall body environment in which the stem cells could be active and functional. In addition to these factors, the source of stem cells must be carefully chosen based on functional and physical criteria that lead to optimal outcomes. © 2017 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Acta Med Iran 2017;55(3):144-149. Keywords: Personalized medicine; Precision medicine; Stem cell therapy; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Regenerative medicine Introduction Personalized medicine as an emerging field of effects are considered as a candidate for modern medicine refers to the prescription of a specific approaches applied in personalized medicine for cancer therapeutic procedure for an individual based on the therapy according to their genotype-based selection of pharmacogenomics information. The term, patients. Although personalized therapy is an expensive "personalized medicine" first appeared in published technology, it is financially feasible due to reducing the works in 1999 with the creation of the core concepts in costs of drug development by shortening the the early 1960s (1). Several technologies as molecular development cycle (1-4). Moreover, progresses in diagnostic tools have played a crucial role in the personalized medicine have given rise to the development of medicament of personalized medicine implementation of more powerful tools for genetic in order to identify specific `biological markers that profiling of various cancer types. On the other hand, have achieved the best medical treatment for each molecular diagnostic pathways as a key component of patient. Many patients who do not respond to personalized medicine could improve the prediction conventional therapies or experience treatment side and determination of appropriate treatment approaches Corresponding Author: B. Larijani Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 88220037, Fax: +98 21 88220052, E-mail address: [email protected] B. Arjmand, et al. and facilitated monitoring of possible undesirable side each patient, mark a turning point in personalized effects (5,6). Due to benefits of personalized medicine medicine. Therefore the discovery and characterization mentioned above, it has penetrated many fields of of stem cells with self-renewal and differentiation healthcare. To expedite finding more efficient capacities, also accelerate development of this field, diagnostic methods, “precision medicine” has emerged making regenerative medicine as a new independent as a newly introduced medical model described as an discipline (12). The majority of currently in use individualized treatment using novel molecular treatments are straightened towards the general diagnostic technologies and appropriate treatment population. In contrast to precision medicine, according to genetic, biomarkers, phenotypic, or personalized medicine is based on targeted therapeutic psychosocial characteristics of each patient. Since approaches that allow patient specific care in order to precision medicine and personalized medicine seems maximize the therapeutic efficacy while reducing the broadly similar, some scientists prefer to change the risk of unwanted adverse effects (13). A large body of name from personalized medicine to precision evidence state that stem cell research and regenerative medicine after the US National Research Council medicine could be considered as a therapeutic published their report named “Toward Precision revolution to reshape conventional medicine. Medicine: Building a knowledge network for Moreover, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy biomedical research and a new taxonomy of disease” in are believed as a personalized method, since treatment 2011 (7). Because there are lots of overlaps between efficacy is inevitably influenced by the complex these two terms, the terms precision and personalized interactions between donor and host. Therefore, to medicines are sometimes applied interchangeably. The achieve the great potential of stem cell therapy in misinterpreting of personalized medicine as treatments regenerative medicine, the profile information of each and preventions especially developed for each patient should be precisely determined and further stem individual is a matter of concern to scientists. An cell therapeutic strategies should be in accordance with accurate description of precision medicine is to identify particular characteristics of each individual (12,14). In various effective approaches based on genetic, this regard, precision medicine proposes therapeutic environmental, and lifestyle factors (8,9). Accordingly, strategies according to individual differences in there are some considerable differences between people’s genes, microbiomes, environments, family precision medicine and personalized medicine; 1) history, and lifestyles (11,15). The current concepts of precision medicine try to put people into particular sub- regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy, as well as groups according to their susceptibility to some a different source for stem cell therapy, will be diseases, biological characteristics,and prognosis of discussed in detail in subsequent sections. those diseases, or in their responses to a specific medication (10); 2) in terms of pharmaceutical and Regenerative medicine medical research, precision medicine is an novel Regenerative medicine refers to a multidisciplinary approach to discover the biological realities of concepts field that develops methods to regenerate, repair, of diseases applying both clinical and molecular improve or replace cells, organs, and tissues that have information, and to develop medical products and been damaged due to aging, diseases, chronic diseases provide the high-quality outcomes for patients. Thus, or congenital abnormalities. Regenerative medicine precision medicine concentrates on the research and aims to develop new therapies in order to heal structure development patterns that will enable more patient- and biological function following tissue injury and centered clinical practices, including treatment delay the progression of the diseases. This field decision-making based on genetic and other related presents novel treatment approaches including tissue information of each individual. In contrast to engineering, cell biology, and biomaterials (16-20). personalized medicine, precision medicine is a more Regenerative medicine involves the use of stem cells research-based knowledge. Furthermore, in practice, from different sources. The study of these isolated stem personalized medicine usually refers to the cells compromises the foundation of regenerative stratification of apparently clinically uniform patients medicine which contributing cellular therapy (18,21- into subpopulations with distinguishable clinical 24). Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal ability prognosis or response to treatment (11). The unique and generation of undifferentiated cells that make them properties of stem cells, which allow scientists to a potentially unique option for clinical practice.The potentially isolate, repair, and implant desired cells for advancement in stem cell-based treatment strategy Acta Medica Iranica, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2017) 145 Personalized regenerative medicine resulted in using stem cells for treatment of different therapy may be a type of personalized medicine which types of diseases,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preparing Pathology for Personalized Medicine: Possibilities for Improvement of the Pre-Analytical Phase
    Preparing pathology for personalized medicine: possibilities for improvement of the pre-analytical phase. Patricia Jta Groenen, Willeke A Blokx, Coos Diepenbroek, Lambert Burgers, Franco Visinoni, Pieter Wesseling, Han van Krieken To cite this version: Patricia Jta Groenen, Willeke A Blokx, Coos Diepenbroek, Lambert Burgers, Franco Visinoni, et al.. Preparing pathology for personalized medicine: possibilities for improvement of the pre-analytical phase.. Histopathology, Wiley, 2011, 59 (1), pp.1. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03711.x. hal-00630795 HAL Id: hal-00630795 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00630795 Submitted on 11 Oct 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Histopathology Preparing pathology for personalized medicine: possibilities for improvement of the pre-analytical phase. For Peer Review Journal: Histopathology Manuscript ID: HISTOP-08-10-0429 Wiley - Manuscript type: Review Date Submitted by the 06-Aug-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: Groenen, Patricia; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Pathology Blokx,
    [Show full text]
  • Regenerative Medicine
    Growth Factors and Cellular Therapies in Clinical Musculoskeletal Medicine Douglas E. Hemler, M.D. STAR Spine & Sport Golden, CO June 13, 2016 Regenerative Medicine The term Regenerative Medicine was first coined in 1992 by Leland Kaiser1. Depending on the area of specialization, the definition varies. It is an evolving science that focuses on using components from our own bodies and external technologies to restore and rebuild our own tissues without surgery2. Closely related to Regenerative Medicine is a forward looking approach called Translational Medicine or Translational Science3. As applied to Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine, Translational Medicine is the application of scientific disciplines including tissue engineers, molecule biologists, researchers, industry and practicing clinicians who merge their science and experience to develop new approaches to healing tendons and joints. Some aspects of the field are highly complex, confined to laboratories and research institutions such as organ regeneration and embryonic stem cell research. Other areas are ready for clinical application. As defined by the European Society for Translational Medicine (EUSTM) it is an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field supported by three main pillars: bench side, bedside and community. The bench to bedside model includes transitioning clinical research to community practice using interactive science and data to benefit the community as a whole. Translational Medicine can be as complex as the research into total organ regeneration, total replacement of blood cell systems following cancer chemotherapy, or the scientific and ethical ramifications of embryonic stem cell research.45 Out of these efforts have come a group of therapies that are being applied by forward looking musculoskeletal practices such as STAR Spine and Sport.
    [Show full text]
  • Personalized Medicine: Definitions, History, and Implications for the OT Profession
    The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy Volume 3 Issue 4 Fall 2015 Article 1 October 2015 Personalized medicine: Definitions, history, and implications for the OT profession Diane Powers Dirette Western Michigan University - USA, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot Part of the Occupational Therapy Commons Recommended Citation Dirette, D. P. (2015) "Personalized medicine: Definitions, history, and implications for the OT profession," The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy: Vol. 3: Iss. 4, Article 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15453/ 2168-6408.1213 This document has been accepted for inclusion in The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy by the editors. Free, open access is provided by ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. Personalized medicine: Definitions, history, and implications for the OT profession Keywords individualized medicine, personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine, paradigm shifts Credentials Display Diane Powers Dirette, Ph.D., OTL Copyright transfer agreements are not obtained by The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy (OJOT). Reprint permission for this Letter from the Editor should be obtained from the corresponding author(s). Click here to view our open access statement regarding user rights and distribution of this Letter from the Editor. DOI: 10.15453/2168-6408.1213 This letter from the editor is available in The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ ojot/vol3/iss4/1 Dirette: Personalized medicine in OT That dreaded phone call comes from your treatment of leukemia, cystic fibrosis, liver cancer physician in the middle of the day informing you of (Kaiser, 2015), lung cancer (Eisenstein, 2014), the results of your biopsy that was ordered amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Cashman & Ospri, following an abnormal mammogram.
    [Show full text]
  • Personalized Medicine: the Impact of Molecular Testing on Patient Care
    Personalized Medicine: The Impact of Molecular Testing on Patient Care Mini-Elective Spring 2020 University Course Dates: January 17, 24, 31, February 7, 14 Fridays, 2:30-4:30 PM of Pittsburgh Maximum Students: 5 School of Class Year: MS1 and MS2 Medicine Course Directors: Simion Chiosea, MD Professor of Pathology Somak Roy, MD Assistant Professor of Pathology Contact Information: Lynn Wolkenstein 412-647-7065 [email protected] Jessica Tebbets 412-802-6797 [email protected] Registration: Betsy Nero, Office of Medical Education [email protected] Description: Personalized medicine applies knowledge of molecular data for early disease detection, targeted treatment, and detection of person’s predisposition to a particular disease. It improves diagnosis and treatment of a disease and advances effectiveness of healthcare. This mini-elective is based in the Department of Pathology and will introduce students to principles and current applications of personalized medicine. During mini-elective students will be able to observe and discuss the principles of molecular testing, become familiar with the clinical interpretation of molecular results in all areas of medicine, including oncology, neuro-oncology, endocrinology, and gastroenterology. The training will be conducted in the clinical Molecular and Genomic Pathology (MGP) laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh. MGP laboratory is one of the largest laboratories in the US focused on molecular diagnostics of solid tumors. It processes over 22,000 samples each year using high-throughput technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and a variety of the conventional molecular biology techniques. It performs molecular testing for all hospitals of the UPMC system and serves as reference laboratory for other medical centers across the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Pharmacist's Knowledge and Perception Toward
    pharmacy Article Assessment of Pharmacist’s Knowledge and Perception toward 3D Printing Technology as a Dispensing Method for Personalized Medicine and the Readiness for Implementation Mohammed S. Algahtani Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia; [email protected]; Tel.: +966-17-458-7200 Abstract: The main user of three dimensional (3D) printing for drug dispensing will be the hospital pharmacist. Yet despite the tremendous amount of research and industrial initiatives, there is no evaluation of the pharmacist’s knowledge and opinion of this technology. The present study aimed to assess knowledge and attitude among pharmacists about 3D printing technology as an innovative dispensing method for personalized medicine and the barriers to implementation in Saudi Arabia. We found that 53% of participants were aware of 3D printing technology in general, but only 14–16% of pharmacists were aware of the specific application of 3D printing in drug dispensing. Participants showed a positive perception regarding the concept of personalized medicine and that 3D printing could provide a promising solution to formulate and dispense personalized medicine in the pharmacy. It was also found that 67% of pharmacists were encouraged to adopt this new technology for drug dispensing, reflecting their willingness to learn new innovations. However, the technology cost, regulation, and the shortage of practicing pharmacists were also reported as the top barriers for Citation: Algahtani, M.S. Assessment of Pharmacist’s implementation. Facilitating the implementation of this technology in the pharmacy practice will Knowledge and Perception toward require a strategic plan in which pharmacists collaborate with regulatory bodies and 3D printing 3D Printing Technology as a engineers to overcome challenges and barriers to implement such promising technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine
    OCTOBER 2013 Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine FDA’s Role in a New Era of Medical Product Development U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine: FDA’s Role in a New Era of Medical Product Development COMMISSIONER’S MESSAGE 2 I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FROM A REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE 5 1. DEFINING PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 5 2. FDA’S UNIQUE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 11 III. DRIVING TOWARD AND RESPONDING TO SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES 14 1. BUILDING THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 16 2. RECENT ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS 20 IV. DEFINING AND CLARIFYING REGULATORY PATHWAYS AND POLICIES 23 1. ENSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTICS 29 2. PRODUCT INTERDEPENDENCY 32 3. PRODUCT LABELING 36 4. POST-MARKET SURVEILLANCE 40 V. ADVANCING REGULATORY SCIENCE IN SUPPORT OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 42 1. DEVELOPING REGULATORY STANDARDS, RESEARCH METHODS, AND TOOLS 42 2. CONDUCTING AND COLLABORATING IN RESEARCH 47 VI. A NEW ERA OF MEDICAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES AHEAD 54 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 58 ENDNOTES 60 ver the past few years, a number of products that signal a new era of medical product development have entered the market or come on the horizon. In just the last two years, the FDA approved four cancer drugs for use in patients whose tumors have specific genetic characteristics that Oare identified by a companion diagnostic test. Last year, FDA approved a new therapy for use in certain cystic fibrosis patients with a specific genetic mutation. Earlier this year, three-dimensional (3D) printing was used to create a bioresorbable tracheal splint for treating a critically-ill infant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine in the African Continent
    Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science THE FUTURE OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE IN THE AFRICAN CONTINENT • DR KEOLEBOGILE MOTAUNG • TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY • DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES • TSHWANE • SOUTH AFRICA 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science OUTLINE • Definition of TE and RM • Applications and Benefits • Research work • Challenges • Recommendations to improve gender content and social responsibility of research programmes in Africa that can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of the development measures needed 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science QUESTIONS ? How can one create human spare parts that has been damaged? Why do we have to create spare parts? 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science HOW? TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE • Is as science of design and manufacture of new tissues for the functional restoration of impaired organs and replacement of lost parts due to cancer, diseases and trauma. • Creation of human spare parts? 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science WHY? DO WE HAVE TO CREATE HUMAN SPARE PARTS? • Shortage of donor tissues and organs • Survival rates for major organ transplantations are poor despite their high costs and the body's immune system often rejects donated tissue and organs. • Tissue engineering and Regenerative Medicine therefore, has remarkable potential in the medical field to solve these problems 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science APPLICATIONS:
    [Show full text]
  • Regenerative Medicine Options for Chronic Musculoskeletal Conditions: a Review of the Literature Sean W
    Regenerative Medicine Options for Chronic Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Review of the Literature Sean W. Mulvaney, MD1; Paul Tortland, DO2; Brian Shiple, DO3; Kamisha Curtis, MPH4 1 Associate Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services expected to be over 67 billion dollars in spending on University, Bethesda, MD biologics and cell therapies by 2020 (1). 2 FAOASM, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT Specifically, regenerative medicine also stands 3 CAQSM, RMSK, ARDMS; The Center for Sports Medicine & in contrast to treatment modalities that impair Wellness, Glen Mills, PA the body’s ability to facilitate endogenous repair 4 Regenerative and Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Annapolis, MD mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory drugs (2,3); destructive modalities (e.g., radio frequency ablation of nerves, botulinum toxin injections) (4); Abstract and surgical methods that permanently alter the functioning of a joint, including joint fusion, spine egenerative medicine as applied to fixation, and partial or total arthroplasty. When musculoskeletal injuries is a term compared to other allopathic options (including knee used to describe a growing field of R and hip arthroplasty with a 90-day mortality rate of musculoskeletal medicine that concentrates 0.7% in the Western hemisphere) (5), regenerative on evidence-based treatments that focus on medicine treatment modalities have a lower and augment the body’s endogenous repair incidence of adverse events with a growing body of capabilities. These treatments are targeted statistically significant medical literature illustrating at the specific injury site or region of injury both their safety and efficacy (6). by the precise application of autologous, allogeneic or proliferative agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Genomic Medicine
    Introduction to Genomic Medicine What is genomic medicine? There are more than 7 billion people on our planet, each a massive collection of about 100 trillion cells. How do these cells know what to do? What tells them to work together to keep your brain thinking, heart pumping, and hair growing? The answer lies in a long, winding molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA could be referred to as an instruction manual on how cells work as it contains genes that carry instructions needed to build and maintain the many different types of cells that make us unique. Researchers call this complete set of DNA instructions a “genome.” Our health is determined by our inherited or acquired genetic differences combined with our lifestyles and other environmental factors. Although greater than 99.9% of a DNA sequence is identical from person to person, the last 0.1% helps to explain these differences. Different people may have small variations in specific genes, and some people may have genes that others do not. These may increase susceptibility to a specific disease or provide protection from that illness. By combining and analysing information about our genome, with clinical and diagnostic information and then comparing that with data from others, patterns can be identified. Together this information can help to determine our individual risk of developing disease, detect illness earlier, provide accurate diagnosis, support disease monitoring and determine the most effective interventions to help improve our health, either by the use of medication or lifestyle choices. Genomic medicine describes these efforts. Genomic medicine sometimes also known as personalized medicine is a move away from a ‘one size fits all’ approach to the treatment and care of patients with a particular condition, to one which uses new approaches to better manage patients’ health and target therapies to achieve the best outcomes in the management of a patient’s disease or predisposition to disease.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bridge Between Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine: Beginning a New Banff Classification of Tissue Engineering Pathology
    Received: 28 April 2017 | Revised: 21 November 2017 | Accepted: 24 November 2017 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14610 PERSONAL VIEWPOINT The bridge between transplantation and regenerative medicine: Beginning a new Banff classification of tissue engineering pathology K. Solez1 | K. C. Fung1 | K. A. Saliba1 | V. L. C. Sheldon2 | A. Petrosyan3 | L. Perin3 | J. F. Burdick4 | W. H. Fissell5 | A. J. Demetris6 | L. D. Cornell7 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and The science of regenerative medicine is arguably older than transplantation—the first Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, major textbook was published in 1901—and a major regenerative medicine meeting AB, Canada took place in 1988, three years before the first Banff transplant pathology meeting. 2Medical Anthropology Program, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and However, the subject of regenerative medicine/tissue engineering pathology has Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, never received focused attention. Defining and classifying tissue engineering pathol- Ontario, Canada ogy is long overdue. In the next decades, the field of transplantation will enlarge at 3Division of Urology GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and least tenfold, through a hybrid of tissue engineering combined with existing ap- Cell Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital Los proaches to lessening the organ shortage. Gradually, transplantation pathologists will Angeles, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA become tissue- (re- ) engineering pathologists with enhanced skill sets to address con- 4Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins cerns involving the use of bioengineered organs. We outline ways of categorizing ab- School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA normalities in tissue- engineered organs through traditional light microscopy or other 5Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA modalities including biomarkers.
    [Show full text]
  • Definition of Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapies
    Journal of Personalized Medicine Article Definition of Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapies: Does Medical Familiarity Matter? Valentyn Fournier 1,* , Thomas Prebet 2, Alexandra Dormal 2, Maïté Brunel 1, Robin Cremer 3 and Loris Schiaratura 1 1 University of Lille, ULR 4072—PSITEC—Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (L.S.) 2 Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (A.D.) 3 Espace éthique régional des Hauts-de-France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59037 Lille, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Personalized medicine (PM) is increasingly becoming a topic of discussion in public health policies and media. However, there is no consensus among definitions of PM in the scientific literature and the terms used to designate it, with some definitions emphasizing patient-centered aspects and others emphasizing biomedical aspects. Furthermore, terms used to refer to PM (e.g., “pharmacogenomics” or, more often, “targeted therapies”) are diverse and differently used. To our knowledge, no study has apprehended the differences of definition and attitudes toward personalized medicine and targeted therapies according to level of familiarity with the medical field. Our cohort included 349 French students from three different academic fields, which modulated their familiarity level with the medical field. They were asked to associate words either to “personalized medicine” or “target therapies”. Then, they were asked to give an emotional valence to their associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine: the Materials Side
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC Review Nanotechnology in regenerative medicine: the materials side Elisabeth Engel, Alexandra Michiardi, Melba Navarro, Damien Lacroix and Josep A. Planell Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Department of Materials Science, Technical University of Catalonia, CIBER BBN, Barcelona, Spain Regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary structures and materials with nanoscale features that can field that aims to restore, maintain or enhance tissues mimic the natural environment of cells, to promote certain and hence organ functions. Regeneration of tissues can functions, such as cell adhesion, cell mobility and cell be achieved by the combination of living cells, which will differentiation. provide biological functionality, and materials, which act Nanomaterials used in biomedical applications include as scaffolds to support cell proliferation. Mammalian nanoparticles for molecules delivery (drugs, growth fac- cells behave in vivo in response to the biological signals tors, DNA), nanofibres for tissue scaffolds, surface modifi- they receive from the surrounding environment, which is cations of implantable materials or nanodevices, such as structured by nanometre-scaled components. Therefore, biosensors. The combination of these elements within materials used in repairing the human body have to tissue engineering (TE) is an excellent example of the reproduce the correct signals that guide the cells great potential of nanotechnology applied to regenerative towards a desirable behaviour. Nanotechnology is not medicine. The ideal goal of regenerative medicine is the in only an excellent tool to produce material structures that vivo regeneration or, alternatively, the in vitro generation mimic the biological ones but also holds the promise of of a complex functional organ consisting of a scaffold made providing efficient delivery systems.
    [Show full text]