REVIEW ARTICLE Personalized Regenerative Medicine Babak Arjmand1, Parisa Goodarzi2, Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani2, Khadijeh Falahzadeh1, and Bagher Larijani3 1 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Received: 02 Oct. 2016; Revised: 12 Dec. 2016, Accepted: 25 Feb. 2017 Abstract- Personalized medicine as a novel field of medicine refers to the prescription of specific therapeutics procedure for an individual. This approach has established based on pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic information and data. The terms precision and personalized medicines are sometimes applied interchangeably. However, there has been a shift from “personalized medicine” towards “precision medicine”. Although personalized medicine emerged from pharmacogenetics, nowadays it covers many fields of healthcare. Accordingly, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy as the new fields of medicine use cell- based products in order to develop personalized treatments. Different sources of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered in targeted therapies which could give many advantages. iPSCs as the novel and individual pluripotent stem cells have been introduced as the appropriate candidates for personalized cell therapies. Cellular therapies can provide a personalized approach. Because of person-to-person and population differences in the result of stem cell therapy, individualized cellular therapy must be adjusted according to the patient specific profile, in order to achieve best therapeutic results and outcomes. Several factors should be considered to achieve personalized stem cells therapy such as, recipient factors, donor factors, and the overall body environment in which the stem cells could be active and functional. In addition to these factors, the source of stem cells must be carefully chosen based on functional and physical criteria that lead to optimal outcomes. © 2017 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Acta Med Iran 2017;55(3):144-149. Keywords: Personalized medicine; Precision medicine; Stem cell therapy; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Regenerative medicine Introduction Personalized medicine as an emerging field of effects are considered as a candidate for modern medicine refers to the prescription of a specific approaches applied in personalized medicine for cancer therapeutic procedure for an individual based on the therapy according to their genotype-based selection of pharmacogenomics information. The term, patients. Although personalized therapy is an expensive "personalized medicine" first appeared in published technology, it is financially feasible due to reducing the works in 1999 with the creation of the core concepts in costs of drug development by shortening the the early 1960s (1). Several technologies as molecular development cycle (1-4). Moreover, progresses in diagnostic tools have played a crucial role in the personalized medicine have given rise to the development of medicament of personalized medicine implementation of more powerful tools for genetic in order to identify specific `biological markers that profiling of various cancer types. On the other hand, have achieved the best medical treatment for each molecular diagnostic pathways as a key component of patient. Many patients who do not respond to personalized medicine could improve the prediction conventional therapies or experience treatment side and determination of appropriate treatment approaches Corresponding Author: B. Larijani Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 88220037, Fax: +98 21 88220052, E-mail address: [email protected] B. Arjmand, et al. and facilitated monitoring of possible undesirable side each patient, mark a turning point in personalized effects (5,6). Due to benefits of personalized medicine medicine. Therefore the discovery and characterization mentioned above, it has penetrated many fields of of stem cells with self-renewal and differentiation healthcare. To expedite finding more efficient capacities, also accelerate development of this field, diagnostic methods, “precision medicine” has emerged making regenerative medicine as a new independent as a newly introduced medical model described as an discipline (12). The majority of currently in use individualized treatment using novel molecular treatments are straightened towards the general diagnostic technologies and appropriate treatment population. In contrast to precision medicine, according to genetic, biomarkers, phenotypic, or personalized medicine is based on targeted therapeutic psychosocial characteristics of each patient. Since approaches that allow patient specific care in order to precision medicine and personalized medicine seems maximize the therapeutic efficacy while reducing the broadly similar, some scientists prefer to change the risk of unwanted adverse effects (13). A large body of name from personalized medicine to precision evidence state that stem cell research and regenerative medicine after the US National Research Council medicine could be considered as a therapeutic published their report named “Toward Precision revolution to reshape conventional medicine. Medicine: Building a knowledge network for Moreover, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy biomedical research and a new taxonomy of disease” in are believed as a personalized method, since treatment 2011 (7). Because there are lots of overlaps between efficacy is inevitably influenced by the complex these two terms, the terms precision and personalized interactions between donor and host. Therefore, to medicines are sometimes applied interchangeably. The achieve the great potential of stem cell therapy in misinterpreting of personalized medicine as treatments regenerative medicine, the profile information of each and preventions especially developed for each patient should be precisely determined and further stem individual is a matter of concern to scientists. An cell therapeutic strategies should be in accordance with accurate description of precision medicine is to identify particular characteristics of each individual (12,14). In various effective approaches based on genetic, this regard, precision medicine proposes therapeutic environmental, and lifestyle factors (8,9). Accordingly, strategies according to individual differences in there are some considerable differences between people’s genes, microbiomes, environments, family precision medicine and personalized medicine; 1) history, and lifestyles (11,15). The current concepts of precision medicine try to put people into particular sub- regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy, as well as groups according to their susceptibility to some a different source for stem cell therapy, will be diseases, biological characteristics,and prognosis of discussed in detail in subsequent sections. those diseases, or in their responses to a specific medication (10); 2) in terms of pharmaceutical and Regenerative medicine medical research, precision medicine is an novel Regenerative medicine refers to a multidisciplinary approach to discover the biological realities of concepts field that develops methods to regenerate, repair, of diseases applying both clinical and molecular improve or replace cells, organs, and tissues that have information, and to develop medical products and been damaged due to aging, diseases, chronic diseases provide the high-quality outcomes for patients. Thus, or congenital abnormalities. Regenerative medicine precision medicine concentrates on the research and aims to develop new therapies in order to heal structure development patterns that will enable more patient- and biological function following tissue injury and centered clinical practices, including treatment delay the progression of the diseases. This field decision-making based on genetic and other related presents novel treatment approaches including tissue information of each individual. In contrast to engineering, cell biology, and biomaterials (16-20). personalized medicine, precision medicine is a more Regenerative medicine involves the use of stem cells research-based knowledge. Furthermore, in practice, from different sources. The study of these isolated stem personalized medicine usually refers to the cells compromises the foundation of regenerative stratification of apparently clinically uniform patients medicine which contributing cellular therapy (18,21- into subpopulations with distinguishable clinical 24). Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal ability prognosis or response to treatment (11). The unique and generation of undifferentiated cells that make them properties of stem cells, which allow scientists to a potentially unique option for clinical practice.The potentially isolate, repair, and implant desired cells for advancement in stem cell-based treatment strategy Acta Medica Iranica, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2017) 145 Personalized regenerative medicine resulted in using stem cells for treatment of different therapy may be a type of personalized medicine which types of diseases,