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Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Algorithm Description Document (ADD) LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Algorithm Description Document (ADD) Version 2.0 February 2020 Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Algorithm Description Document (ADD) February 2020 Document Owner: ______________________________ Vaughn Ihlen Date LSRD Project Manager U.S. Geological Survey Approved By: ______________________________ Karen Zanter Date LSDS CCB Chair U.S. Geological Survey EROS Sioux Falls, South Dakota - ii - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Executive Summary This algorithm description document outlines the Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance algorithm as derived directly from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) package distributed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG). The SeaDAS Remote Sensing Reflectance is converted to Aquatic Reflectance in this application. For more information about the atmospheric correction algorithm in SeaDAS, please see Mobley et al., 2016 in the References section. The Provisional Aquatic Reflectance is derived from the Landsat Level 1 (L1) reflective bands over aquatic environments. The Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance is input to an atmospheric correction algorithm to retrieve the water-leaving radiance at visible wavelengths. The water-leaving radiances are then normalized by downwelling solar irradiance to remove the remaining effects of solar orientation and atmospheric attenuation to compute the spectral Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs). To minimize the effect of solar angle, the Rrs values are multiplied by π to produce dimensionless Aquatic Reflectance (AR) values. Once obtained, the Aquatic Reflectance can be input to other aquatic science algorithms for retrieval of various quantities of scientific interest (e.g., total suspended solids). This document is under Landsat Satellites Data System (LSDS) Configuration Control Board (CCB) control. Please submit changes to this document, as well as supportive material justifying the proposed changes, via Change Request (CR) to the Process and Change Management Tool. - iii - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Document History Document Document Publication Change Number Version Date Number LSDS-1433 Version 1.0 January 2020 CR 15087 LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 February 2020 CR 15306 - iv - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... iii Document History ........................................................................................................ iv Contents ......................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................. v Section 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose and Scope .......................................................................................... 1 1.3 Document Organization .................................................................................... 1 Section 2 Application Inputs and Outputs ............................................................. 2 2.1 Inputs ................................................................................................................ 2 2.1.1 Auxiliary Data ............................................................................................. 2 2.2 Outputs ............................................................................................................. 2 Section 3 Procedure ................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Algorithm Description ........................................................................................ 3 3.1.1 Implementation .......................................................................................... 4 3.2 Source Code Availability ................................................................................... 7 Appendix A Acronyms .............................................................................................. 8 References ..................................................................................................................... 9 List of Tables Table 2-1. Application Inputs ........................................................................................... 2 Table 2-2. Application Outputs ........................................................................................ 2 Table 3-1. Implementation Inputs .................................................................................... 6 Table 3-2. Sensor-Specific Information ........................................................................... 6 - v - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Section 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Ocean color remote sensing algorithms typically utilize Remote Sensing Reflectance or Aquatic Reflectance as the basis of their higher-level processing. For instance, Aquatic Reflectance can be input to other aquatic science algorithms for retrieval of various quantities of scientific interest, such as chlorophyll-a concentration, diffuse attenuation, or inherent optical properties. This document describes the algorithm used to generate the Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Science Product. The NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) algorithm is used to calculate the Remote Sensing Reflectance. The Remote Sensing Reflectance is then multiplied by π to obtain a dimensionless reflectance referred to as Aquatic Reflectance. For additional information about the characteristics of the Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance product please see the Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Product Guide. 1.2 Purpose and Scope The primary purpose of this document is to describe the algorithm for generation of Remote Sensing Reflectance as derived directly from the SeaDAS and as implemented in the application used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) center. 1.3 Document Organization This document contains the following sections: • Section 1 provides an introduction • Section 2 provides a list of program inputs and outputs • Section 3 describes the algorithm • Appendix A provides a list of acronyms • The References section provides a list of reference documents - 1 - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Section 2 Application Inputs and Outputs 2.1 Inputs Table 2-1 provides the list of inputs to the Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance algorithm. Description Size Source Type Level 1 Band QA Npixels Level 1 data Integer Level 1 TOA Reflectance Nbands x Npixels Level 1 data Scaled Integer Per-pixel Solar Zenith Angles Npixels Metadata Scaled Integer Per-Pixel Solar Azimuth Angles Npixels Metadata Scaled Integer Per-pixel View Zenith Angles Npixels Metadata Scaled Integer Per-Pixel View Azimuth Angles Npixels Metadata Scaled Integer NCEP MET file Auxiliary data Floating point TOMS/OMI ozone file Auxiliary data Integer NSIDC Sea Ice Concentration file Auxiliary data Integer Table 2-1. Application Inputs 2.1.1 Auxiliary Data The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Meteorological (MET) data, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)/ Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ozone, and National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) sea ice extent auxiliary files are downloaded from the Ocean Color website (https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/). NCEP MET inputs should be the nearest 6-hour meteorological auxiliary data file for the current year and day. This file contains the zonal wind, meridional wind, atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, relative humidity, and water vapor. The ozone inputs should be the 24-hour TOMS/OMI data file for the current year and day. Similarly, the NSIDC sea ice concentration input should be the 24-hour sea ice file for the current year and day. The NCEP MET and NSIDC sea ice data products tend to be populated on the Ocean Color website on the same day as acquisition; however, the ozone products usually have a latency of two days. 2.2 Outputs Description Size Type Nbands x Level 2 Aquatic Reflectance Scaled Integer Npixels Table 2-2. Application Outputs - 2 - LSDS-1433 Version 2.0 Section 3 Procedure 3.1 Algorithm Description This algorithm derives the spectral radiance upwelling from beneath the ocean surface, normalized by the downwelling solar irradiance and expressed as spectral Remote Sensing Reflectance, Rrs(λ) at each sensor wavelength, λ, in the visible domain with -1 units of sr . The Rrs(λ) is then normalized by the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of a perfectly reflecting Lambertian surface (multiplied by π) to produce the dimensionless aquatic reflectance ρw(λ). The Aquatic Reflectance algorithm below is provided by NASA’s Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) via the Rrs Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), currently available from https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/atbd/rrs/. The fundamental quantity to be derived from ocean color sensors is the spectral distribution of reflected visible solar radiation upwelling from below the ocean surface and passing though the sea-air interface. Spaceborne ocean color sensors, however, measure
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