Awareness Event 28 September 2018 | ADB, Manila, Philippines An overview of available data and services

EO4SD consortium, presented by Rolf A. de By (ITC, University of Twente) The consortium of EO4SD – Agriculture and Rural Development

The Netherlands

Denmark

Service provision

Austria

Data integration

Belgium Communication Capacity development … is the science of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. A: Source of energy D G B: Interaction with A atmosphere C: Interaction with earth surface B D: Recording energy B E E: Transmission, F reception, processing

F: Analysis C G: Application

slide 3 28 September 2018 Ready for take-off

• To get there, first steps are: ▪ identify observation requirements ▪ build sensor & design ▪ get rocket to send each satellite into a (pre-defined) orbit

slide 4 28 September 2018 Space: a busy place

Infographics from https://spaceoneers.io Infographics from https://spaceoneers.io Status on 31-7-2017

Infographics from https://spaceoneers.io ~215 European 12%

• The world's largest single earth observation programme, directed by the European Commission in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA).

• Headed by the European Commission (EC) ▪ Acting on behalf of the European Union, setting requirements, managing the services • in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) ▪ Provision of 30 satellites (Sentinels) for the operational needs, space segment & ground segment. • Objectives: ▪ Global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide-range EO capacity. ▪ Providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information for, a.o. improving the management of the environment, understanding and mitigating the effects of , and ensure civil security.

slide 8 28 September 2018 The Sentinel Family Sentinel-3 scanning Earth’s color

S1A/B

S2A/B

S3A/B

S4A/B

S5P

S5A/B/C

S6 J-CS A/B

Long-term (decadal) continuous, consistent data Copernicus dedicated missions: Sentinels

Sentinel-1 (A/B) – SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2014 /2016

Sentinel-2 (A/B) – Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture,… Continuity of Landsat, SPOT 2015 /2017

Sentinel-3 (A/B) – Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath , vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry 2016/2018

Sentinel-4 (A/B) – Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, trans- boundary pollution 2021/2027

Sentinel-5 precursor/ Sentinel-5 (A/B) – Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring 2017/2020/2027

Sentinel-6: Jason-CS (A/B) –Altimetry Sea-level, wave height and marine wind speed 2020/2023

slide 10 28 September 2018 Copernicus constellation deployment schedule

slide 11 28 September 2018 Official Sentinel website

• https://earth.esa.int/web/sentinel/home

slide 12 28 September 2018 Sentinel-1: launched April 2014 and April 2016 • Constellation of two satellites (A & B) in the same orbital plane (180⁰ phased in orbit) • C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar • 7 years design life time (up to 12 years) • 698 km height, 6-day repeat cycle for constellation

A B • Applications: ▪ monitoring sea ice zones and the arctic environment ▪ surveillance of marine environment and security (e.g., oil spill monitoring, ship detection, wind, wave, current monitoring) ▪ monitoring of land surface motion (subsidence, landslides, etc.) ▪ support to emergency/risk management (e.g., flooding, etc.) and humanitarian aid in crisis situations ▪ mapping of land surfaces: forest, water and soil, agriculture, etc.

slide 13 28 September 2018 Sentinel-1: SAR acquisition modes

• Multiple modes • But consistent observations at same mode

Flight Direction 46o

19o

Sub-Satellite Track

45o

30o 698 km 200 200 46o

19o 250

230 23o 450 36.50 Extra Wide 36o Strip Map Swath Mode Wave Mode Mode

Interferometric Wide Swath Mode

slide 14 28 September 2018 Sentinel-1 observation scenario

• Sentinels are operated via a pre-defined background observation plan published ahead of every repeat cycle as kml format at: https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1/observation-scenario

Source: Foumelis (2017)

slide 15 28 September 2018 Sentinel-2: launched June 2015 and March 2017

• 2 satellites operating in twin configuration, 5-day revisit*

• 13 spectral bands (VIS–NIR–SWIR spectral domains)

• Spatial resolution: 10 m / 20 m / 60 m

• Sun-synchronous orbit at 786 km (14.3 revolutions per day), with local time on descending node (LTDN) 10:30 AM

Credit: Robert • MultiSpectral Instrument: pushbroom Simmon, NASA • 7 years design life time (up to 12 years)

Sentinel-2A 19-3-2018

slide 16 28 September 2018 Sentinel-2 spectral bands overlaid with OLI* bands

VIS NIR SWIRSWIR VNIR Visible

B1 B9 B10

Aerosols Water-vapour Cirrus 60 m B1 B5 B7 B8a Snow / ice / cloud discrimination B6 Vegetation status B7 B2 B3 B4 B5 B9 Vegetation 20 m Red-edge B6 B11 B12 B8 10 m

B2 B3 B4 B8 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

*NASA Landsat Data Continuation Mission, Operational Land Imager

slide 17 28 September 2018 Sentinel-2 observation scenario Regularly published online in kml format: https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2/acquisition-plans

Source: Foumelis (2017)

slide 18 28 September 2018 Sentinel-2 data products

L2a BOA reflectances are provided now over Europe.

Source: Foumelis (2017)

slide 19 28 September 2018 Sentinel-2 timeliness

The Payload Data Ground Segment will process all data up to Level-1C within 100 minutes after satellite downlink

Level-1B and -1C products < 100 minutes

Core Ground RF signal Acquisition-Schedule-Plan CGS MRF/Configuration IDP

Instr. SegmentData Data Processing Reception DRX Data Data Processing Circulation Short-term rolling availability from stations Control DC DPC

On-Line Quality Archive & Control Inventory OLQC AI Data < 100 minutes after station acquisition Access Gateway Queries to Monitoring DAX DAG & Control M&C DAG MSI & HKTM PDIs server MRF/Operation-Reports Centralised Processing Archiving Centre &

Configuration data PDIs transparent PAC (Processing / Archiving Centre) IDP Processing Option LTA Option DAX Mirror Option access Instr. Data Data- Processing Data Long-Term Access Processing Archiving Index On-Line (backup) Quality Control Service internal circulation Control DPC LTA DAX OLQC Long-term availability from PACs

Queries to Data DAX typically within a week Access Archive & Data Monitoring Gateway Inventory Circulation & Control M&C DAG AI DC

PDIs DAG server & all other data Sentinel−2 products

slide 20 28 September 2018 Sentinel-3: launched February 2016 and April 2018

• 7 years design life time (up to 12 years) • OLCI: 300m resolution for 21 spectral bands • Intended continuity with SPOT-VEGETATION and Proba-V • Revisit: ~1 day (with 2 satellites)

Microwave Radiometer Ocean and Land Colour Instrument Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer

X-band Antenna

DORIS Antenna

Laser SAR Radar retro- Altimeter reflector S-band Antenna

slide 21 28 September 2018 Sentinel-3 mission profile

Source: Foumelis (2017)

slide 22 28 September 2018 Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument

• Tropospheric monitoring instrument • Launched October 2017

NO2 distribution – 22/11/2017

Bali SO2 distribution

Global CO distribution

slide 23 28 September 2018 Tropomi examples

Air pollution over Delhi in India was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-5P mission on 10 November 2017.

slide 24 26 July 2018 Tropomi examples

First ozone retrievals of Copernicus Sentinel-5P show the closing of the ozone hole over the South Pole during November 2017.

slide 25 26 July 2018 Tropomi examples

Elevated absorbing aerosols – caused by fires – in the atmosphere off the west coast of the US on 12 December 2017.

slide 26 26 July 2018 Sentinel data access

Complete, free and open access to https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ Sentinel-1, -2 and -3 data from moment of http viewer and download, api in-orbit review.

Restricted access for Copernicus Service https://cophub.copernicus.eu/ Projects

For international partners with established https://inthub.copernicus.eu/ EC agreements

www.creodias.eu, www.sobloo.eu, Development of cloud infrastructure www.mundiwebservices.com, Europe (DIAS) www.onda-dias.eu, www.wekeo.eu External parties

USGS Earth Explorer https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ https://earthengine.google.com/ Google Earth Engine http://sentinel-pds.s3-website.eu- Amazon Web Services central-1.amazonaws.com/

slide 27 28 September 2018 Sentinel: support tools

• SNAP: Sentinel Application Platform SAR toolbox (S1TBX) • Handling and post-processing of Sentinel-1 data High-resolution optical toolbox (S2TBX) • Sentinel-2 multi-spectral data processing Medium-resolution optical toolbox (S3TBX) • Sentinel-3 OLCI and SLSTR Developer forum • Requirements for the common platform • Platform roadmap • Coordinate horizontal activities

Downloadable from: http://step.esa.int/main/download

slide 28 28 September 2018 Copernicus services

• Besides image data, some derived products are freely available • Six thematic areas:

• The Land theme has four components:

slide 29 28 September 2018 Copernicus Global Land Service

• Vegetation products ▪ Most 300m-1km resolution ▪ Proba-V (Sentinel-3)

https://land.copernicus.eu/global/

slide 30 28 September 2018 Copernicus/Sentinel: additional tools

• Sen2Agri toolbox • http://www.esa-sen2agri.org/ • Based on € 1.5M ESA project ▪ Local to national operational agricultural monitoring

slide 31 28 September 2018 Background on reflectance and time series analysis

slide 32 28 September 2018 Vegetation reflectance

green vegetation dry soil water

visible near-infrared shortwave-infrared

slide 33 28 September 2018 Reflectance dynamics of vegetation

Vegetation stress: decay of a Ficus benjamina leaf

Undisturbed leaf

visible near-infrared shortwave-infrared

- 10 min. time step, total duration 8 hrs - y-axis is reflectance plus reflected transmittance

Bartholomeus & Schaepman (2004)

slide 34 28 September 2018 Feature space – changes in reflectance

Jensen JR. 2007. Remote sensing of the environment : an earth resource perspective, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

slide 35 28 September 2018 Changes in reflectance

2 Jan 2017 21 Feb 2017 22 Apr 2017 1 Jun 2017

Sentinel-2 imagery – False Color Composite (NIR, red, green) Area west of Erbil

slide 36 28 September 2018 Vegetation indices

• Dimensionless radiometric measure that indicates the relative abundance and activity of green vegetation ▪ or moisture status of vegetation

r NIR

NIR SWIR

visible near-infrared shortwave-infrared

slide 37 28 September 2018 Vegetation index time series

Behaviour of wheat over time.

NDVI 0.9

0.6

0.3

0

slide 38 28 September 2018 Temporal information as input to classification

• Various crops may have similar reflection at single moment in time • Use the fact that their cropping calendar is different to distinguish them • Or understand frequency of multi-cropping

1.2

1

0.8 NDVI 0.6

0.4

0.2

0 31-Jan-16 21-Mar-16 10-May-16 29-Jun-16 18-Aug-16 7-Oct-16 26-Nov-16 15-Jan-17

potato winter wheat sugar beet summer barley carrot

Nguyen et al, 2012. Mapping the irrigated rice cropping patterns of the Mekong delta, Vietnam, through hyper-temporal SPOT NDVI image analysis. IJRS 33: 415-434

slide 39 28 September 2018 Medium resolution sensors

number of repeat sensor platform spectral range resolution swath width launch bands coverage NOAA AVHHR VIS, NIR, MWIR 5 1100m 2400km 12 hours 1978 POES 6-19

AVHRR METOP VIS, NIR, SWIR, MIR 5 1100m 2400km 12 hours 2007

1100m 1500km 1997 SEAWIFS Orbview-2 VIS, NIR 8 1day 4500m 2800km

VEGETATION SPOT 4, 5 VIS, NIR, SWIR 4 1100m 2200km 1day 1998-2014

MODIS / VIS, NIR, SWIR, TIR 36 250-1000m 2330km <2days 1999

300m MERIS VIS, NIR 15 1150km <3days 2000 1200m 375m Suomi NPP VIIRS VIS, NIR, SWIR, TIR 22 3040km 1 day 2011 750m 300m PROBA-V PROBA-V VIS, NIR, SWIR 4 2250km 1 day 2013 1000m

SENTINEL 3 OLCI VIS, NIR, SWIR 21 300m 1270km <2 days 2016

slide 40 28 September 2018 Why medium resolution?

• Very frequent coverage ▪ capture seasonal variation ▪ clouds

• Free global imagery ▪ cover large areas at low cost and reasonable data volumes

• Long consistent time series ▪ variability/trends & link to climate

slide 41 28 September 2018 Drawbacks of medium-resolution

• Fields or vegetation patches are often smaller in size • Spectral information comes from multiple surfaces ▪ makes interpretation more difficult

slide 42 28 September 2018 Composite products

• Combine multi-day acquisitions in a single product • ‘Best observation’ per pixel  suppress clouds

17-24 May 2015

MODIS surface reflectance for 10x10° tile in East Africa

slide 43 28 September 2018 Time domain

slide 44 28 September 2018 Example analysis

Vrieling A, J de Leeuw, and MY Said. 2013. Length of growing period over Africa: variability and trends from 30 years of NDVI time series. Remote Sensing, 5: 982-1000.

slide 45 28 September 2018 Drought analysis through vegetation anomalies NDVI June 2011 vs. mean(‘98-2010)

slide 46 28 September 2018 More on drought monitoring: FAO E-learning

• “Remotely Sensed Information for Crop Monitoring and Food Security – Techniques and methods for arid and semi-arid areas” • http://www.fao.org/elearning/#/elc/en/course/FRS

1 Introduction 2 Remote Sensing Data for Crop Monitoring 3 Data Sources and Products

4 Rainfall and NDVI Anomaly Maps 5 Rainfall and NDVI Seasonal Graphs 6 Crop Status Analysis Throughout the Crop Season

7 Introduction to Yield Forecast 8 Communicating Results 9 Data Management of Remote Sensing Images 10 Required Software Functionality

slide 47 28 September 2018 Several other learning resources exist • For example: ▪ Open online courses from ESA: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/eo-education-and-training/moocs

▪ ESA Research and User Support (RUS): https://rus-copernicus.eu/portal/

▪ NASA applied remote sensing training (ARSET): https://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/

▪ FAO E-learning on Management of Spatial Information: http://www.fao.org/elearning/#/elc/en/course/B ▪ FAO E-learning on multi-temp RS for agricultural monitoring: http://www.fao.org/elearning/#/elc/en/Course/SIGMA2

▪ …

▪ ITC Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation: https://www.itc.nl/ • MSc, PhD, short courses, online courses, tailor-made trainings

slide 48 28 September 2018 To remember • Many image types exist: ▪ One difference is spatial resolution • Finer resolution: more spatial detail • Coarser resolution: more temporal detail

• Many applications require frequent observation throughout season ▪ coarser spatial resolution = shorter revisit ▪ increasingly more options at finer resolution ▪ radar offers possibilities also when cloud cover is persistent (not shown in detail now)

• Time series: monitoring what is happening • in season • between years (variability, trends)

• Copernicus / Sentinels are provided great new opportunities • Image types / resolution / frequency / long-term observation commitment

• Such data helps to deliver key environmental information to support planning, implementation, monitoring, and assessment of projects • How may it serve your needs?

slide 49 28 September 2018 For more information http://eo4sd.esa.int/agriculture http://eo4sd.esa.int/