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THE FOl er S b o D C g hakespeare Li rary Of Washingt n , , a research institution founded by Henry Clay FOlger and

dm d b the u of Am C o a inistere y Tr stees herst llege , has an

d c c n of boo m m u c extraor inary olle tio ks , pa phlets , an s ripts , and other m aterials useful for the study of Western civiliza

b 1715 A hou m u o tion from a out 1485 to . lt gh its pri ary p rp se

to d c d c o and u is encourage a van e resear h in hist ry literat re , the FOlger Library als o recogniz es an obligation to the non specialist who wants to kn ow m ore about the civiliz ation of the Tudor and Stuart periods when the E nglish - spe aking people were beginning their first expansion overseas and

oud o of m b d were laying the f n ati ns new real s a roa . This booklet is one Of a series planned by the Folger Library to des cribe various aspe cts of the cultural history Of the six teenth and c f b seventeenth enturies . Titles o other ooklets

b o c d oo ub h d E ch of will e ann un e as s n as they are p lis e . a the pamphlets will be illustrated from contemp orary docu m c d ents . Tea hers esiring copies of the illustrative phot o graphs for use in preparing closed - circuit television pro grams or other visual aids for their classes s h ould write to

b for m co the Folger Li rary an esti ate Of the st .

O & I S B R I GH T D ire c or . t L W ,

TH E F OL GER SH AK ESP EAR E L I B RAR& I S AD M I N I ST ERED B & T H E T & ST S OF A M H ST C L L G R EE ER O E E .

C o v e r illus r t a tio n: A ha ar d falco n and e ui m e nt fo r h kin ro g g q p aw g . F m

S imon Lath am L a tha ms F alco nr , y ( 16 14 ) ENGLI SH“ S PO R T S

AND R ECR EAT IONS

Stone

P & B L I SHED F O R THE FOLGER SHAKE SPEARE LIBRAR&

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I TH A CA N E W & O K , R CORNELL & NIVERSIT& PRESS

Firs t publis hed 1 960

Second printing 1 964 ’ ALTHO UGH sports and pastimes in Shakespeare s age were

are far less highly organized than they today , human nature was E i much the same , and nglishmen enjoyed many Of the act vities To that still have a place in their recreations . have an under

of standing the social life and customs Of a nation , a knowledge

Of its recreations is essential . The way a people spend their moments Of leisure provides a clue to their personalities and qualities Of character . During the years when the Tudors and early Stuarts gov

E o r f erned ngland , roads were po r , t avel was di ficult and some

not o times dangerous , and ordinary folk usually did g far & & be

for yond their parish limits pleasure . Furthermore , life was hard

for . for the ordinary citizen , and few had time much leisure

for or Consequently, both time and Opportunity were lacking ganiz ed sports that could attract widespread attendance like a

m r TO k modern football atch o modern horse racing . wor ing m en and apprentices many sports were forbidden by statute

on except such specified holidays as Christmas , but the laws were not always rigidly enforced .

Despite difficulties and handicaps , however , people Of all classes enjoyed a variety of simple sports and amusements . If E to the lizabethans had work long hours at hard tasks , they

for nevertheless found time play and gaiety . Fairs , festivals , and church wakes provided Opportunities to villagers for many

E to amusements . veryone could look forward the local fair , at which vendors Of a variety of wares spread out their goods for 0 sale . T the fairs came gleemen , jugglers , tumblers , acrobats ,

: and animal trainers with their beasts a dancing bear , monkeys , “ ” T an exotic camel , and an educated horse . raveling showmen “ also brought freaks , as in the sideshow at carnivals today, and

- - A sleight of hand artists were common . fter the buying and sell in g were over , visitors to the fair , adults and children alike , i for joined in the activities . Women m ght dance a prize , and the e t men engaged in foot races , bowling matches , wr s ling , and

m e . One of other similar co p titions the most curious events , at which stout young men sought to show their worth and endur

of . B ance , was the sport shin kicking efore this event the par ticipants rubbed both their boots and shins with blue vitriol to At harden them . the close of the day many a young countryman must have been sore and sorry . of Festivals celebrated special occasions , such as the end the

i i harvest , sheepshearing , and the beg nn ng of spring . Church ’ wakes were held on a saint s day or the day of dedication of the A church . wake began with the vigil at the church and a service;

of then followed feasting, drinking , and contests skill and strength like those at fairs . Originally these celebrations were held in the churchyard , but as the activities became more and more secular the churchyard was abandoned or forbidden . M any of the festivals stemmed from pagan rites , and the church thought to rem ove the taint of heathenism somewhat by n ack owledging and modifying them . With the rise of the Puri tans , however , Objections grew louder , especially to such On celebrations as church ales . these occasions the church

e of m wardens provid d a quantity malt , so e from the church stock and the rest from parishioners . The malt was brewed into

o beer and ale and then sold t raise money for the church . This

Stubb es who practice was condemned vociferously by Philip , complained in his Ana tomy of Abus es ( 1583 ) of a situation in which profit to the church increased in proportion to the con m su ption of beer and the drunkenness that followed . Pious Philip Stubb es also spoke out against the revelry that

on M a . On or took place y Day the eve Of this holiday, in the

m Of d a early orning hours the y itself, people were accustomed to go into the forests to gather boughs and branches as decora m A M tions for their ho es . ayp ole would be cut and drawn into i E t the v llage by oxen . ach ox had flowers tied o its horns and 1 on M a w M M y Day ith a fiddler , aid arian , and ten M M ed with horns and bells . aid arian was queen Of the e R mistress of the archery games . In lat r years obin

t of M a . was in roduced , probably as king the y Upon such

Stubb es e frown d , but he deplored most the fact that the “ to men and girls run gadding over night the woods , ” “ the hills , and mountains and there spend night in “ ” o one won times . He declared n good authority ( own ) that Of a hundred maids going out scarcely a

ned in the state Of virginity . occupied an important place in the M ay - Day activ i

the was virtually national sport . Laws discouraged ical exercises s o that men would not be diverted from From the time o f Edward III when the f longbow was e fectively demonstrated , it was thought wise to have all the men of England ready as trained archers in case of war . By the beginning of the seventeenth cen A B . s R tury the usefulness Of archery in war was declining . arret “ says in The The ory and Practice of M odern Wars ( 1598 ) they to to no [ archers &may serve some sorts Of service , but such ” Vi of effect as any Of the fiery weapons , but the ctories the long b ow at Créc A y , Poitiers , and gincourt were not quickly forgot

to own to ten , and every man was expected a longbow and to in practice regularly . Shooting contests were held stimulate ’ tere st , and even churchwardens accounts sometimes include

f B t of or . expenses making archery butts ut s were mounds earth , A banked with turf . gainst this mound was placed a white disk t for a target . Shooting at these taught accuracy . To learn o “ “ ” “ ” or keep a length the archers practiced prick clout shooting , which meant shooting at a target eighteen inches in diameter , ff 160 stu ed with straw . This mark was placed at a distance Of “ ” to 240 R to no yards . oving was shoot in the open , at mark , and at unknown distances .

A f r r C r o o . e rchery was praised as good all men , great poor vase Markham in The Art of Archery dedicated to m Charles I , calls it an honest and wholeso e sport , and much

i ToxO hilus R A m earl er , in p oger scha referred to archery “ ” as the most honest pastime Of all and a cure Of evil gaming .

A m one E scha , who was at time tutor to lizabeth I , felt that a genuine effort should be made to teach archery because , truth

. to tell , the interest in archery was waning He felt that many disobeyed the royal laws for lack of knowledge Of how to shoot . Christina Hole suggests in E nglis h Sp orts and Pas times that enthusi asm died out because laws commanded the practi ce of archery instead of leaving it to the pleasure Of sportsmen . An act passed in 1541 in the reign of Henry VIII shows us to A what extent the government favored archery . fter declaring that all able men under sixty must own a longbow and practice shooting , the act continues with a list Of activities which are banned : That no manner of person or p ersons shall for his or or m their gain keep aintain , any common house , alley ,

cloish - or place Of bowling , quoiting , , kayles , half bowl , tennis ,

or of m dicing , table , or carding , any other manner ga e pro hibited or by any statute heretofore made , any unlawful new

now o r d or game invented ma e , any other new unlawful game hereafter to be invented , found , had or made . of In spite this act gaming houses were kept Open , and the

f B m o u various sports lourished . owling was probably the ost p p

. R lar obert Crowley , printer and Puritan preacher as well as One and poet , testifies that bowling was not suppressed . In his Thi rty Epig rams appeared this poem on bowling :

Two sorts of alleys I n London I find ;

The one a ain t the law g s ,

And the ot e a ain t ind h r g s k . The first is where bowling o idd en m en us e F rb , , And a tin t ei ood w s g h r g s ,

D o t ei la o f h r b r re us e . But in London ( alas &) S ome m en are d evilishly Suffered to profes s it

As an art to li e v by . rite B i g greens . owling in alleys , sim lar to the m B in 0 co mon . owling greens were Often

of of as part the gardens in the estates the gentry , but

not for B g was a sport the rich alone . esides having alleys

supposedly illegal gaming houses , men also played at ’ to G M in the open country , according ervase arkham s “ Country C ontentments There is another

5 m an , bowling , in which a shall find great art in choosing out his ground and preventing the winding , d of hanging , and many turning a vantages the same , whether it be in open wild places or in close alleys ; and in this sport the choosing Of the bowl is the greatest cunning ; your flat bowls for for being the best alleys , y our round biased bowls Open e for grounds of advantage , and your round bowls lik a ball ” who greenswards that are plain and level . Charles Cotton , in the later seventeenth century wrote The Complete Games ter “b ” M orrowed this passage from arkham . Cotton , how ever , does add a caution against gambling at a bowling match . “ In his advice on learning the game he states that practice must

ou be your best tutor all that I shall say , have a care y are ’ n com ot in the first place rooked out of your money . Cotton s ments on the weird postures assumed by bowlers as the bowl

r o is rolling down the alley , and the c ies to g further or stop shorter , suggest that a bowler Of the sixteenth century would not feel out of place in a twentieth - century bowling alley ” “ ” M of or any the bowling terms , such as rub , jack , kiss , can be found in Shakespeare , and it appears probable that he A “ was a knowledgeable bowler . rub is anything that diverts ’ “ ’ i : A the ball from its course ( as in Hamlet s sol loquy y , there s “ “ ” “ ” the a jack ( also master or mistr ess ) is a small bowl “ ” placed as a mark at which to aim ; and a kiss occurs when one “

mb l n II . i e i e . : bowl touches another ( as in Cy , Was there ever

& u - to man had such luck When I kissed the jack , upon an p cast be hit l c oish to w . Kayles , , and loggats were all closely allied bo ling In the game of kayles there were six or more pins set up in a f row . o straight Instead bowling a ball at the pins , the object Cloish was to knock the pins d own by throwing a stick at them .

Of i also consisted sett ng pins in a row , but a bowl was used to m m knock the down . In loggats , a ga e popular with boys and country folk , bones were substituted for the pins , and another to bone was thrown at them . Shakespeare has a reference this sport in the grave -digging scene where Hamlet comments : Did these bones cost no more the breeding but to play at loggats

’ ” with e m&

M en and boys of the sixteenth century , like their counterparts

m The in other ages , enjoyed various for s Of ball games . variety of m ga es played with balls was great , but Often the same game appeared in different sections of the country under different

m As 1598 on na es . early as e finds a reference to cricket being f played fifty years before . Cricket perhaps was an outgrowth O

clubb all to stoolball and . In playing stoolball , a bowler tried hit

One r to o a stool with a ball . player t ied defend the sto l with m h . ow his hand In some localities a bat was used . In this ga e , A ever , there were no runs . nother game with overtones of

A - cricket was trapball . ball was placed in a spoon shaped piece of wood . When the spoon was hit , the ball would rise and was

. O or hit into the field pponents tried to catch the ball , to bowl the ball in to hit the trap .

Handball is probably the Oldest form Of ball game . Many

m of . games were derived from it , including fives and a for tennis

& d or T to Fives was playe against a wall church tower . his led complaints from ministers against the delinquent boys who not only did not attend church but disturbed the service by playing b all against the church walls &Rules apparently differed in vari ous as E geographical areas , at ton , where the buttresses from two dd E the wall formed a itional sides , and the game called ton ” Fives developed .

E a e Football was not unknown to the lizabethan g , but it is i m h hardly recogn zable as the ga e we know today . T e main

eu similarity is that a ball , usually a bladder filled with air and

d in to case leather, was used , and the object was get the ball in across a goal line . What happened between was nothing short of c a or T m E The B ook am ed the h os , as Sir ho as lyot says in N

6 Gov ernor nothing but beastly fury and extreme v io ” lence . There were few if any rules , and each team could have O an unlimited number Of players . ften there were interparish

of comman contests , in which case much the parish might be de e red for one of to the playing field , as set players tried kick the ball into the Opposing parish . On other occasions an open w f or as . field common used If the game was a parish af air , it A was usually played on a holiday or feast day . t Chester a game com was always played at Shrovetide , and legend has it that it me morate d the kicking about of the head of a captured Dane .

O two of ften it was a contest between special groups people , A . t such as married men and bachelors Inverness , Scotland , an annual game was played between the married and the single — women and it is reported that the married women usually won& Football was another sport prohibited by law to the working 1349 E ’ man as early as and as late as lizabeth s reign . James I

Bas ilicon D or on of for s on in a book instructions his , “ forbids the prince to play football because he thought it meeter ” S b for laming than making able the users thereof . Philip tu b es gives us a vivid description in his Anatomy of Abus es of what “ happens during a game which he considers a bloody and mur dering practice .

For d ot not e e one lie in ait for his ad e a ee in to h v ry w v rs ry , s k g o ert o him and to ic him on his no e t ou it b e u on a d v hr w p k s , h gh p h r stones in ditc or d ale in alle or ill he ca et not s o he a e , h , v y h r h h v him down s o t at t is m ean om etimes t ei nec are h by h s , s h r ks im t i a le a m o en omet e e c s . br k , s s h r b ks gs r

T e a e the lei ts to meet one et i t two to d a him h y h v s gh b w x , sh a ain t the e a t: wit t ei el o to hit him und e the shortrib s g s h r h h r b ws , r

it t ei ri e d t and ith t eir nee to catc him u on the w h h r g pp fis s , w h k s h p hi and to ic him on his nec it a und ed uc mu d e in p p k k, w h h r s h r r g dev i es c .

Such a commentary sugges ts that Stubb es himself had been f involved at least once in a friendly game o football . Robert Burton in his Ana tomy of M ela ncholy ( 1621 ) enu met ates additional sports enjoyed by country folk and working T i d people . hey nclu e quoits ( similar to throwing horseshoes ) , i p tching bars , hurling , wrestling ( best done by those who knew hu the Cornish g ) , leaping , running , fencing , swimming , foot B M and a . ball , balloon , quint in alloon ball was , according to ark

’ “ m ountr C ontentments ha s C y , a strong and moving sport in the of open fields , with a great ball double leather filled with wind , ’ and driven to and fro with the strength of a man s arm armed m in a bracer Of wood , either Of which actions ust be learned by i m the eye and pract ce . &uintain was at one ti e a knightly exercise . In the late sixteenth century it became a rustic pastime .

i i The The quintain was a post w th a sw nging shield attached . Object was to rush at the shield as if in a duel and then quickly to maneuver oneself out of the way as the shield swung around

The - of the post . slow footed were hit in the back the head by the returning shield . m G In the reign Of Ja es I the celebrated Cotswold ames , which

m of exe plified many the popular recreations Of the day , grew m into national importance . These ga es had begun in the reign of E z or e li abeth I , p rhaps even earlier , as a small local gather in who g , but they were taken over in the next reign by a man

m of Of had any the qualities a modern promoter , a certain “ ” a R who Capt in obert Dover , Obtained from King James a royal sanction for the games and received from His Majesty as of old a further token favor an hat , a feather , and a ruff, which he wore with great pride . Information about the Cotswold Gam e s is to be found in Annalia D ubrens ia a volume

M Walb ancke m M edited by atthew , containing poe s by ichael B en Of Drayton , Jonson , and others in praise Captain Dover

he m and his activities . T Cotswold Ga es were compared by some m O . On to those held in classical ti es on Mt . lympus e poem by i m W lliam Denny entions foot racing , wrestling , bowling , chariot d races , coursing with greyhoun s , leaping , and throwing the sledge . Inside tents one could play chess ; Irish , which resembles

a m O backg mmon ; and cent , a card ga e . ther activities included dancing and horse racing . E Of m lizabethan children had many ways a using themselves ,

8 of and some their games are still familiar to juveniles . It would be impossible to list all the games at which children played , but

m : - die a few will illustrate their characteristic a usements put , ’ e m - - blind gg , conquers , hood an blind , nine men s morris , and

- to . d p and scourge . Dice were needed to play put die Instea Of

on —P T on numbers there were letters each die , , H , and L the

A on . four sides , and and D the two ends The dice were tossed in air r the . Whatever letter turned up dete mined the number of B e of marbles won or lost from the pool . lind gg consisted ’ lining birds eggs in a row . A blindfolded b oy then tried to of break the eggs with a stick . In one version conquers the n players took snail shells and pressed them together . The o e

- of whose shell did not break was the winner . Hoodman blind , ’ ’ of blindman s - course , is simply a variant form buff . Nine men s

of . morris went by several names , one which was merels In this fl game each player had nine wooden pegs . A at board with

- three squares and twenty four holes was used , and the Object ’ ’ was to capture the opponent s pegs and to get one s own pegs

e T in thre straight rows . his game was also played outdoors , for T o using the ground a board . p and scourge was a seasonal b o game , connected with the Lenten season , in which a y would whip a top to make it spin . Recreation was obviously not restricted to any age group or A . t class lthough the lower classes had certain handicaps , hey f Th found numerous ways o amusing themselves . e gentry and nobility naturally had few restrictions upon their recreations .

Indeed , an ability in sports was an essential requirement for a

On of young gentleman . e the most noted books Of instructions ’ to young men of gentle breeding is B aldassare C as tiglione s i E 1 The C ourtier 561 . , translated nto nglish by Thomas Hoby in In this conduct book Castiglione lists among the chief qualifica

The tions Of a courtier skill in martial exercises and in sports .

to of to courtier must be able fence with all kinds weapons , play O i to . tennis , hunt , to hawk , and to ride well ther activ ties suit

for i m able young aristocrats were sw ming , leaping , vaulting , wrestling , and casting stones or an iron bar . Here Castiglione “ not to or gives an admonition run , wrestle, leap , cast the stone or i t bar w th men of the coun ry , except he be sure to get the ” to Of victory . It was not fitting for a gentleman to lose someone baser birth , and gentlemen engaged in these sports either alone or w On one ith their equals . the other hand , could tilt , ride in a

or tourney , and throw the spear dart in public to delight the Th Hon s M an . e e t common people Nicholas Faret in , translated E G m 1632 by dward ri stone in , gives virtually the same quali

fi ati n i B c o s for proper gentlemanly behav or . esides the fore going skills a courtier was expected to have som e knowledge of music and be able to play the lute or gittern and to carry a fair tune . A ’ courtier s life was devoted to following his prince , a life that provided in the Tudor age ample opportunity for a high spirited young gentleman to develop his love Of martial ex e rcis es Of r . Henry VIII was fond these spo ts and in his reign

’ fl E hronicle they ourished . dward Hall s C , first published in ’

1548 on . , describes the King s activities while progress Henry exercised himself with shooting , singing , dancing , wrestling ,

of . casting the bar , jousts and tourneys , hunting and hawking At times the King and another would issue a challenge to others

r m On to take pa t in some artial activity . one occasion Henry “ and the Duke of Suffolk were defenders at the tilt against all ” A w comers . nother time the King and t o aides challenged all to “ fight at the barriers with target and casting the spear of eight

f r feet long . Then they challenged all to fight them o seven

- T strokes with two handed swords . o encourage further these t G manly spor s , the King had built at reenwich a place for the “ - s ladies to watch fights with battle axe , because, Hall says , the King [was & not minded to see young gentlemen unexpert in

To f r i t rac martial feats . keep fit o these activ ies a man needed p tice, and several hours a day might be devoted to riding at the

or or tilt ring . To tilt was to ride with a lance at a mark , quin A . m tain lthough this later beca e a rustic pastime , it served as A good exercise for aspiring knights . nother exercise was to ride

or tr with spear lance and y to catch a ring hung from a pole , a

to m feat that has survived modern ti es . Fencing became exceedingly popular in the reign of Henry ’

e own . B VIII , in part as a r sult Of the King s interest y letters patent Henry VIII gave to the Masters of Defense a monopoly of E teaching arms . In earlier years all free nglishmen carried

too arms , but fencing was looked down upon as being subtle an

one TO activity and that took away from true valor . the medieval mind plain and simple hacking from left to right with sword

l for and buck er was the mark Of a man . It took some time the E to nglish learn new tactics and change their way Of thinking . The gr adual change was due largely to the Italian masters Of arms who braved English criticism to teach their modern Th . e of methods art fencing developed in Italy, and Italian methods were far ahead of the English . The Italians discarded the buckler and added the poniard to the left hand . The poniard itself was finally discarded , and the sword was thenceforth used “ ” for t ff e of bo h O ense and defens . The point the sword was rediscovered , and fencers learned the advantage Of the thrust , s toccata m called by the Italian fencing asters , over the side blows . In English tradition the use Of the point was originally considered a dishonor . ’ In Eliz abeth s reign the court went through an Italianate period , at which time the rapier was adopted . John Florio , an

l e E Firs t Fruits 1578 Ita ian naturaliz d in ngland , wrote in his ( ) “ the k Of sword and buc ler as a clownish and dastardly weapon , ” m n G for . O and none a gentle an the other hand , eorge Silver ,

E e an ardent nglishman , vigorously defend d the short sword against the rapier and warned against Italian and other foreign hi E methods . Shakespeare showed mself a loyal nglishman by

r ac satirizing the Italianate form of fencing in his plays . Silver p i for of t ced what he preached , he was unaware the lunge which of to was then being taught in Italy . His method attack was th e r both f et . He also advocated disa ming and apparently was not unsportsmanlike; at any recommended wrestling to young gentlemen

useful in the handling of weapons on foot . The the Italianate period and passed on down to the E ’ e class , and many nglishmen , despite Silver s warning , fi for to e ne . recogniz it as a weapon Joseph Swetnam , ex

1 1 chool o the oble ci ence o efens e 1616 ample , in his S f N S f D ( ) “ considered rapiers as the finest and m ost comeliest weapons E that were used in ngland . The short sword against the rapier — ” is little better than a tobacco pipe . 1 allas Arma ta B 639 G . A y a book called P , by . , introduced new methods of fencing which were the forerunners Of present h day fencing techniques . T e author advocates the single sword

or . single rapier The dagger , gauntlet, and buckler ( formerly used in the left hand as a means of defense ) were no longer considered fashionable . For townspeople in this period one of the most popular spec ” “ T tacles r . o of was playing a p ize become a master arms , the had aspirant to challenge all masters within a certain radius . These contests were held in public and were preceded by a march through the town with drums to announce the coming

M on event . unicipal authorities usually frowned these events and often refused to give licenses , but outside the town boundaries contestants could find places for these competitions . A lthough blunted swords were used , the battles were lusty and of long . In fact they were as much a contest endurance as Of to skill , for the challenger had fight each master with a certain

r i B t number Of weapons fo a prescr bed length Of time . e ween each event the challenger would parade around and exhort the how crowd to contribute money , for that is he paid all his ex

Th Of to ro penses . e weapons in which a master arms had be p

ficie nt two - - - one - were the handed sword , hand and half sword , long sword , backsword , sword and buckler , sword and dagger ,

- - t . pike , morris or half pike , halberd , quarterstaff, and bat le axe

B 1605 of E i y most these weapons were Obsolete, but the ngl sh teachers of arms clung tenaciously to all of them for many years . . A princely sport and one enjoyed by all the sovereigns Of the

a e . g was hunting Deer , hare , and otter were the principal quar B on ries . oars were hunted to a lesser degree than the Conti E B nent because they were not s o prevalent in ngland . oar hunting was a dangerous sport not only to the hunter but to his A E E hounds . lthough the nglish loved the chase , nglish hunting i books for the most part followed the French or ginals , and the

12 before breaking up the deer or the venison would putrify and stink . to off When men wanted exercise their cunning , show the of for speed their hounds , and pursue the chase sheer pleasure ,

for they usually chose the hare , the hare was the swiftest of

Th B k am h G v rnor creatures . Sir Thomas Elyot in e oo N ed t e o e “ commends this sport as suitable for scholars and women : Hunt ing of the b are with greyhounds is a right good solace for men not that be studious , or them to whom nature hath given per s ona A ge or courage apt for the wars . lso for gentlewomen which

n r fear neither sun o wind for appairing their beauty . Although there were no hunting seasons such as we observe G O in this century, eorge Turberville recommends ctober and

as for th e November the best months , in the summer heat

too the and would be great for hounds , in the spring the smell m Of the flowers and herbs would make the lose their scent . f In hunting otter a special spear or forked sta f was used . The ’ out hounds would smell the otter , but it was the huntsman s job to catch him if he went to the river . In this case a man would stand on each side Of the river holding a line stretched

The s o across the stream . line would be held slack that it would f sink under the water . The direction and whereabouts o the otter could be determined when it hit the line .

When boar hunting , Turberville suggests that dogs wear

for bells around their necks , the boar will be frightened by the sound of bells and will flee instead Of standing at bay or charg in to g . Whether this was true or not , it was certainly wise use A the most experienced hounds in this dangerous sport . s in

of hunting a deer , the size the boar could first be determined by his tracks or by seeing where he had rooted in a hedge . Another way was to find where the boar had rubbed against

th e a tree after rolling in mud . The weapon used in this sport was a long spear with a crosspiece . The crossbar was to prevent the spear from sticki ng too far into the boar as he charged against it . Fox hunting as it is known today did not develop fully until

r F the late seventeenth o early eighteenth century . oxes as well d as badgers were hunte as ver min and were dug out Of their n dens a d killed . Terriers held the foxes or badgers in their bur i or du rows wh le the huntsman with spade mattock g them out . i i of d d T In add t on to a supply foo and rink , urberville advises a “ of for stout pair boots , , he laments , I have lent a fox or a

m for badger ere now , a piece Of y hose , and the skin and flesh m d . A co p any , which he never restore again hunt might last a m T i mm long ti e , and urberv lle reco ends that a gentleman take m along several ats to lie upon the ground . In som e cases they “ even used inflated mattresses or a windb e d which is made Of

on and leather strongly sewn all the four sides , having a pipe one d e at Of the corners to blow it as you woul blow a bagpip , to u and and when it is blown full Of wind , stop it p lie upon ” n it o the ground .

for u i of m Falcons were used h nt ng fowl and some ga e . Hawk in one g , Of the Oldest sports known , was expensive and there fore restricted to the aristocracy; it was greatly favored by the d English nobility and gentry . Certain laws in icate the esteem

d One in which falconry was hel . law stated that a lost hawk m or d ust be returned , the finder would be charge with a felony, ’ m la f as would the stealer Of a hawk s eggs . Ja es I passed a w or

of or bidding the shooting game by guns , crossbows , longbows , except to kill crows or smaller birds to feed the hawks . This is ’ probably not so much an indication of Jam es love Of hawking as it is an indication of his upbringing in Scotland , where shoot in un id m g with g and bow was cons ered thievish . Ja es praised hawking sparingly in Bas ilicon D oron a nd thought that for Prince Henry hunting with hounds was better than hunting with i m em o hawks . Falconry is uncerta n and ore apt to stir up the

. tions , the King observed Th e training of a hawk required patience and gentleness , but m im first a proper hawk had to be caught . So et es they were taken while they were just learning to hop from branch to w A . branch , in which case they were kno n as branches soar i hawk was taken w ld in its first year , and an eyas was taken

m mm , fro the nest . I ediately after the hawks were caught , jesses d which were straps Of leather , were attache to their feet and m R never re oved . ings Of silver called vervels , to which the jesses were attached , were also put around the legs . Preparatory to training was seeling , in which a thread was drawn through the eyelids s o that the eyes were partially closed to keep out day light . This was supposed to help the hawk become adjusted to A wearing a hood , which completely covered the head . hawk was kept with a sharp appetite so as to respond to the bits fed her by the falconer . When the hawk learned to jump from the ’ to perch to the fist and to respond the trainer s voice , it could be

. of taught to come to the lure The lure was a piece meat , Often a dead pigeon , used to get the falcon back to the owner . If a

not hawk remained wild and would submit to training , then it e was kept awak until fatigue tamed it . T here are many kinds Of hawks , each with their special

: — virtues , but they fall into two general classes short winged and

- Th long winged hawks . e goshawk and sparrow hawk are short

r hr T winged and were used in woody areas o among s ubs . hese

on hawks were flown from the hand , and they killed their prey

- the ground with their beaks . Long winged hawks include the gerfalcon , falcon , lanner , merlin , hobby , and kestrel . They were n A used in the open cou try . hawk would hover above the fal coner until the dogs stirred up the game , at which time the falcon would swoop down and kill its quarry in the air with a

by stroke of the claw . These hawks were brought back the lure , and when flying they had bells attached to their legs so that the owner could find them again . Fowling was popular with those people to whom hawking Of or E was denied because class , time , money . Since the liza b ethans E r , like many modern u opeans , enjoyed eating a variety of m birds large and s all , fowling was pursued primarily for f t food . Though some o the methods used o secure birds for the ot p were ingenious and skillful , they were hardly sportsmanlike N of com in the usual sense . ets and snares various kinds were A Of —a mon d evi ces for catching birds . snare the springe type noose tied to the end of a pliant rod and triggered to tighten — A up when touched was one of the most common . lso used were traps known as pitfalls . B m i irdli ing was another ingenious way of catch ng small birds . i i i Small twigs from a willow were covered w th b rdl me, a sticky and or . substance , were scattered about a stale, decoy When the birds settled onto these twigs , they were unable to free them

t at selves and the fowler could gather hem in his leisure . Dogs m m were so eti es used to retrieve any who managed to get loose; such dogs were trained to lie nearby and snatch up any bird t it which s ruggled free before could fly away . v i i Somewhat more sport was invol ed in shooting b rds , wh ch was done with bird bolts ( arrows with blunt heads ) or stone m bows ( catapults which shot small pebbles ) . Firear s were b e ginning to come into use but were too clumsy as yet for shoot ing any but large game birds . Because birds are easily fright

to i for ened , it was desirable take them by surpr se , and this

- i hors e k was T i i i purpose a stalk ng used . h s was or g nally a real

ox or cow, , horse which had been trained to walk gently back

d on . and forth , while behind it the hunter drew a bea his quarry Dummy animals made of wood and canvas were also used in E lieu of the living specim ens . ven King Henry VIII used this method Of hunting . — Fowling at night required different techniques the two most “ ” “ popular being lowb elling and batfowling . In the former the hunter carried a bell with a low , hollow sound which caused the

e A d birds to lie clos . large net was sprea and then the birds B were stirred up and caught in the net . atfowling was a procedure in which the birds were confused by fires set in iron

of , vess els . When the birds were caught in the light the fires they were batted down with b roomlike poles . Fishing was as popular with Tudor Englishmen as it is with

e m of Old men Of the atomic age . Thes fisher en had just as much u i trouble catching fish as men Of all cent r es , although modern editors of Elizabethan fishing treatises contend that fish have M and i . grown craftier over the years ethods , equ pment were A i d somewhat different then . lthough fish ng rods coul be bought

’ on at the haberdasher s , the various books the subject describe the rod and line with such care that it is evident that many R e of Elizabethans Were given to maki ng their own . ods w re ’ M leas ures o rinces three types , according to arkham s P f P to Of two pieces , the lower being nine ten feet and the

one upper about a yard long ; Of whole piece , which meant a m Of short rod good only for narrow strea s ; many pieces , usually

The i made of cane , that fit into one another . l ne was made of horsehair with threads Of silk intertwined . Some years later Robert Venables in The Exp eri enced Angler ( 1662 ) preferred a

Of or not x . line either horsehair silk, but a mi ture Until the mi ddle of the seventeenth century fishermen had to no reels . Since the line was attached a loop at the end of the E rod to . , it was not possible play the trout until it tired ven when reels did appear , they were used more for salmon than for trout . Elizabethan fishermen did not favor fishing upstream with a dry fly . Upstream angling was first mentioned by Venables and i then w th disapproval . He believed that in casting upstream ’ to or one s line was more likely hit the water before the fly, at d least the line would be visible, and in either case the fish woul — be frightened away all of which argues the inexpertness of Venables as a fly - caster or the poor quality of the equipment then available .

Various baits were used , and Venables suggests that once a week a fisherman , if he had a special fishing spot , should cast of in all sort food , such as corn boiled soft , grain dipped in he or . t . blood , worms Then fish would be less suspicious Of bait

Live baits consisted of such delicacies as red worms , maggots , i flies , grasshoppers , hornets , wasps , and snails . Dr ed wasps ,

of or clotted blood sheep , corn , seed , cheese , berries , cherries ,

F r pastes were used as dead bait . o those who preferred fly ’ fi hin s how to own . A to g , books told make one s flies ccording ’ “ The C om leat An ler Izaak Walton s classic , p g , if he hit to make his fly right , and have the luck to hit, also , where there is store i Of trouts , a dark day, and a right w nd , he will catch such store of them as will encourage him to grow more and more in love ” “ f fl - o i . i with the art y mak ng This impl es a big if, but all on writers fishing stress the virtues a fisherman must have , the “ As M : foremost being patience . arkham writes Then he must be exceeding patient and neither vex nor excruciate himself or m with losses ischances , as in losing the prey when it is almost or in the hand , by breaking his tools ” One m of t1cklin fisher unusual for fishing was g , in which a man cautiously ran his arm under a bank until he touched a trout and then slowly tickled it until he was in a position to seize it . Fishing was a sport sufficiently in favor to receive the bless ing of university authorities in a day when sports had only a

’ i d D Ewe small place in university l fe . Sir Simon s s mentions in a diary kept at Cambridge that angling was one of the pleasures ’ D Ewe s that he enjoyed . also mentions a few other sports which “ ” served as antidotes to disastrous diseases and of course did not A interfere with studies , unlike the experience of Sir ndrew

A Twelfth i ht : had guecheek in N g , who laments I would I bestowed that time in the tongues that I have in fencing , danc

in . g , and bearbaiting Sports in which the students participated in their leisure time

shuffl eb oard d , included tennis , shovegroat ( ) , car s , bowling T m i R jumping , and running . hey see to agree w th obert Crow

’ ley s idea of how a scholar should amuse himself .

To fish to fo l to unt to a , w , h , h wk, O r on an instrument to play;

And om e ile to commune and tal s wh s k,

No man is able to gainsay . r To oot to o l or ca t the b a , sh , b w , s

To la tenni or to the all p y s , ss b

Or to run a e li e men of war b s , k , ll Shall hurt thy study nought at a . ll t e e t in do ec e ate For a h s h gs r r , n The mind if t ou can t old the m ea . , h s h

r of the border , included sports and exercises as a pa t the official On curriculum . certain days the students were taken to the fields E for of g organized exercises , and the University dinbur h had a M s tennis court on its grounds . James elville , who e memoirs 1842 dating from the late sixteenth century were published in , states that at school he was taught archery, golf, fencing , run

of . An ning , leaping , and wrestling , and at the University St drews he played golf and engaged in archery . G olf was a great recreation in Scotland from early times , though it did not thrive in England until the Stuart kings p opu ’ larized of it there . The treasurer s records in the reign James IV of Scotland included expenses for golf equipment

1 3 F 3 tem t the in t l 50 eb . o o a at the , . I K g p y g olf with the E arl of B othwell

tem t o l lu n all 1 503 F e 4 . f b . o c s a d , I g b b s to the King

2 e x e 2 . t m ii ol all t th in 1503 F b . f o e , I , g b s K g

1506 tem the 28th d a of ul for ii o f , I y J y g l clubs to the King

Golf balls at this time were stuffed with feathers and covered with leather . Tennis was played in both England and Scotland as well as on eu d e the Continent . In fact , it developed from the French j m “ A pau e or palm play . In its early stages in the Middle ges the palm of the hand was used instead of a racket . The hand was gloved , and later strings were stretched between the fingers

of . the glove . The next step was a crude racket with a handle

For a long time both the hand and the racket were used , but ’ the racket had become sufficiently popular by Chaucer s day to

r be mentioned in his Troilus and C is eyd e . The racket was i oblong and strung diagonally w th only a few strings .

- The common people played some form of open air tennis , but en the game was largely the court tennis variety, played in an B f closed court . ecause o the expense it was confined for the

who to most part to the gentry and nobility , could afford build own e their courts . Some public courts , however , w re operated by the proprietors of gaming houses . The of actual size the courts varied , but they all had the same

: e features the out r and inner walls , covered by a sloping roof of called the penthouse; the dedans , a large opening at the end

20

e always be running , l aping , or hitting balls , and there are always

no For those who have desire to engage in active sports . mo

of ments less activity there were cards and table games . The origin of card games dates far back in history . Cardplaying had E spread over urope before it crossed the Channel into England . B m E y the fifteenth century card games were co mon in ngland , and Edward IV in 1463 forbade the importation of playing

cardmakers B 1496 cards to protect local . y cardplaying was added to the list of activities forbidden the laboring classes . ’ Henry VII s law read that servants and apprentices could play m at cards only during the Christ as holiday , and then only in ’ 1628 their master s house . In a charter was granted the London of Comp any of Makers Playing Cards . It is uncertain whether English cards were derived more from

French or Spanish cards . They appear to have taken the names Th of their suits and the symbols from both . e Spanish suits were es adas co as dineros bas tos p ( swords ) , p ( cups ) , ( coins ) , and

i ues coeurs ( clubs ) . In France the suits were p q ( spears ) ,

r carreaux or tre es r . ( hea ts ) , ( squares lozenges ) , and fl ( t efoils ) The face cards on French cards were named after various em

erors . p , queens , or famous knights The knaves appeared in on various dress , including armor , depending the current events R 1612 Kna v e of . a particular period Samuel owlands in , in his o H earts E f , indicated that the nglish jacks were dressed in the ’ costume of Chaucer s time .

We are abus ed in a gre at d egre e ; ’ For t e e no na e s o on ed as are we , h r s k v s wr g By those that chiefly should b e our p art- takers

And t u it is m m a te ou cardmakers . h s y s rs , y

All ot e na e are at t ei own f ee ill h r k v s h r r w ,

T o a e it out and follo fas ion till br v , w h s

In an cut acco din to th e tim e : y , r g But w e poor knaves ( I kno w not for what crime) Are kept in piebald suits which we have worn

Hundre d of ye ars ; this hardly can be borne .

The idle - eaded enc d e is ed us t h Fr h v firs , — Who of all fashion mong ers is the worst . g , d m d Cardplayin as well as icing , was conde ne by many . m v of v So e claimed it to be an in ention the De il , and because the m cards were na ed , they described cardplaying as a form of

. orthb r k oo e Treatis e wherein icin D anc idolatry John N in his D g , in Are R e rov ed g , e 1577 p publish d about , felt that card playing was not s o evil as dicing because there was less trust in But chance . since cardplaying furnished small training for the d A d , . him mind he saw little goo in it ccor ing to , cheating was

, of d or i prevalent either by pricking a car , p nching of it , cut ting at the nick; either by a bum - card a raised or marked

for or m d & , &c . card cheating finely under , over , in the id le, and ” not to & A what deceive lthough moralists condemned cardplay m ing and rogues cheated , the various ga es remained extremely

. E popular through the years Primero was played by lizabeth I .

It was a game at which two or three could play . In this the ace of was m m spades was the best card , as it always tru p in o bre, d “ ” which succeede primero . Three players could participate in e i e Tr m m ombre, ach receiving n ne cards api ce u ps were na ed “ i c c m by the first player . James I l ked maw, whi h later be a e ” m known as five cards . In this ga e the five of trumps was the

t of of bes card , the ace hearts next , then the ace trumps , and

a the knave . The ace of diamonds was the worst c rd unless dia

Two — monds were trumps . people could play this game each ” “ ”

R . receiving five cards . uff and honor required four players

Twelve cards apiece were dealt out , leaving four cards in the

The to d stack . p card was turned up and its suit was name as of u et trumps . The player with the ace tr mps could g the stack

As pile and discard four other cards . in poker , the player bet i A d on his hand in post and pa r . poker face and a goo bluff

Often won the game regardless of the cards held . Dicing was popular and was more condemned even than

’ El ot s Book amed the G ov ernor cardplaying . Thomas y N has “ And little good to say of this form of play . I suppose there is For not a m ore plain figure of idleness than playing at dice . “ f or besides that therein is no manner of exercise o the body p mind , they which do play thereat must seem to have no ortion

or d . of wit cunning , if they will be calle fair players John

23 ’ Northb rooke s treatise against dicing objects to it for similar reasons . To him only play which exercises the mind or body is permissible . He cites various laws against dicing but says that royalty sets a bad example , and certainly Henry VIII was an

m . to enthusiastic ga bler Nicholas Faret , giving instruction young The Hones t M an gentlemen in , indicated that they should know games at hazard , but they should not be gamblers , for as he says , There are none but great princes ( whose condition can never be miserable ) which may abandon themselves boldly unto it [ gambling&.

The most popular dice game was called hazard . In this game the thrower calls a number between five and nine before throw

or ing . If he throws the number called a number with a fixed “ ” correspondence to it , he throws a nick and wins . If he throws “ ” tw r ou o aces o a deuce and ace he throws t and loses . If neither , he throws until the first number thrown ( the chance )

or m comes up and he wins , the number first called ( the ain )

c . comes up , in whi h case he loses

G on ambling took another form in betting , particularly horse i one of races . Public races were establ shed by James I , and the “ ” famous races was the Bell Course race which had for a prize a silver bell . There were other indoor games less harmful to the moral

- of A well being the participant . mong these was backgammon , “ called tables in Tudor times , probably because the board

of of consisted two tables hinged together . The ancient game chess has been a favorite with contemplative men throughout the ages , though James I felt that , far from relaxing a person , E chess filled his head with troubles . In ngland chess assumed its

’ m E h E . odern shape by lizabeth s time, a little later t an in urope ’ Similar to chess was the philosopher s game in which the board f was in the form o a parallelogram with squares marked . Instead of on E chessmen , the counters used had numbers them . ach

- of player had twenty four counters , which one was a king . The ’ object was to take the opponent s king and make a triumph .

Shovelboard was played on a long table . The flat weights were shoved down the table to reach certain points . This is m essentially the sa e as the shovelboard ( or shuffleb oard ) played on i for [ of board sh p except the use the table . B m i illiards in its modern for s not too different from the game E i The known to the l zabethans . table was covered wi th a fine

and One green cloth had six pockets . difference was that six te enth - century players used a small ivory arch called a port which stood where the pyr amid spot stands now; they also used

e of h an ivory p g called a king at the other end the table . T e w players had t o balls with which they tried to pass the port to first and then gently touch the king .

for m en to it i In the evening , those who preferred p the r skill of i against the flashing eyes and nimble feet a pretty g rl , the “ ” music would sound and the dance would begin— either a basse ’ dance in which the dancer s feet did not leave the ground or

“ ” “ i m the haute dance which required hops , leaps , k cks , or sta ps . A dance could be a dignified movement or a lively form of exer

a cise . The pavan and allemande were stately dances , where s

r m of the galliard and volta o lavolta were ore lively . In many m an the dances , as in the basse dance and the pavan , the and

The u m m s woman danced side by side . co rante ( so eti e spelled “ m coranto presented another for , in which three couples in a straight line faced the onlookers , then each other , and finally d turned around again to face the au ience .

, v . Dancing , however was not appro ed by all John North f brooke described dancing as one o the evils of the world . In “ ” his diatribe he called this amusement the vilest vice of all and “ then went on to say that truly it cannot easily be said what mischiefs the sight and hearing do receive hereby they

dis ordinant u i dance with gestures , and with monstro s thump ng to i e a , of the feet , to pleasant sounds , to w nton songs d shon st verses . One All sports did not require active participation . of the m a c or favorite pastim es for all was a bearbaiting t h a cock

C kfi htin old . fight . oc g g was an sport In the early days boys took B a cock to their schoolmasters on Shrove Tuesday . efore the g masters could claim the cocks , the boys were allowed to fi ht m Or them in the yard . else they engaged in another pasti e called cockthrowing , which involved throwing sticks and stones at d the cock until it was kille .

The first cockp it was not built until the time of Henry VIII . He liked the sport so much that he added a cockpit to his palace

u r old at Whitehall . Dr ry Lane ( o the Phoenix ) Theatre began

Stubb es for as a cockpit . Philip tells us that houses were erected of cockfi htin the purpose g g , that flags and pennants would fly

of to an on the day a fight , and that proclamations were sent the nounce coming event . Bearbaitings were often announced by a parade with the

the a accom bearward leading bears through the street , prob bly

m As 1526 r p ani ed by usic and jesters . early as Pa is Garden in So uthwark became a popular resort for bearbaiting and bull

T e or to r baiting . here the b ar bull was chained a stake and fou A or six mastiff dogs were turned loose . s one d og was killed

o was e The of an ther set upon the b ar . sight tearing flesh and spilling blood accompanied by the yelps of the dogs and the

o of the e gr wls bear evidently gave the crowds great pl asure , R n for the events were largely attended . obert Crowley in O e

i r and Thi rty Ep g ams gives us a good picture of the event .

at foll is t is to ee it d an e Wh y h , k p w h g r, A great m astiff dog and a foul ugly bear& And to t i onl end to s e e t em two t h s y , h figh ,

it ter i l te a in f l l i e a u u t . W h r b r g , l g y s gh And y et m e think thos e men be most fools of all

o e to e of mone is but e mall Wh s s r y v ry s , And y et every Sunday they will surely spend ’ O ne enn or tw th a a in n p y o e be rw rd s liv g to me d . At Paris G ard en each Sunday a m an shall not fail ’ To find two r t e e nd a i o hr hu reds for the be arw rd s va l . One a f e n a ie e i h l p n y p ce th y us e for to g ve . en m m i li s o e a e no o e in t e u e e e e . Wh h v r h r p rs , I b v

e o r d v , Th se brutal sp ts were fa ore by royalty, aristocrats and

C ockfi htin the lower classes alike . g g was highly favored by m e E am Ja s I , and lizabeth entertained the French and Danish b as s adors on two different occasions by attending a bear

26 The baiting . Puritans and the city aldermen objected to this not i d sport , for humane reasons but because of the d sor erliness B of the crowds who attended . earbaitings were usually held

on . Sunday, a fact that increased the disfavor of the Puritans

e for The city aldermen wer opposed to any large gathering , the

a plague wa s a bitter enemy and spre d easily in crowded areas . m of It was not until any years later , when the conditions life d e d improve for many p ople , that these sports came to be looke But s r . upon as b utal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centurie ,

was m when it a co mon experience to see hangings , beheadings , of and victims burned at the stake , the sight dogs and bears tearing at one another must have been only a mild form of amusement . S & GGE ST ED R EAD ING

General works covering vari ous Sports and recre ations includ e The orts and as time th e o e t utt . s o e o le o En land J s ph S r Sp P f P p f g ,

n nla ed a le C x ondon i edited a d e . o L c ( , rg by J Ch r s , wh h alt ou itten in 1 801 i e a com e en i e ictu e of mo t h gh wr , g v s pr h s v p r s p astime s from m e dieval tim es ; other g eneral works are Christina

ole En lis h orts and as times London 1 949 and od o H , g Sp P ( , ) D gs n

add en The iar o as ter William ilence : A tud o H . M , D y f M S S y f

hakes eare and o Elizab ethan ort London 1897 S p f Sp ( , ; ’ l m o hakes eare s En la 2 l O fo d 1 9 1 ha Vo u e f nd o . 6 s II S p g ( v s , x r , ) s e e a c a te on the u ect it s ecial attention to a e v r l h p rs s bj , w h p Sh k ’ a n led e E a c a te has a u eful i lio a A e e o c . sp r s k w g . h h p r s b b gr phy s eventeenth- century work on g am es of chance and s ome sp orts is

a les otton The om lete amester : or I ns tructions How to Ch r C , C p G , la at Billiards Trucks B owls and hess T0 which is Added P y , , , C the Arts and sterie s o idin acin Archer and C ock htin My f R g , R g , y, fig g Lond on 1 674 e inted it the title ames and amesters ( , ; r pr w h G G Lond on ( ,

T om a o t The Old howmen and the Old Lond on airs Lon h s Fr s , S F (

d on 1874 has e er a c a te co e in the Tud o and tuart , ) s v l h p rs v r g r S

e iod and am e Bloo m olk- Lore Old ustoms and Su ers ti p r s , J s H . , F , C p ’ tions in hakes eare s Land Lond on 1 930 u lie info m ation S p ( , ) s pp s r ’ about fairs and fe stivals as well as children s g am Edmun B The is t r o Archer Lond on 1 958 has d . u e o H rk , H y f y ( , ) “ ’ a o d a n e Ascham s Toxo g o ch pter on Th e &e omen B owm e . Rog r philus ( 1545 ) was reprinted in an edition by Edward Arber in his

eries of En lis e int Lond on For mo e title s ee s g h R pr s ( , r s

lem ent a m e nd ium o W k on Archer Philad el . e o or s C C P rk r, C p f y ( ia ph , ene al o n f n in l A l a d The En lis h o e c inc ud e . G r w rks g J D . y w r , g as ter o Arms Lond on 1956 and E e ton a tle chool s and M f ( , ) g r C s , S

’

Bowlin om Le centre d e l a m our ca . Pla te 1 . g . Fr ( Balloon b all and wre tlin in the Pla te 2 . s g k foreground with other activities in the b ac ,

rom Era m o di V al a one La ca ccia ground . F s v s ,

( ca . ’ ow k s Annalia D ubrensia sh ronti ie ce to att ew Walb anc e Pla te 3 . F sp M h itie of the o t wold ame . ing som e o f the activ s C s G s ’ 4 ildren am e includin a form of bowl la te . P Ch s g s, g

ilt rom in w i in the to and walkin on t . h pp g , g s s F g , p

o ann Amo om eniu O r bis s ensualium ictus & h s C s, p i racket ro m Le centre ild ren wit obb or e and tenn . Pla te 5 . Ch h h y h s s F ’ ur ca l a m o ( . ’ I e katin : Fro m Le centre d e l a mour Plate 6 . c s g in rom E erard i b D e arte na ta ncl i Swimm . Pla te 7. g F v D g y ,

l rom o ann Amo encin c o o . Plate 9 . F g s h F & h s

omeniu O rbis s ensualium ictus C s, p m amillo A ri a T ra tta to di s cientia T i in u h o onent . ro r pp g p t e pp F C g pp , ’ d arme i ueen Elizab et b ein off ered the knife to l t Pla te 1 1 . & h g s rom eor e T urb er ille T he the thro at of the sl ain deer . F G g v ,

N obl e Art of Venery ( ca . r m eor e T urber ille untin the deer wit ound . o , Pla te 12 . H g h h s F G g v

T he N oble Art of Venery ( ca . Boa untin wit a ea Plate 13 . r h g h sp r r om uill aum e d e La with a crossb a . Fr G Perri e e La mor os o hie r , p kin rom Era m o di V al aw . Pla te 14 . H g F s

one La caccia ca . vas , (

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