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Analyzing the Environmental Benefits of Industrial Symbiosis

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Analyzing the Environmental Benefits of Industrial Symbiosis RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Analyzing the Environmental Benefits of Industrial Symbiosis Life Cycle Assessment Applied to a Finnish Forest Industry Complex Laura Sokka, Suvi Lehtoranta, Ari Nissinen, and Matti Melanen Keywords: Summary environmental impact Finland Studies of industrial symbiosis (IS) focus on the physical flows industrial ecology of materials and energy in local industrial systems. In an ideal industrial ecosystem IS, waste material and energy are shared or exchanged among life cycle assessment the actors of the system, thereby reducing the consumption pulp and paper industry of virgin material and energy inputs, and likewise the genera- tion of waste and emissions. In this study, the environmental Supporting information is available impacts of an industrial ecosystem centered around a pulp on the JIE Web site and paper mill and operating as an IS are analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system is compared with two hypothetical reference systems in which the actors would op- erate in isolation. Moreover, the system is analyzed further in order to identify possibilities for additional links between the actors. The results show that of the total life cycle impacts of the system, upstream processes made the greatest overall contribution to the results. Comparison with stand-alone pro- duction shows that in the case studied, the industrial symbiosis results in modest improvements, 5% to 20% in most impact categories, in the overall environmental impacts of the sys- tem. Most of the benefits occur upstream through heat and electricity production for the local town. All in all it is rec- ommended that when the environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis are assessed, the impacts occurring upstream should Address correspondence to: also be studied, not only the impacts within the ecosystem. Laura Sokka VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O. Box 1000 FI-02044 VTT, Finland laura.sokka@helsinki.fi c 2010 by Yale University DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00276.x Volume 15, Number 1 www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie Journal of Industrial Ecology 137 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS pacts. They called for further research to develop Introduction comprehensive methods for the quantification of Industrial symbiosis (IS) studies examine the the environmental and economic benefits of in- flows of materials and energy in local industrial dustrial symbioses. systems using a systems approach (Chertow 2000; Singh and colleagues (2007) studied an agro- Wolf 2007; Zhao et al. 2008).1 The approach an- chemical complex consisting of 13 chemical and alyzes economic systems through their material petrochemical industries in the state of Missis- and energy flows (Hart et al. 2005). The key idea sippi, USA. They conducted a so-called “entry to of the concept is that in an IS, waste material exit” life cycle assessment (LCA) study of the sys- and energy is shared or exchanged among the tem, thus considering only materials used inside actors of the system and the consumption of vir- the complex. Raw material production and waste gin material, energy inputs, and the generation of treatment were not taken into account. The en- waste and emissions are thereby reduced (Korho- vironmental impacts of the system were analyzed nen and Snakin¨ 2003; Ulgiati et al. 2007). Lit- using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The erature on identified industrial symbioses, indus- researchers concluded that LCA is an extremely trial ecosystems (IES), and eco-industrial parks useful tool for analyzing and comparing differ- has burgeoned during the past 10 to 15 years (cf. ent designs of industrial ecosystems and recom- Sterr and Ott 2004). While numerous descriptive mended conducting a comprehensive LCA be- analyses have been conducted on the concept, fore starting a new eco-industrial park in order there are relatively few quantitative assessments to assess the potential advantages and disadvan- of the environmental benefits of industrial sym- tages of the system and to thereby select the best bioses (for a discussion and review, see Sokka design option from the perspective of sustainable et al. 2008 and 2009). development. Most of the assessments of the environmen- Only a few studies have also considered the tal impacts of industrial symbioses have focused life cycle impacts of industrial symbioses. Sendra on the ecosystem itself and excluded upstream and colleagues (2007) applied material flow ana- and downstream impacts. For instance, the eco- lysis (MFA) methodology to an industrial area in nomic and environmental costs and advantages Spain. In the study, MFA-based indicators, with of symbiosis partners were assessed in Guayama, additional water and energy indicators, were used a symbiosis network in Puerto Rico (Chertow to evaluate how the area could be transformed and Lombardi 2005). According to the study, into an eco-industrial park. The study thus had the symbiosis resulted in a substantial decrease in a life cycle view but did not include an impact some emissions, such as SO2, and in water extrac- assessment. More recently, Eckelman and Cher- tion, but simultaneously there was an increase in tow (2009) studied industrial waste production the emissions of CO2. The researchers concluded in Pennsylvania. They combined waste data from that the participating organizations derived con- the area with life cycle inventory (LCI) data and siderable economic and environmental benefits thereby calculated the present and potential en- from the symbiosis but that those benefits were vironmental benefits of utilizing this waste. It was unevenly distributed among the participants. found that in all cases except for the energy use In another example, Van Berkel and col- of waste oil and substitution of virgin steel with leagues (2009) quantitatively assessed 14 indus- scrap steel, the reuse of the waste streams studied trial symbioses in Kawasaki, Japan. They found results in positive environmental impacts com- that the by-product exchanges of the symbioses pared with the use of the substituted material. altogether diverted 565,000 tons of waste from Uihlein and Schebek (2009) compared the waste management annually. In addition, it was environmental impacts of a ligno-cellulosic feed- estimated that the documented resource ex- stock biorefinery to the production of fossil al- changes compensated for 513,000 tons of raw ternatives using LCA. The system was not con- material use annually. However, the researchers sidered a form of industrial symbiosis, but in pointed out that there are trade-offs between ma- practice its operation is similar. Since the ligno- terial flow benefits and other environmental im- cellulosic feedstock biorefinery has not yet been 138 Journal of Industrial Ecology RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS implemented in practice, the researchers assessed Materials and Methods three different variants of the concept. For all Case Study IES variants it was found that the environmental per- formance of the biorefinery was superior to the The chosen case study IES is situated in the corresponding fossil-based production in some town of Kouvola in southeastern Finland. The impact categories and inferior in other impact system has evolved spontaneously (meaning that categories. Nevertheless, from the overall results it was not intentionally developed as an indus- the researchers concluded that from an environ- trial symbiosis) around an integrated pulp and mental point of view, the ligno-cellulose biore- paper manufacturer, the Kymi mill of the UPM finery concept would be beneficial compared with Kymmene Corporation (figure 1). Paper produc- the existing fossil production options. tion began at the site in 1874. The current annual In another study on the symbiotic exchanges production capacity of the integrated facility is within an eco-industrial park in China, it was 840,000 tons of paper and 530,000 tons of pulp. suggested that companies tend to out-source the Some 55% of the wood used by the UPM Kymi lowest value-added and often pollution-intensive mill is hardwood (birch) and the rest softwood production of materials and intermediate com- (pine and spruce). The mill produces higher- ponents to outside the parks (Shi et al. 2010). quality papers (coated and uncoated fine papers), Therefore, the researchers concluded that in the which typically contain approximately 20% to long-run assessments of the environmental per- 25% fillers (Hart et al. 2005), such as kaolin and formance of eco-industrial parks should be ex- starches. Thus, fillers and other additives are an tended to these spill-over effects as well. important production input. In our previous study (Sokka et al. 2009), we In addition to the pulp and paper mill, the focused on the CO2 emissions and fuel consump- system includes a power plant, running on wood tion of the same IES as in this study. It was found residues and sludge from the pulp and paper mill. that upstream processes accounted for over two The power plant then sells heat and electricity thirds of the total fossil greenhouse gas (GHG) back to the pulp and paper mill. The power plant emissions of the system. Production of pigments also provides electricity and district heat to Kou- and fillers had a considerable impact on the to- vola town. There are three chemical plants in tal results, causing altogether over 35% of the the system: a chlorine dioxide plant, a calcium total fossil GHG emissions. However, in order carbonate plant, and a hydrogen peroxide plant. to give an overall picture of the environmental Besides providing chemicals for the pulp and pa- performance of the case system, it is important per mill, the chlorine dioxide and the calcium to look at other environmental impacts as well, carbonate plants receive energy and chemically since GHG emissions alone do not give a com- purified water from the pulp and paper mill. The plete picture of the environmental performance calcium carbonate plant also utilizes carbon diox- of the system. ide from the flue gases of the pulp and paper mill In this study, the environmental impacts of an as a raw material.
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