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Graves Matter: Urban Graveyard Preservation in Savannah, Georgia

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Graves Matter: Urban Graveyard Preservation in Savannah, Georgia GRAVES MATTER: URBAN GRAVEYARD PRESERVATION IN SAVANNAH, GEORGIA AND CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA by KATHERINE ANNE ANDERSON (Under the Direction of Mark Reinberger) ABSTRACT This is a study of urban graveyard preservation. It examines the history and significance of public graveyards and churchyards in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina. This thesis identifies threats to these areas. Case studies are used to more carefully examine specific situations in the areas mentioned. The purpose of this thesis is to offer helpful insight into the value and importance of historic urban graveyards and their preservation. INDEX WORDS: Graveyards, Churchyards, Savannah (Ga.), Charleston (S.C.), Historic Preservation GRAVES MATTER: URBAN GRAVEYARD PRESERVATION IN SAVANNAH, GEORGIA AND CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA by KATHERINE ANNE ANDERSON B.A., University of Georgia, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATHENS, GEORGIA 2006 © 2006 Katherine Anne Anderson All Rights Reserved GRAVES MATTER: URBAN GRAVEYARD PRESERVATION IN SAVANNAH, GEORGIA AND CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA by KATHERINE ANNE ANDERSON Major Professor: Mark Reinberger Committee: John Waters John Morrow Tim Walsh Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 2 CEMETERY HISTORY AND CONTEXT ..................................................................7 Urban Graveyards......................................................................................................8 Charlestown Churchyards .........................................................................................9 Savannah’s Public Graveyard .................................................................................12 Rural Garden Cemeteries ........................................................................................15 Rural Cemeteries in Savannah and Charleston .......................................................17 3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN GRAVEYARDS................................................21 Colonial Gravestones and Family Vaults................................................................22 Federal Period Gravestones.....................................................................................28 Antebellum and Victorian Gravestones and Monuments........................................30 Archaeological Features..........................................................................................32 Current Benefits of Urban Graveyards....................................................................33 4 THREATS TO GRAVEYARD PRESERVATION ....................................................36 Maintenance Neglect...............................................................................................37 Vandalism and Theft ...............................................................................................38 Development ...........................................................................................................41 iv v Public Apathy..........................................................................................................44 5 CASE STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS.................................................................46 History of Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.........................................46 Preservation Efforts at Colonial Park......................................................................50 Landscape and Monuments at Colonial Park..........................................................55 History of the Congregation (Circular) Church, Charleston, South Carolina.........................................................................................................59 Preservation Efforts at Circular Church ..................................................................61 Landscape and Monuments at Circular Church ......................................................64 History and Preservation Efforts at the Unitarian Church, Charleston South Carolina.........................................................................................................68 Landscape and Monuments at the Unitarian Church ..............................................71 6 CONCLUSION: PRACTICING PRESERVATION...................................................74 Graveyard Survey and Documentation ...................................................................75 Neutralizing Threats................................................................................................78 Public Education and Support .................................................................................79 Graveyard Preservation Nonprofits.........................................................................81 Public—Private Partnerships...................................................................................82 Conclusion...............................................................................................................83 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................85 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Map of Charleston, South Carolina, Showing the Locations of St. Philip’s Church at the Present Site of St. Michael’s Church, the Congregational Church and Various Public Buildings...........................................................................11 Figure 2: City Plan of Savannah, Georgia, Indicating the Location of Colonial Park Cemetery .......................................................................................................................14 Figure 3: Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina...........................................................18 Figure 4: Death’s Head Motif on Lydia Dart Gravestone of 1735, Circular Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina............................................................................................24 Figure 5: Soul Effigy Motif on Samuel Beacham Gravestone of 1793, Circular Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina............................................................................................25 Figure 6: Tympanum Detail on Solomon Miller Gravestone of 1757, Circular Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina.......................................................................27 Figure 7: Willow and Urn Motif on Augusta Marta Gravestone of 1820, Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.........................................................................................................29 Figure 8: Broken Column Monument of 1860, Unitarian Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina...............................................................................................................31 Figure 9: Reset Stone Broken by Vandals, Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia ..........................................................................................................................40 Figure 10: Development in St. Michael’s Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina.....................42 vi vii Figure 11: Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia...............................................................48 Figure 12: Damaged and Unset Gravestones on the East Wall of Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.........................................................................................................51 Figure 13: Daughters of the American Revolution Gateway, Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.........................................................................................................56 Figure 14: Family Burial Vault, Colonial Park Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia.............................58 Figure 15: Circular Church and Graveyard, Charleston, South Carolina......................................60 Figure 16: W.L. Gaillard Plat of Circular Congregational Church and Graveyard, Charleston, South Carolina.........................................................................65 Figure 17: Tympanum Detail on Nathaniel Bassett Gravestone of 1740, Circular Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina.......................................................................67 Figure 18: Unitarian Church and Graveyard, Charleston, South Carolina....................................69 Figure 19: Intact Iron Fence, Unitarian Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina ........................70 Figure 20: Loutrell Briggs Designed Gate and Walk, Unitarian Churchyard, Charleston, South Carolina............................................................................................72 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Boy, take these words to heart, to understand de livin’ you got to commune wit de dead. Now go. And don’t you dare look back. Minerva, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil1 This thesis is a result of a trend in Charleston, South Carolina. Even in the city that boasts the first locally designated historic district, it has become a fairly common practice for city churches to expand into their graveyards, many of which date to the eighteenth century. The Board of Architectural Review (BAR) has only limited control
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