ARM Monitoring Cycle 6

Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization

Afghanistan Rights Monitor Monitoring Cycle 6: November 2017 – February 2018

May 2018

Project Report

Acknowledgments

This is the fifth monitoring report of Afghanistan Rights Monitor (ARM). This report was made possible through funding from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands.

About Afghanistan Rights Monitor Afghanistan Rights Monitor (ARM) is designed to meet the following objectives: 1. Regular monitoring of the current conditions of fundamental rights in Afghanistan using a set of indicators based on internationally recognized standards for monitoring Civic, Social and Economic rights. 2. Informed, pragmatic, and constructive advocacy messaging on fundamental rights needs, based on empirical data, and delivered by civil society actors. 3. Increased capacity and responsiveness of public institutions in attending to fundamental rights needs of Afghan citizens.

For more information on ARM, see: www.nac-pp.net

About APPRO Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization (APPRO) is an independent social research organization with a mandate to promote social and policy learning to benefit development and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and other less developed countries through conducting social scientific research and monitoring, evaluations, and training and mentoring. APPRO is registered with the Ministry of Economy in Afghanistan as a non-profit non-government organization and headquartered in Kabul, Afghanistan with offices in Mazar-e Sharif (north), Herat (west), Kandahar (south), Jalalabad (east), and Bamyan (center). APPRO is the founding member of APPRO-Europe, registered in Belgium. APPRO is the founding organization member of APPRO-Europe, an association sans but lucratif (ASBL), registered in Belgium. APPRO also acts as the Secretariat for the National Advocacy Committee for Public Police (NAC-PP). For more information on APPRO, see: www.appro.org.af. For more information on APPRO-Europe, see: www.appro-europe.net. For more information on NAC-PP, see: www.nac-pp.net.

Contact: [email protected]

About the Researchers The researchers who worked on this report were (in alphabetical order): Rahmatullah Aloko, Fareba Auob, Enayat Bashardost, Shekiba Broumand, Samad Ebrahimi, Atefa Ghafori, Ehsanullah Khalili, Fatima Khavari, Razia Haidari, Hamed Nadir, Abidullah Nikzad, Saeed Parto, Bashir Quraishi, Mohammad Anwar Rahimi, Alamuddim Rizwan, Ehsan Saadat, Zarghona Saify, Lema Sakhizai, and Nazanin Sayed.

Saeed Parto, Sarah Pugh and Ehsan Saadat authored this report.

APPRO takes full responsibility for all omissions and errors.

© 2018. Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization. Some rights reserved. This publication may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted only for non-commercial purposes and with written credit to APPRO and links to APPRO’s website at www.appro.org.af. Any other use of this publication requires prior written permission, which may be obtained by writing to: [email protected]

List of Abbreviations

AIHRC Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission AGO Attorney General’s Office ALP Afghan Local Police ANP Afghan National Police ANSF Afghan National Security Forces AOG Armed Opposition Group APPRO Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization ARM Afghanistan Rights Monitor AWDP Afghanistan Workforce Development Program BHC Basic Health Center DOWA Directorate of Women’s Affairs EVAW Elimination of Violence Against Women FRU Family Response Unit IDP Internally Displaced Person UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNHCR The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VAW Violence against women

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 6 Objective, Methodology and Scope ...... 6 Findings from Qualitative Data ...... 9 Balkh ...... 9 Bamyan ...... 13 Daikundi ...... 17 Herat ...... 21 Kabul ...... 25 Kandahar ...... 29 Khost ...... 33 Kunduz ...... 37 Nangarhar ...... 41 Nimruz ...... 45 Survey Findings ...... 49 Civic Rights ...... 49 Social Rights ...... 52 Economic Rights ...... 56 Conclusion ...... 57 Civic Rights ...... 57 Economic Rights ...... 58 Gender Relations, Corruption ...... 58 Appendix 1: Monitoring Indicators ...... 59 Appendix 2: List and Definition of Codes ...... 61

Introduction

There were no major changes in the security in Afghanistan in the last quarter of 2017 despite an reduction in civilian casualties compared to 2016. The situation remains generally uncertain with ongoing sporadic violence in confrontations between Armed Opposition Groups (AOGs) and national security forces. There are high levels of casualties and deaths among women and children. By the end of 2017, 3,438 civilians had been killed and 7,015 injured.1 One significant deterioration in security in the last quarter of 2017 was concerted attacks on shia places of warship and religious leaders or elders who voiced opposition to AOGs and civilians working for the government.

The violence and its different manifestations has a direct impact on the fundamental rights of ordinary citizens including the loss of men as the main or only breadwinners in almost all households, resulting financial hardship forcing early marriages for girls and child labor in dangerous occupation for boys.2

This report summarizes the findings from the sixth round of monitoring the impacts of conflict on fundamental rights from November 2017 to February 2018.

Objective, Methodology and Scope

The objective for this and the previous monitoring reports is to assess changes in fundamental rights conditions across ten target provinces three times per year. Fundamental rights are grouped under civic, social, and economic rights.3 A baseline assessment was concluded in December 2015 to establish the basis against which to monitor changes, followed by monitoring during January-April 2016, May-July 2016, August-November 2016, March-June 2017, and July-October 2017. The period covered under this round of monitoring (Cycle 6) is November 2017-February 2018.

The composite indicators used for monitoring are based on international rights monitoring standards were tested during the baseline assessment in late 2015, and refined for subsequent monitoring rounds. Table 1 provides a breakdown of the composite indicators.

Twenty-nine districts in ten provinces were selected for fundamental rights monitoring (Table 2). The provinces are Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Khost, Kunduz, Nangarhar, and Nimruz. The selection of target provinces was based on geographical representation and heterogeneity of socioeconomic conditions, civil society engagement, the security situation, and the focus of rights-based programming.

1 UNAMA (2018), Press Release on February 15, 2018, available from: https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/15_february_2018_- _afghanistan_civilian_casualties_in_2017_-_un_report_english.pdf 2 UNAMA (2017), Quarterly Report, available from: https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_protection_of_civilians_in_armed_conflict_quarte rly_report_1_january_to_30_september_2017_-_english.pdf 3 Rights pillars were conceptualized based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and protocols of the Geneva Convention as they relate to protection of rights in situations of armed conflict. The working definitions for each rights pillar have been adapted for the Afghan context and were adjusted after the baseline assessment to reflect ground realities.

A total of 684 individuals were engaged for this monitoring cycle, consisting of 86 females and 169 males interviewed as key informants, and 203 females and 226 males who participated in focus group discussions. A breakdown of the sources of data is provided in Table 3.

Table 1: Indicators by Pillar4 Pillar Indicator Civic Rights Rights to Life, Liberty, Security and Dignity of Person Right to Efficient and Fair Justice Children’s Rights Right to Participate in Public Affairs Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression Social Rights Right to Health Right to Adequate Housing and Facilities Food Security Right to Education Family Rights Economic Rights Right to Work and Fairness in Employment Right to Decent Working Conditions

Table 2: Breakdown of Provinces and Districts Province Districts Balkh Mazar-e-Sharif, Khulm, Balkh Bamyan Bamyan Center, Shibar, Yakawlang Daikundi Nili, Shahristan Herat Herat Center, Kohsan, Guzara Kabul Kabul Center, Khaki Jabbar, Istalif Kandahar Kandahar Center, Arghandab, Daman Khost Matun, Mando Zayi, Tere Zayi Kunduz Kunduz Center, Imam Sahib, Aliabad Nangarhar Jalalabad, Kama, Surkhrod Nimruz Zaranj, Chakhansur, Chahar Burjak 10 Provinces 29 Districts

Table 3: Sources of Information Provincial Centers Outlying Districts Working women and Department of Health University Students housewives Department of Labor, Social Youth organizations Working men Affairs, Martyred and the Women’s rights organizations Legal organizations Disabled Journalists Representatives of AIHRC Department of Refugees and Community leaders Department of Women’s Affairs Repatriations Huqooq personnel Department of Justice Provincial Council members Women’s rights attorneys Department of Education Afghan National Police

Semi-structured individual interviews, focus group discussions, and a quantitative survey questionnaire were the tools for the collection of monitoring data. The research teams used guiding questions for semi-formal key informant interviews and focus group discussions while a quantitative

4 For a full list of the proxies for each of these indicators, see Appendix 1.

7 survey questionnaire was used to collect additional quantitative data from the focus group participants and key informants. The findings from the analysis of the primary data are referenced in footnotes using the coding keys described in Appendix 2.

The three categories changes for each indicator are Unchanged, Improved, and Deteriorated. These categories are not mutually exclusive. To illustrate, for this monitoring period in Balkh, the indicator for the cross-cutting theme, “Corruption” was given two categories at the same time because:

• Corruption continues to affect access to health, employment, education and other services. Nepotism was identified as a key ongoing concern around access to employment. à Unchanged • Respondents noted that corruption continued to decrease in the justice system, due to increases in the salaries of justice officials. à Improved

Findings from Qualitative Data

Balkh

Monitoring data from Balkh suggests that for the most part there have been few notable changes in the last four months from previous monitoring cycles.

In relation to civic rights, much remains unchanged, though notably, many respondents felt that access to formal and traditional justice had improved due to salary increases, the attention of local government, and changes in leadership.

In the area of social rights, there were also few changes from previous monitoring cycle, except for reported improvements in the area of access to health care, though quality of care was still identified by most as insufficient. Corruption in the education sector, and nepotism in the hiring of teachers, was highlighted.

In terms of economic rights, opportunities for paid employment were thought to be decreasing, with corruption and nepotism, as well as insecurity and a flagging economy, being identified as obstacles to finding employment.

Corruption remains a key concern and barrier to the realization of civic, social and economic rights, while there have been no significant reported changes in gender relations.

Table 4: Summary Profile – Balkh Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü ü

Notes:5

1. Respondents noted improvements in some aspects of security (such as decreases in street theft), but also cited ongoing violence related to political conflict between Hizb-e Jamiyat Islami and Hizb-e Islami, and between central government and the government of Balkh.6 Trust levels in the ANP is high in Mazar-e-Sharif, as well as Khulm and Balkh districts, and this appears to remain unchanged from previous monitoring cycles. Some respondents noted an improvement in police behavior due to education and professionalization, while others pointed to alleged police harassment of women and vendors. Key informants and focus group discussants also spoke about an increase in cell phone theft, and a common perception that police are implicated in this. Respondents also spoke about high food prices. 2. Respondents in Balkh and Khulm districts believed that access to formal and traditional justice has improved in this monitoring cycle, due to salary increases, the attention of local government, and changes in leadership. While respondents noted that people usually access traditional courts first, they reported good access to formal courts in Mazar city, Khulm and Balkh districts. While most felt there was no change in the performance of justice officials, some key informants argued that a determination to eradicate corruption in courts has led to improvements. Some respondents noted that women’s access to justice had increased because of changes in security and leadership, and most felt that women’s treatment by justice officials continued to be good, as per previous monitoring cycles. Some respondents noted that there had been a decrease in corruption amongst traditional and formal courts due to increases in staff salaries, which were able to meet people’s primary needs. 3. Reports from respondents are mixed regarding the sub-indicators associated with children’s rights. Most respondents felt that levels of violence against children was unchanged. There was no change reported in children’s access to justice, in that children are can only access formal and traditional justice through their parents. No change was reported in children’s access to rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes, and orphanages, with respondents noting that these services were available in Mazar City, but not in districts. Many respondents believed that child labor has increased in this monitoring period, with many children engaged in hard labor due to increasing poverty, having lost their parents in conflict, or being internally displaced. More children were reported to be on the streets. No change was reported in relation to sexual abuse of children, with some respondents reporting sexual abuse of children who are working, and others not knowing of any cases within the monitoring period. Similar to the last monitoring period, there were no reports of children being engaged in armed conflict, through AOGs continue to exploit children. 4. As with the last monitoring cycle, opinions were split regarding participation in elections. Some felt that evaluations at the voting polls in the past four months had had a positive effect, while others felt that there was little change in people’s attitudes towards participating in elections. Most reported that people were still waiting for a change in the election commission. Some felt that women’s access to decision-making positions had increased in Mazar city and Balkh district, but most reported little change. As with the last monitoring cycle, participation in political parties was associated with the pursuit of personal benefits (such as employment or scholarships), while many felt participation in political parties was decreasing as people were too busy trying to survive and meet their own immediate needs. Most respondents felt there

5 Based on interviews with: KI-F-HER-NG-1, KI-M-HER-NG-3, KI-M-HER-NG-4, KI-F-HER-GO-1, KI-M-HER-GO-2, FGD-F-HER-GO-3, FGD-F-HER-GO-4, FGD-F-HER-GO-5, KI-M-HER-GO-6, KI-M-HER-GO-7, KI-F-HER-GO-8, KI-M- HER-GO-9, KI-M-HER-GO-10, KI-F-HER-GO-11, KI-M-HER-GO-12, KI-M-HER-GO-13, KI-M-HER-GO-14, KI-M- HER-GO-15, KI-F-HER-GO-16, KI-M-HER-GO-17, KI-M-HER-GO-18, KI-F-HER-GO-19, KI-M-HER-GO-20, KI-M- HER-GO-21, FGD-M-HER-CS-1, FGD-M-HER-CS-2, KI-M-HER-CS-4, KI-M-HER-CS-5, KI-F-HER-CS-6, KI-F-HER-CS- 7, KI-F-HER-CS-8, KI-M-HER-CS-9, KI-F-HER-PI-1, KI-F-HER-NG-2, FGD-M-HER-CS-3 6 A new Governor of Balkh, Mohammad Ishaq Rahgozar, was appointed in March 2018.

was no change in the high existing levels of corruption in accessing public positions, and no change in gender discrimination in processes to fill public positions. 5. While most respondents were not aware of any threats against those who speak freely in Mazar city, Khulm and Balkh districts, some respondents reported that threats do still sometimes happen. Most reported that people’s awareness about the Access to Information law remained low, though some reported an increase in the past four months due to media and workshops held by civil society organizations and the justice administration. Respondents noted that the use of the Access to Information law remained low, with less organizations and researchers in Mazar city, Khulm and Balkh districts than in the past. 6. 6.In this monitoring period, respondents noted some improvements in terms of access to health services, particularly in terms of tuberculosis care and work towards the construction of clinics in districts and villages. Most respondents spoke about better access, but ongoing issues of poor quality. Most felt that reproductive health access was largely unchanged, though there was thought to be increasing attention around the issue. Some spoke about a new 360 bed hospital for women being near to completed. While most felt the quality of healthcare remained poor, a minority spoke about improvements in Mazar city due to an increase in certified obstetric and nursing institutes. Corruption in the health sector remained a concern. 7. As with the last monitoring cycle, respondents report little change in relation to access to housing and water, though the costs of electricity were cited again as a hardship for people at a time of economic hardship. Opinions were mixed regarding the support provided to IDPs, with some speaking of the provision of primary aid and food from NGOs, and the construction of shelters for returnees. Others believed there were no permanent IDPs within the monitoring period. As with the last monitoring period, there were reports of increasing disputes over land and water due to population growth and poverty, and conflicts over irrigation. Corruption in the electricity sector was reported to be an ongoing issue, particularly for those who could not afford to pay their electricity bills on time. 8. In this monitoring cycle, respondents were divided around whether or not food assistance had taken place in the past four months. Some reported it had not taken place, pointing to the construction of storage houses in Khulm and Balkh districts. Others indicated that merchants as well as national and international organizations were assisting in the distribution of goods such as oil, flour, beans and salt. 9. As with the last monitoring cycle, access to education remains high in Balkh, with some (mostly government respondents) reporting improvements due to increasing the numbers of schools, the hiring of experienced and professional teachers, and conducting educational seminars. However, the majority reported little change. Corrupt practice, including nepotism, in the hiring of teachers remained a key issue. 10. There were mixed views regarding changes in the prevalence of conflicts over inheritance in Balkh, as there were in the last monitoring cycle. Some reported that such conflicts were increasing due to poverty, others reported they had decreased due to increased awareness, and most felt they remained low, as before. Similarly, perceptions about changes in rates of domestic violence, as well as violence against women more broadly, were mixed, with the majority reporting either no change, or an increase due to poverty. Some reported increases in divorce cases in the past four months, while others felt there had been little change. Many government respondents cited improved access to Family Response Units (FRUs) and women’s shelters, though other respondents highlighted continuing negative public opinions regarding shelters, believing they put women at risk of sexual abuse. 11. As with the last monitoring cycle, the PROMOTE project was raised as an example of a job creation program for women; however, paid employment opportunities were thought to be decreasing, particularly due to insecurity. Most felt there had been no change in the levels of nepotism and corruption associated with finding paid employment.

12. No changes were reported related to working conditions such as job security, or safety and security in the workplace in this monitoring period. 13. Gender relations and gender discrimination in Balkh remain unchanged, though some reported increases in women’s access to justice, and improvements in access to women’s shelters. 14. Corruption continues to be a major theme in Balkh, affecting access to health, employment, education and other services. Nepotism was identified as a key ongoing concern around access to employment. As with the last monitoring report, some respondents felt that corruption continued to decrease in the justice system, due to increases in the salaries of justice officials.

Bamyan

Civic rights in Bamyan in the sixth monitoring cycle were largely consistent with the previous monitoring cycle, though the security situation has worsened in the past four months. Respondents spoke of heightened AOG activity, and the closure of the road from Bamyan to Baghlan, during the first ten days of Muharram. With worsening economic conditions, poverty and insecurity, child labor has been on the rise. There have been improvements in knowledge and usage of the Access to Information Law in Bamyan city, but less so in the districts.

Few changes were reported in this monitoring cycle in relation to social rights. Some pointed to improved opportunities for education in Yakawlang district due to the construction of a school there, along with the distribution of textbooks. However, respondents noted a wide range of ongoing obstacles to accessing social rights across all indicators. Food security and poverty continue to be key issues in the province.

In terms of economic rights, most respondents felt that access to paid employment had either not changed or had further deteriorated in this monitoring cycle, and growing insecurity had made travel outside of Bamyan for work increasingly difficult.

There was no substantive change reported in this monitoring cycle, in terms of gender relations or administrative corruption. The appointment of female employees in the Prosecution Office was thought to have had a positive impact on women’s trust in, and access to, the formal justice system, yet most cases continue to be brought first to traditional justice systems, in which respondents noted that decisions are often made in favour of men. Corruption continues to pose significant challenges across all indicators.

Table 5: Summary Profile – Bamyan Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:7

1. Respondents reported a deterioration in security in Bamyan city, Shibar and Yakawlang districts. Armed attacks by the Taliban on police posts were reported in Shibar and Saygan districts, resulting in deaths and injuries. Respondents reported that the road from Bamyan to Baghlan was blocked due to security threats for the first ten days of Muharram, while a field mine exploded in Bamyan center. Most report that trust in the ANP has not changed and the people generally cooperated with the ANP, though others feel that insecurity and unemployment have fuelled a growing mistrust. Most respondents believed that police behavior has not changed in this monitoring cycle, and there were complaints about the unprofessional handling of and delays in cases, as well as police behavior with women. During the past four months, respondents contend that the number of addiction cases in Yakawlang had increased, without appropriate response by the government and the ANP. The majority of respondents felt that corruption levels had not changed, and remained a problem in Bamyan city, Shibar and Yakawlang districts. Political conflicts continued, and respondents noted the increase in terrorist attacks and conflicts between the Taliban and the government. No changes were reported in terms of local level conflicts, with respondents citing ongoing cases of family disputes (e.g. domestic violence, early and forced marriage, inheritance cases) as well as disputes regarding land, water and the illegal building of houses. To resolve disputes, most continued to consult elders and traditional courts, as opposed to the formal justice sector, citing the costs of formal justice. However, respondents noted that traditional courts do not often consider the rights of women. 2. Most respondents believed that there have been no changes regarding people’s access to formal and traditional courts, noting that it still considered shameful to air family disputes publicly. However, respondents noted that the traditional justice system often results in illegal decisions, and that nepotism in the traditional justice sector remained an issue. However, some felt that access to official justice had increased, due to increased public awareness. Most reported no change in the performance of justice officials, though the appointment of female employees in the Prosecution Office may have led to an increase in women’s trust in formal justice officials. Some reported an improvement in the performance of justice officials due to improved monitoring and the hiring of new professionals in the Prosecution Office. Most reported that women’s access to the official courts has not changed, or has increased, though the length of cases, and gender discrimination within official courts remained an issue. The majority felt that access to traditional courts had worsened, citing examples of cases that were believed to be unjustly decided in favour of men. While some believed that corruption in the official justice sector has decreased due to higher salaries and improved monitoring, most believed that nepotism and personal connections continue to influence decisions in the traditional justice sector. 3. Most respondents believed that violence against children had not changed in Bamyan city, Yakawlang and Shibar districts. Children are still subject to premature marriage and have inadequate access to the courts. Education is restructured for many, and respondents noted that unemployment of university graduates has increasingly made people sceptical about the value of education. No changes were noted in terms of children’s access to official courts, with

7 Based on interviews with: KI-F-BAM-GO-15, KI-M-BAM-GO-9, KI-M-BAM-NG-2, KI-F-BAM-NG-1, KI-F-BAM- GO-1, KI-M-BAM-GO-12, KI-F-BAM-CS-8, KI-M-BAM-GO-13, KI-F-BAM-NG-4, KI-M-BAM-PI-1, KI-M-BAM-CS-9, KI-F-BAM-GO-8, KI-F-BAM-GO-14, KI-M-BAM-NG-3, KI-M-BAM-GO-2, KI-M-BAM-GO-11, KI-M-BAM-GO-10, FGD-F-BAM-GO-5, FGD-M-BAM-CS-1, FGD-M-BAM-CS-2, FGD-F-BAM-GO-3, FGD-F-BAM-GO-4, FGD-M-BAM- CS-3, KI-M-BAM-GO-18, KI-M-BAM-CS-4, KI-M-BAM-GO-16, KI-M-BAM-GO-20, KI-M-BAM-GO-6, KI-F-BAM- CS-6, KI-M-BAM-GO-17, KI-M-BAM-GO-7, KI-M-BAM-GO-21, KI-M-BAM-GO-19,K I-F-BAM-CS-7, KI-M-BAM- CS-5

respondents noting that children’s cases are not taken seriously by their families and society, with most cases being resolved by their parents. Respondents reported that there are no rehabilitation centers or orphanages for children. Respondents also noted an increase in child labor in this monitoring cycle, particularly in agriculture (e.g. potato fields) but also as shepherds, vendors, in bakeries and car workshops, and collecting recycling materials. However, they did not believe such labor stopped the child from attending school. Respondents noted that cases of sexual abuse of children continued to occur, but that they had not increased in this monitoring cycle. Children did not appear to be engaged in armed conflict in this province. 4. Most respondents believed that people’s views about participation in elections had not changed, with continuing suspicion and mistrust. While people continued to support elective government, many feel elections are only symbolic and believed that fraud is very likely. Respondents believed that people’s access to public positions had not changed in this monitoring cycle, or had even decreased as no one was thought to have been employed the past four months. Women were believed to face more challenges than men, as it was not easy for women to move to Kabul for work. Some respondents noted a lack of any female employees in Shibar and Yakawlang districts. Most believed that people’s participation in political parties remained unchanged, and that people remained uninterested, although political connections were associated with job opportunities. Corruption, nepotism, and gender discrimination remain problematic and insufficiently addressed. 5. While some respondents felt that threats in relation to freedom of speech had increased, most believed that there had been no change, and that threats were not a major concern. Some noted, however, that in Shibar district, people were unable to openly criticize government. Police ensured security at public gatherings, in this monitoring cycle. Respondents believed that people’s knowledge and usage of the Access to Information Law had improved in Banyan city, but less so in the districts. Awareness of citizens’ rights to participate in elections is believed to have improved in this monitoring cycle, but no changes were reported in the usage of that right, with respondents noting high levels of mistrust in the transparency of elections. 6. No changes were reported in relation to access to and quality of health services, with respondents reporting the availability of facilities to screen for hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS, and the availability of mental health services in Bamyan city. However, respondents also noted an ongoing lack of appropriate and quality medicine and specialized doctors (such as ENTs) and noted that there were no female doctors in the districts. Unprofessional conduct and corruption in the hiring of health professionals was an ongoing issue. Some participants noted that doctors at public clinics would often refer patients to private clinics (though they may not be able to pay for private health services). However, some respondents noted that there was an increase in health facilities, with three additional ambulances and 52 small transport vehicles added in the districts, to service the clinics. The training of health volunteers by UNICEF in remote parts of the province was also highlighted. Respondents also noted the impact of political conflict on the implementation of health programs and the availability of services. No changes were reported in relation to reproductive health services, with respondents noting ongoing challenges around health care worker attitudes and conduct. However, some noted that the distribution of folic acid tablets had improved maternal health. Corruption, while not absent, did not appear to be a significant issue in the health sector, though respondents noted nepotism in terms of jumping queues at health services centers, and in terms of sending prescriptions to private pharmacies. 7. Most people reported no change in terms of access to water, electricity and housing. People were said to be unable to buy houses due to the high prices. However, some noted that the completion of irrigation projects in Bamyan city, Yakawlang, Panjab and Shibar districts had improved access to water. The high costs of electricity were noted. No changes were reported in terms of IDPs’ access to services. There was no change reported in relation to disputes over land

and water, though drought had caused some issues in certain regions. No changes were reported regarding the effects of corruption on access to electricity, water, land and housing – it remains an important issue. 8. No changes were noted in relation to food security, with most people reported to eat three times a day. People eat bread and tea for breakfast and lunch, and often rice, potato and sometimes cereals for dinner. Respondents noted that in the past four months, dairy products were also consumed. However, prices were thought to have increased, though the price of potatoes was still considered good. Food assistance and aid had not changed in this monitoring cycle, with various organizations and government departments offering some assistance, particularly for orphans, widows, returnees and IDPs. 9. Most participants reported no change in terms of access to education in Bamyan city and Yakawlang and districts, though some felt it had improved due to the construction of a school in the second section of Yakawlang, with the distribution of textbooks. Some respondents also noted that the Golden Village Program constructed another school’s wall in Balola village and believed that the numbers of students were increasing in Yakawlang and the center of the province. However, some noted that access to education had worsened in Shibar due to closure of a school in Baghak village by the Taliban, and attacks upon the qualified teachers who had taught there. Most felt there was no change in the quality of education, though some felt the distribution of text books had had a positive impact. However, others believed that the quality of education at the University had deteriorated due to internal conflicts, administrative weaknesses, lengthy holidays and lack of payment of salaries. In some regions, such as Kohmard and Dara Ghondak, respondents noted that girls were not allowed to continue their education beyond grade six. Corruption and nepotism were still believed to feature in the appointment of teachers and scoring of students. 10. No changes were reported in relation to inheritance rights and related conflicts. Most felt that levels of domestic violence had not changed, either, citing ongoing issues such as beating, verbal disputes, suicide, forced or early marriage. Several government respondents felt it had increased due to factors such as poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. Respondents noted that violence against women also continued, citing examples such as rape, abuse, psychological violence, and depriving women of legal rights and employment. Respondents pointed to two cases of self- immolation. While some government respondents felt that there had been some improvement in the equitable handling of divorce cases in the courts, most respondents felt that even though divorce rates had increased due to economic poverty, cases initiated by women would not be followed through. Most respondents believed that access to FRUs and shelters had not changed, and that most family issues continued to be resolved through traditional courts. 11. Access to paid employment continued to be poor in Bamyan, with most arguing there had been no change in this monitoring cycle, and others believing it to have deteriorated. Respondents cited corruption and nepotism, lack of job creation, mechanization in agriculture, and insecurity as some of the reasons for the ongoing lack of work opportunities. Travel outside of Bamyan for work became more dangerous due to insecurity. No change was reported in terms of gender, tribal or regional discrimination in the workplace. 12. No changes were reported in relation to job security, or issues of safety and security in the workplace, though the issue of the harassment of female students at universities was raised in this monitoring cycle as well. 13. There are very few changes reported in terms of gender relations in this monitoring period, though the appointment of female employees in the Prosecution Office may have had a positive impact on women’s trust in, and access to, the formal justice system. 14. Corruption remained a key concern for respondents in Banyan, affecting trust in the ANP, elections, the formal and informal justice systems, and limiting access to employment opportunities.

Daikundi

In the area of civic rights, much remains unchanged in Daikundi since the last monitoring cycle. However, some felt there had been improvements in the performance of justice officials, as well as improvements around freedom of speech. Many believed that conditions for children, particularly regarding to child labor, have worsened due to poverty and the migration of children’s fathers for work.

In terms of social rights, while there was little change reported across some of the indicators, improvements were noted in relation to access to health care, including improvements in infrastructure, the availability of ambulances and increased numbers of gynaecologists. Respondents also spoke about decreased corruption in the areas of housing, clean water and electricity. However, food security remained a daunting challenge, with reported decreases in food assistance and the continued reliance by the majority on only tea, bread and yogurt for daily meals. Access to education remained an ongoing concern in Daikundi, with many believing there to be a lack of interest by the government in ensuring access to education.

In the area of economic rights, opportunities for employment were believed to be decreasing. This was associated with increased levels of nepotism and corruption. Some of the reasons cited for this decline were the cessation of some NGO activities, continued insecurity, lack of infrastructure, and a lack of government employment programs.

Corruption remained a key concern and barrier to the realization of civic, social and economic rights, while there were no significant reported changes in gender relations.

Table 6: Summary Profile – Daikundi Status Pillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü ü

Notes:8

1. The majority of respondents believed that security had not changed at the center of the province, and in Shahristan district in this monitoring cycle, with some arguing that it had even improved. Some, however, felt it had worsened in Shahristan, due to increasing incidents of robbery. Most respondents reported no change in terms of the trust they hold in the ANP, though some argued it had increased at the center of the province and in Shahristan district in this monitoring cycle, due to improvements in police awareness following workshops. Similarly, most believed police behavior had not changed in the past four months, while others felt there had been some improvement in the center of the province and Shahristan district. Most reported no change in levels of corruption within the police, though a minority felt corruption had decreased. Most felt there had been no change in levels of violence due to political conflict. Opinions were divided regarding incidents of conflicts at the local level, with some citing no change in disputes over water and land, and others citing an increase in this monitoring cycle due the lack of legal investigations, linked to corruption and nepotism. Some argued there had been increases in domestic violence and violence against women, linking this with increasing literacy and awareness for women. 2. Opinions remain divided regarding changes in access to formal and traditional justice systems, and the performance of justice officials. Some cited the long, drawn-out processes in the formal justice system as an obstacle, believing authorities to be intentionally dragging cases on for years due to corruption. Others felt access to the justice system had improved in the center of the province and Shahristan district, due to monitoring, supervision, and the proper conduct of justice officials. Many referred to decreasing numbers of people accessing traditional justice, due to changes in the formal justice system, and lack of confidence in the decision of elders. Most felt there had been no change in women’s access to justice in this monitoring cycle, while others noted improvements in the center of the province (but not the districts) due to improved awareness, the performance of justice officials, and the establishment of special prosecutions for violence against women. Most felt that corruption in the justice system had either not changed or had decreased due to improvements in the performance of justice officials and the arrest of some corrupt people. 3. Most respondents reported no change in levels of violence against children in the center of the province and Shahristan district in the last four months, noting that forced and underage marriage, prohibition, and child labor continue. Similarly, most believed there had been no change in children’s access to formal justice, though some argued it had improved due to the appointment of a new prosecutor for the children’s department, as well as awareness-raising programs. No change was reported regarding children’s access to rehabilitation centers, with respondents noting that there were no rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes or orphanages in Shahristan. Most felt that child labor had either not changed from the last monitoring cycle or that it continued to increase, noting child labor in areas such as farming, shepherding, providing firewood, working in restaurants, bakeries, workshops, stores, as street vendors, etc. Respondents noted poverty, and the migration of children’s fathers as reasons for their working. Respondents believed there had been a decrease in the sexual abuse of children in the center of the province and Shahristan district in the last four months, in part due to serious investigations of cases by the justice system. Children were reported not to have been engaged in armed conflicts in Daikundi in the past four months.

8 Based on interviews with: KI-F-DAI-GO-1, KI-F-DAI-CS-8, KI-M-DAI-NG-2, KI-M-DAI-CS-9, KI-M-DAI-GO-13, KI- F-DAI-GO-8, KI-M-DAI-NG-3, KI-F-DAI-GO-15, KI-F-DAI-NG-1, KI-M-DAI-GO-2, KI-F-DAI-GO-10, KI-M-DAI-PI-1, KI-M-DAI-GO-9, KI-M-DAI-GO-11, KI-F-DAI-GO-14, KI-F-DAI-GO-12, FGD-M-DAI-CS-1, FGD-F-DAI-GO-5, KI-M- DAI-GO-6, KI-F-DAI-GO-18, KI-F-DAI-GO-20, KI-F-DAI-CS-4,KI-M-DAI-GO-16, KI-F-DAI-CS-6, FGD-M-DAI-CS-2, FGD-F-DAI-GO-3.

4. While some respondents reported a greater optimism around elections, most felt that people have become despondent and hopeless around elections due to unfulfilled government promises, fraud in previous elections, ongoing insecurity, corruption, and lack of trust in the Election Commission. Most felt that access to public positions had either not changed, or had decreased, due to issues such as nepotism. Respondents noted changes in the employment process, with employment being tied to the Kankor exams, but many were unsure whether this would effectively combat corruption in employment practices. There continued to be many barriers for women’s access to public positions, though respondents noted the appointment of a woman as head of the gender department. Most felt that participation in political parties had not changed significantly in this monitoring period, noting that women’s roles remained largely symbolic. 5. Most respondents felt there had been a decrease in threats against freedom of speech in this monitoring cycle at the center of the province and Shahristan district, noting that government officials were appearing in media, and responding to people’s questions. A few respondents noted there had been some threat from power holders against the media, which had been shared in social media. One respondent cited personal experience of threats against her and felt these threats had increased in the past four months. No change was reported in terms of people’s perceptions around freedom of gathering. Opinions were divided around improvements in people’s understanding of the Access to Information law, with some reporting no change, and others believing there had been an improvement in the center of the province and Shahristan (though not the districts), due to trainings by UNAMA, the Directorate of Information and Culture, and others. However, only a minority felt this had translated into better usage of the Access to Information Law, with most believing this had not changed. No change was reported in people’s understanding of their rights to participate in elections. 6. While some reported no change, or decreased access, most reported a partial improvement in access to health services in the past four months, with improvements in infrastructure, increased monitoring, higher numbers of ambulances, and increased numbers of gynaecologists. The efforts of the Directorate of Public Health to deliver medications on time were acknowledged. Respondents noted that three health centers had been established in Shahristan, but indicated that these, and the availability of medications, were still insufficient. Opinions were mixed regarding improvements in access to reproductive health services, with most arguing there had been no change, but many also arguing that there had been some improvements, due to increased numbers of health centers, doctors in the gynaecology unit, the appointment of specialist midwives at the center of the province, and the establishment of health shelters for women and children in districts. However, all noted continued barriers such as the long distances to hospitals, the lack of personnel, lack of medicines and medical technology, lack of female doctors, and poor professional behavior from doctors and midwives. Similarly, opinions were divided regarding improvements in the quality of health services, though almost all felt it had either not changed, or had improved. Most felt corruption remained entrenched in the health system. 7. No changes were reported regarding access to housing, clean water and electricity in this monitoring period. Land was reported to have been distributed to 124 families that had returned from Iran and Pakistan. Mot felt there had been no change in the number of disputes related to water and land, although there were some mixed opinions. Some noted that legal cases regarding such disputes were not investigated. Corruption related to this indicator was believed to have decreased in the past four months. 8. Access to sufficient food remains a challenge in this province, with most people eating three times a day, but eating mostly tea without sugar, bread and yogurt. Vegetables and fruit were unavailable during fall and winter, and few families could afford to buy meat, which is only used in weddings and some other traditional ceremonies. Most reported a decrease in food assistance in Daikundi in this monitoring period, though two government respondents noted

food assistance efforts particularly from the Directorates of Rural Rehabilitation, Natural Disasters, and Migrants and Returnees, though these have not improved public access to food. 9. There was no change reported in access to education at the center of the province and Shahristan district in the last four months. The majority of schools did not have buildings. There was a lack of teachers, and no Director for the Education Department in place in Daikundi. There was a belief amongst respondents that the government does not pay attention to education, and that the quality remains very poor. Some believed the quality of education to be decreasing, due to the lack of government leadership, inadequate facilities and human resources. Consistent with the previous monitoring cycle, families continued to encourage their daughters to attend school. Most reported that corruption in the sector continued, or had increased, taking the shape of nepotism to fill vacancies, or bribery in terms of hiring and the giving of grades. 10. No change was reported around conflicts due to inheritance rights in the past four months, with respondents noting that women did not dare to advocate for their inheritance rights which were not recognized by social custom. Opinions were divided, however, regarding the status of domestic violence, with most arguing it had either remained unchanged or had increased. Some reported that as women became increasingly aware of their rights, domestic violence increased, while others reported that increased awareness led to decreases in violence against women. Others believed that women’s material demands increased through exposure to television shows from Turkey and India, causing domestic trouble and increases in violence against women. The majority reported that most divorces continue to be granted by Mullahs, and usually in favour of men, though two government respondents felt there had been an increase in the use of formal justice institutions for divorce cases, with 15 cases reported in the last two months. Most reported no change in women’s access to FRUs and shelters, with there being no shelter in Shahristan. 11. As with last monitoring cycle, employment opportunities were reported to have decreased in this monitoring cycle. The cessation of some NGO activity, insecurity, lack of government employment programs, and lack of infrastructure were cited as some of the reasons for the decrease. Most felt this scarcity of employment opportunities continued to lead to increasing levels of corruption. Respondents noted that in security institutions, female police were expected to cook for and wash the clothes of their male colleagues. 12. Most reported that there had been no changes related to safety and security in the workplace, that job security remained unchanged. Most also reported that they had not witnessed harassment in the workplace based on gender or ethnicity, but they noted that there were no female employees in Shahristan district. 13. There have been no significant changes in terms of gender relations, with mixed opinions regarding the prevalence and incidence of domestic violence and violence against women. Divorce cases continued to largely be settled in favour of men, and there was no change reported in terms of women’s access to shelters. Some reported improvements in women’s access to health care, with more doctors practicing gynaecology, the appointment of specialist midwives at the center of the province, and the establishment of health shelters for women and children in districts. 14. Reports regarding corruption in the province were mixed, with most arguing that corruption had decreased in relation to access to clean water, housing, and electricity, and had also decreased in the justice sector. However, a continuation or increase in levels of corruption in the education sector was reported. Further, respondents felt that decreasing opportunities for finding work translated into increased levels of corruption, in terms of nepotism and paying for work opportunities.

Herat

In terms of civic rights in Herat, there have not been many reported changes from the fifth monitoring cycle. However, while opinions were mixed regarding security in Herat, there appear to have been some positive developments from the last monitoring cycle, including a decrease in suicide attacks and other attacks, and an increase in public trust in the ANP. Concerns about children’s rights continued to mount, in terms of their involvement in hard labor, lack of access to education (particularly in the districts), food insecurity and involvement with AOGs.

Many challenges remain in terms of social rights as well, though the opening of two clinics in Herat (one specifically for women), as well as dedicated clinics in IDP camps, have improved access to health care for some. However, food security continued to be a significant concern, with many reporting a continued decline in access to and quality of food.

No significant changes were reported, overall, in terms of economic rights in this sixth monitoring cycle. For some, saffron production has brought new opportunities, while for others, the departure of international forces has meant a loss of employment opportunities.

In terms of cross-cutting issues, no significant changes were reported regarding shifts in gender relations, and administrative corruption continues to negatively impact people’s access to rights in Herat across all three rights pillars, and many of the indicators.

Table 7: Summary Profile – Herat Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:9

1. Opinions were divided regarding changes to security in Herat in the past four months, with the majority citing an improvement since the last monitoring cycle, due to factors such as the division of Shindand district into five districts (which has helped increase the number of forces), conflict within the Taliban (which is thought to have turned the Taliban’s focus away from Herat city and other districts), and a decrease in suicide attacks. Others, however, felt security had not changed, while still others felt it had worsened, citing the recent killing of a police officer in his house during the night. The majority felt there had been an increase in people’s trust in the ANP in this monitoring cycle, alongside the decrease in suicide and other attacks. Others did not believe there had been any change. The majority believed there had been improvements in police behavior, due to capacity-building and training programs. Most felt there had been no change in levels of administrative corruption. While political tensions remained a feature of the landscape in Herat, the majority felt there had been no change in the numbers of political conflicts in this monitoring period. Respondents cited examples of ongoing local-level or family- level violence, particularly around inheritance, but also gave examples of conflicts related to water, land and documents. 2. Opinions were divided between those who believed there had been no change in people’s access to official justice and traditional justice, and those who believed there had been some improvement. Most people continue to access informal systems of justice, due to challenges in accessing the formal system (particularly for those from the districts), as well as perceptions of administrative corruption and lack of trust in the formal justice system. The majority felt there was no change in the performance of justice officials in this monitoring period, though a small minority pointed to new policies to increase the salary of justice system officials, which may improve access and reduce corruption. Most felt there had been no change in women’s access to justice, or their treatment by justice officials, though some felt access had decreased in Gozrah district, where women were prevented from going to the courts. A minority felt there had been some improvement for women, with the Family Court and attorney’s office being key in improving conditions for women. Most also believed that there had been no change in levels of corruption, which continued to exist in the justice system. 3. Most reported no increase in violence against children. Some spoke about children in the districts being unable to access education due to insecurity. Some faced the prospect of early age marriage. Respondents noted an increase in the number of deported children from Iran. No change was reported in children’s access to justice, which continued to be poor. Children’s access to rehabilitation centers, shelters, orphanages and childcare also remained problematic, with some believing this has decreased in this monitoring cycle, with less institutions working to support children. Others argued there were continuing programs through the Department of Labor and Social Affairs, as well as other organizations, to address the needs of children. Child labor continued to be prevalent in Herat, with some believing this was on the rise particularly in Herat’s districts, due to poverty, placing children at considerable risk for sexual exploitation or harassment. Most believed the number of children engaged in armed conflict has not changed in this monitoring cycle, in that they are still engaged in conflict in the districts but not in Herat City. Some noted that AOGs may use children to transfer drugs.

9 Based on interviews with: KI-F-HER-NG-1, KI-M-HER-NG-3, KI-M-HER-NG-4, KI-F-HER-GO-1, KI-M-HER-GO-2, FGD-F-HER-GO-3, FGD-F-HER-GO-4, FGD-F-HER-GO-5, KI-M-HER-GO-6, KI-M-HER-GO-7, KI-F-HER-GO-8, KI-M- HER-GO-9, KI-M-HER-GO-10, KI-F-HER-GO-11, KI-M-HER-GO-12, KI-M-HER-GO-13, KI-M-HER-GO-14, KI-M- HER-GO-15, KI-F-HER-GO-16, KI-M-HER-GO-17, KI-M-HER-GO-18, KI-F-HER-GO-19, KI-M-HER-GO-20, KI-M- HER-GO-21, FGD-M-HER-CS-1, FGD-M-HER-CS-2, KI-M-HER-CS-4, KI-M-HER-CS-5, KI-F-HER-CS-6, KI-F-HER-CS- 7, KI-F-HER-CS-8, KI-M-HER-CS-0, KI-F-HER-PI-1, KI-F-HER-NG-2, FGD-M-HER-CS-3

4. Respondents in Herat continued to be sceptical and mistrustful of elections in the city and districts, due to past experiences. Opinions were divided regarding people’s participation in political parties, with the majority suggesting there had been no change, while others felt that in the past four months there had been an increase in people’s participation. No change was reported in levels of corruption connected to party politics. Similarly, no change was reported in relation to gender discrimination in Herat, with participants noting the challenges women face in reaching higher positions in government, except in Women’s Affairs. 5. While most felt there had been no change in relation to threats associated with freedom of speech in this monitoring cycle, some reported an increase in threats against journalists. Opinions were divided around people’s understanding of the Access to Information Law, with most reporting no change, but a significant number indicating that there had been some improvement in people’s understandings, due to awareness-raising initiatives and media coverage. However, almost all agreed that usage of the Access to Information Law remained minimal, at best, noting that even journalists could not effectively access information. No change was reported in terms of citizens’ understandings of their rights in relation to election participation. 6. Most reported that access to health services remained unchanged in Herat in this monitoring cycle. Some respondents felt access to health services in Kohsan district had decreased, with patients now having to travel to Herat for treatment. However, others reported an improvement, with the opening of a clinic in the city for women, and mobile teams serving people in the districts. Opinions were divided around any changes in women’s access to reproductive health, with most believing there to have been no change, but others citing improvements in this monitoring cycle, including the opening of the clinic, and care for malnourished pregnant women. Most felt the quality of health services remained unchanged, and problems were reported with lack of doctors and medications. Some, however, cited improvements in terms of the opening of two clinics (one for women, and one for the wider public). 7. Access to water was reported to have improved for farmers in the districts in this monitoring cycle due to work that has been done on the Salma dam, but some respondents felt that access to drinking water in the districts had decreased, due to solar-powered systems of water pressure that were weaker when the weather was colder. Most, however, felt that access to housing, water and electricity remained unchanged. Most also felt that there had been no change in the issues facing IDPs, with a minority believing there to have been improvements in the two camps (Maslakh and Shaidaie) due to the establishment of clinics in the camps. Respondents noted ongoing issues for IDPs including lack of water, medicine, and educational facilities. No change was reported in terms of conflicts related to water and land, nor in terms of corruption. The high cost of electricity continued to be a challenge. 8. Respondents reported a continuing lack of access to sufficient food, due to high levels of poverty and unemployment, as well as inflation. Many felt food security was deteriorating. Respondents noted some organizations and institutions, as well as Mosques, offering food assistance, but respondents presented a clear picture of inadequate access to food. 9. Most respondents did not think that access to education, or the quality of education, improved in this monitoring cycle, though some reported increased monitoring, supervision and evaluation of teaching, as well as distribution of printers, computers, book and carpets. Respondents noted that the in the districts like Shindand and Farso, some schools to not have access to professional teachers or books. Respondents felt that corruption continued to be an issue in the education sector, particularly in the hiring of teachers. 10. There has been no reported change in conflicts related to inheritance, and respondents noted that women continued to be denied access to inheritance rights. Respondents spoke about an increase in domestic violence in both the city and districts in this monitoring cycle, though they were unclear about the reasons. Opinions were divided about cases of divorce, with most

believing there to be no change in this area. Some, however, felt that economic poverty was driving an increase in divorce cases. Most also felt there had been no change in access to family dispute resolution mechanisms, or shelters, as women continued to be prevented by their families from accessing shelters. 11. Most believed access to paid employment had not changed in this monitoring cycle, though some had found new opportunities related to saffron production. Others noted that the withdrawal of international forces meant a loss of employment for some. No change was reported in relation to nepotism, and the problem of paying for access to jobs. No change was reported in relation to discrimination in the workplace. 12. Most respondents believed that safety and security in the workplace remained unchanged in this monitoring cycle. Most felt there was no job security in Herat, and there had been no changes in this regard. Most respondents also reported that there was no change in levels of harassment in the workplace based on gender and ethnicity, though this was not unanimous, and a minority reported a worsening of harassment in recent months. 13. No significant changes were reported in Herat in terms of gender relations, in this monitoring cycle. Women continued to have very limited access to high positions in government, or to shelters or dispute mechanisms in instances of violence or domestic conflict. The opening of a clinic for women in Herat was a positive development in terms of women’s access to health care. 14. Corruption continued to be a significant feature of the landscape in Herat, with implications for civic, social and economic rights.

Kabul

Ongoing security issues and political conflict in Kabul continued to take a toll on people’s access to and enjoyment of civic rights in this monitoring cycle. The majority of respondents felt security had deteriorated, and that violence against children was on the rise, due to the heightened insecurity and to increased levels of child labor in the face of growing economic hardship.

Few changes were reported in relation to health, education and family rights, in the area of social rights. However, there were reports of increasing food insecurity and greater challenges related to access to water and electricity, particularly in Kabul city.

In terms of economic rights, most respondents reported that access to paid employment was decreasing in Kabul. No changes were reported in relation to job security and working conditions. There have been no significant changes to gender relations in this monitoring cycle, and no changes reported to the levels of administrative corruption. Corruption remained an obstacle to equitable access to civic, social and economic rights in Kabul city.

Table 8: Summary Profile – Kabul Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:10

1. Most respondents reported that security conditions in Kabul city, Istalif and Khaki Jabbar districts had deteriorated in this monitoring cycle. AOGs were reported to be active at night in Khaki Jabbar, and a rebel attack on a police post in Band-e Ghazi resulted in the death of one police officer and one rebel. Bombings and explosions in Kabul have resulted in significant civil casualties. Respondents felt the attacks were a result of inadequate attention from, and capacity of, government, as well as security force connections with AOGs. Others noted an increased cooperation between security forces and the public. Most reported an increase in people’s levels of trust in the ANP in this monitoring cycle, due to perceptions of improved treatment of the public by the ANP, and ANP efforts to maintain security. Some noted the need for ongoing training and more timely resolution of cases. Most respondents indicated that they were happy with police behavior, though others felt differently, citing poor treatment of women, and unprofessional conduct. Opinions were divided regarding corruption in this sector. Most respondents felt that political conflict and tensions were on the rise in this monitoring period, because of the proximity of the election, and efforts to ensure a strong Election Commission. Tensions between political parties were noted, with implications for ethnic tensions and divisions as well. Participants felt that conflicts between politicians and officials were increasing, as was tension between the Taliban and Daesh. However, many reported no political conflict in Khaki Jabbar and Istalif districts. Local level conflicts in these districts were largely related to property and inheritance in Istalif, and to water and land in Khaki Jabbar. Many cases were first dealt with at home, or through the mosque, and then the local council. If there was no resolution, the case could be referred to the official justice system. 2. Opinions were divided regarding changes in access to the formal and traditional justice systems. Some argued it had worsened due to corruption in the official justice system, while others felt it had improved due to efforts to fight corruption, resolve cases quickly, and because of the appointment of thirty well-salaried people by presidential decree, including women. Many others felt there had been no change. In Kabul city, respondents indicated that most people accessed the formal courts first, while in the districts, people first approached traditional courts, and referred to the Governor if the cases were too complicated. Most respondents felt that the performance of justice officials either remained good or had improved in this monitoring cycle due to the appointment of skilled professionals. Opinions were divided regarding changes in women’s access to, and treatment by, the traditional and formal justice systems. Some cited improvements, and increasing roles for women within the justice system, while others cited continued mistreatment of women by justice officials. Opinions were also divided about levels of corruption, with some believing it had increased, and others believing that it had decreased due to a nationwide conference of all provincial judges, convened by the Attorney General. Some respondents also noted that corruption was not an issue in Istalif and Khaki Jabbar districts. 3. Most respondents felt that violence against children was increasing due to insecurity, and high levels of child labor. Respondents cited the denial of education for girls and early marriage as further examples of violence against children. Some respondents, however, felt that violence against children was decreasing in Istalif district due to heightened public awareness. Most felt there continued to be poor access by children to justice, as they were unable to access formal or traditional courts, though some reported an increase in children’s direct calls to the ANP and

10 Based on interviews with: KI-F-KAB-NG-3, FGD-M-KAB-CS-2, KI-M-KAB-GO-13, KI-M-KAB-GO-14, KI-M- KAB-GO-20, KI-M-KAB-CS-5, FGD-M-KAB-CS-1, KI-M-KAB-GO-19, KI-M-KAB-NG-4, KI-M-KAB-NG-2, FGD-M- KAB-CS-3, KI-M-KAB-GO-2, KI-F-KAB-GO-12, KI-F-KAB-PI-1, FGD-F-KAB-GO-5, KI-F-KAB-CS-6, KI-F-KAB-CS-8, KI-F-KAB-GO-8, KI-F-KAB-GO-1, KI-F-KAB-GO-9, FGD-F-KAB-CS-10, FGD-F-KAB-GO-4, KI-F-KAB-NG-1, KI-F-KAB- CS-7, KI-M-KAB-GO-18, KI-M-KAB-GO-6, KI-M-KAB-GO-7, KI-M-KAB-GO-10, KI-M-KAB-GO-11, KI-F-KAB-GO- 15, KI-M-KAB-GO-21, KI-M-KAB-GO-16, KI-M-KAB-CS-4, KI-M-KAB-CS-9

their referral to rehabilitation centers. While orphanages and rehabilitation centers exist, respondents noted that there are still children on the streets, in need, and the facilities that were available were not meeting the needs of all. Child labor is reported to have increased in this monitoring period, with respondents noting that girls are also on the streets, polishing shoes. Others work as shepherds and in agriculture. While there were no reports of sexual abuse of children in Istalif and Khaki Jabbar, some felt sexual abuse had increased, particularly with the rise in numbers of orphaned children, or those working on the streets. Some respondents noted media reports that children’s engagement in armed conflict had increased, including the usage of children as suicide bombers, though most did not think that children were engaged in armed conflicts. 4. Respondents felt that most people continued to be sceptical regarding participation in elections, being unhappy with the government’s performance, and dissatisfied with their representatives. There was little trust in the Election Commission, and people did not believe their votes would make a difference, with the perception that the president is selected by foreigners, irrespective of the vote. Some respondents felt there was a more positive perception about elections in Istalif and Khaki Jabbar. Some respondents noted that there had been improvements in women’s access to public positions, including high level positions, but many others believed that access had decreased for women, citing the suspension of two female ministers and their replacement with men. In Khaki Jabbar district, it was reported that there was not a single woman in office, with the exception of a female commissioner in the ANP. There continued to be a low level of trust in political parties, and some respondents noted that people may carry two or three party membership card, not because they believed in the party, but because it may have personal benefits. Many believed that parties only work for their own members, and not for the nation. 5. Most respondents believed that threats in response to those who exercise freedom of speech have increased in this monitoring cycle, citing attacks on Shamshad TV, and the abuse and murder of reporters. Others were unaware of these threats. Most noted that awareness and usage of the Access to Information Law remained low. Obtaining access to information from officials remained difficult. 6. There were mixed opinions regarding changes in access to health in Kabul city, Istalif and Khaki Jabbar. Most reported there had been no changes. In Istalif, respondents noted that there was only one formal clinic, with limited facilities, and that people had to travel long distances to reach care in Khaki Jabbar. However, some respondents noted positive changes, in terms of the purchase and distribution of medicine to urban clinics in Kabul city, and the improvement of services in private clinics and hospitals. Concerns remained around the quality and availability of medicines, and the difference in quality of care between public and private hospitals. Respondents reported that access to reproduce health in Kabul city and Istalif were good, with a 24-hour maternity service in Istalif. Opinions were divided regarding the levels of corruption in the health sector. 7. Most respondents reported that access to water and electricity Kabul city and Istalif district decreased in this monitoring cycle. Electricity was provided in shift, and water levels have decreased or even dried up in places. No changes were reported in access to housing, electricity and water in Khaki Jabbar, though some reported a shortage of water there as well, and unmet demand for irrigation water. The Ministry of Refugees and Returnees has been distributing housing for some returnees, and other aid such as cash and food aid from various organizations has been made available for IDPs. However, respondents noted that most of the IDPs have the same access to housing and services as locals, and that most lived in the houses of local people. However, respondents believed that the levels of aid were insufficient to meet the needs of the increasing numbers. While there have been some disputes over land and water in Khaki Jabbar and Istalif, most respondents noted that these have decreased. In Kabul, however, disputes over deep wells and properties are believed to have increased.

8. During this monitoring cycle, the number of families who did not have sufficient food is believed to have increased, and it is believed by participants that this number will continue to rise until the economic situation changes. Various organizations have been assisting in food aid, particularly for the needs of IDPs and returnees. Respondents noted a WFP program in Khaki Jabbar, in which food assistance was given in exchange for assistance for assistance in cleaning up local streams. They noted cows had been distributed to 240 families. Others, however, believed there was no assistance for those in need in Kabul city, Istalif and Khaki Jabbar districts. 9. Opinions were mixed regarding changes in access to, and the quality of, education. Some believed that with increasing awareness, many young people continued to have access to education in spite of insecurity and economic difficulties. Others believed that while boys’ access to education had improved, girls’ access to education had deteriorated in the districts, particularly due to a lack of female teachers, the long distances between villages, and traditions in the villages. Respondents also noted that the establishment of private schools had increased access to education for some. Some of the issues respondents highlighted in relation to quality of education included, the hiring of unprofessional teachers, lack of textbooks, poor salaries of teachers, inadequate infrastructure and facilities, and the duration of holidays. There were mixed opinions regarding levels of corruption in education, with some believing that reforms in the examination process during the hiring of teachers had contributed to a more transparent process, and others believing that corruption in the hiring of teachers and grading of students remained. Corruption appeared to be less apparent in Istalif and Khaki Jabbar districts. 10. Opinions were mixed regarding changes in women’s access to inheritance rights, with some arguing that it had improved due to increased awareness and support within the official justice system, and others believing that there had been no change, as women were continued to be denied access to such rights. There were also mixed opinions regarding the levels of domestic violence, and violence against women, in Kabul city, Istalif and Khaki Jabbar districts. Some believed violence against women had increased in this monitoring cycle, citing forced marriages, the cancellation of marriages, verbal, psychological and physical violence. However, others felt there had been a decrease in violence against women, and an increase in women’s use of formal systems to report violence. Divorce continued to be rare, and stigmatized, though some reported an increase in cases. Respondents felt that access to FRUs and shelters was good. 11. While some few respondents felt that access to paid employment had improved in Kabul city due to the announcement of new public posts, half of which were for women, the majority felt that access to employment had decreased, due to poor general economic conditions and insecurity, both of which contributed to a lack of investment. Some respondents noted that in Khaki Jabbar, women’s access to employment had improved due to the work of an organization in distributing cows to those in need, including widows, as well as courses such as tailoring and jam-making, which were being offered. Respondents agree that corruption and nepotism continued in terms of finding work, due to the scarcity of employment opportunities. Some respondents noting ongoing discrimination in terms of hiring women, noting that in some departments, pregnant women would not be hired because they would require leave. 12. Opinions were divided regarding safety and security in the workplace. In terms of job security, respondents noted that while public employees enjoy permanent jobs, job rotation does exist. One respondent noted that the government was late in paying their salaries in the month of the interview. 13. No significant changes in gender relations were reported in this monitoring cycle. 14. As with the last monitoring cycle, there were reports that corruption was more common in Kabul city than in the districts. However, there have been no significant changes in reports of corruption in this monitoring cycle.

Kandahar

In the sixth monitoring cycle, civic rights in Kandahar were reported to have improved across indicators such as security, trust in the ANP, and access to justice. While respondents reported a decrease in child labor, it remained a serious issue, and the rights of children continued to be violated across a number of sub-indicators. While there appears to have been some improvement in attitudes towards participation in elections, scepticism remains high, and participation in political parties has reportedly decreased. There were reports of worsening conditions around freedom of speech, though public gatherings increased in this monitoring cycle.

In terms of social rights, some improvements were noted in relation to access to healthcare, yet serious issues remained in relation to corruption in the sector, lack of medicines, unprofessional employees, and quality of care, especially in relation to maternal health. In the city, access to water and electricity were reported to have improved, though the situation was reportedly different in the districts, and insecurity and poverty were driving many to migrate to Kandahar city. Food security was reported to be declining, with internally displaced people facing particular vulnerabilities. A growing awareness of the importance of education was a positive development in Kandahar, and most respondents believed education to be good in the city. In the districts, however, respondents painted a different picture, with limited access, and no education for girls beyond grade six or seven.

On economic rights, respondents reported a further decline in opportunities for paid employment. They noted that security was threatened by nepotism and corruption, where those with work could find themselves easily replaced. Also, there was little notable change in terms of gender relations, aside from reports of improved access for women to the formal justice sector. Corruption, while reported to have also improved across some indicators, remained a formidable barrier to the achievement and protection of civic, social and economic rights.

Table 9: Summary Profile – Kandahar

Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü ü Right to Adequate Housing and Facilities7 ü ü Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü ü Family Rights10 ü ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:11

1. While attacks were not unknown, the majority believed that security was good in Kandahar City, Damaan, and Arghandab districts in this sixth monitoring cycle, and most cited satisfaction and increased trust with the performance of the ANP and security forces, who were largely believed to be professional and well-coordinated in their conduct. Respondents speculated about reasons for the improvement, citing improved recruitment of educated people, increased attention and monitoring by the government, civil society engagement, growing public awareness of rights and laws, an increased timeliness in addressing cases, and a decrease in corruption. Many respondents noted the successful role of civil society organizations in efforts to reduce corruption amongst the police. Several respondents felt differently, however, noting police violence, and harassment, and believing corruption to have increased in this monitoring cycle. Respondents noted conditions remained insecure in this monitoring cycle for many in more remote districts, noting the struggles of many residents who had moved from insecure districts into the center of the province. People believed political conflicts had decreased in this monitoring cycle, except in the remote districts. 2. Most respondents felt there had been improvements in people’s access to official and traditional justice institutions in the past four months, due to attention from the provincial and central government, and an increase in the number of female employees. Most conflicts continued to be brought first to the family and family elders, and then to traditional institutions, but if a solution could not be found, cases were referred to official institutions. Respondents noted that many families did not think women should go to courts or attorneys, and that in traditional institutions, cases were largely finalized in favour of men. Most felt the performance of judicial authorities had improved in this monitoring cycle due to oversight from the central government and the recruitment of female employees to better serve women. Respondents felt this had increased women’s access to judicial institutions in Kandahar City, Damaan and Arghandab districts. The majority felt corruption had decreased in this monitoring period, again due to increased oversight, awareness, and professionalization. Others, however, noted ongoing issues with corruption in the official justice system. 3. Opinions were divided around violence against children, with some respondents believing that awareness-raising campaigns had led to a decrease in violence against children, and others arguing that such violence had increased in this monitoring period due to poverty, illiteracy, and insecurity. They noted child labor, early age marriage, physical violence, and sexual harassment as some of the issues facing children. A lack of proper educational facilities in districts such as Arghandab and Damaan were cited as reasons why children remain uneducated and vulnerable. Most felt there had been an increase in children’s access to justice, believing that most cases were followed by attorneys. Only one rehabilitation center and one orphanage were identified by respondents, in Kandahar province – not enough to meet the needs. Respondents noted the opening of some private childcare centers but felt these were for wealthy families only. Rather than sending their children to school, respondents noted that poor families send their children to work, and that beyond grades six or seven, female students were unable to attend school. A lack of female teachers was also noted as a barrier to girls’ education. Most believed child labor had decreased in this monitoring period due to increased awareness and a heightened focus on education, while others argued that worsening economic conditions had driven more children

11 KI-M-KAN-PI-1, KI-F-KAN-NG-1, KI-M-KAN-NG-2, KI-F-KAN-NG-3, KI-M-KAN-NG-4, KI-F-KAN-GO-1, KI-M-KAN- GO-2, FGD-F-KAN-GO-3, FGD-F-KAN-GO-4, FGD-F-KAN-GO-5, KI-M-KAN-GO-6, KI-M-KAN-GO-7, KI-F-KAN-GO- 8, KI-M-KAN-GO-9, KI-M-KAN-GO-10, KI-M-KAN-GO-11, KI-M-KAN-GO-12, KI-M-KAN-GO-13, KI-M-KAN-GO- 14, KI-M-KAN-GO-15, KI-M-KAN-GO-16, KI-M-KAN-GO-17, KI-M-KAN-GO-18, KI-M-KAN-GO-19, KI-MF-KAN- GO-20, KI-M-KAN-GO-21, FGD-M-KAN-CS-1, FGD-M-KAN-CS-2, FGD-M-KAN-CS-3, KI-M-KAN-CS-4, KI-M-KAN- CS-5, KI-F-KAN-CS-6, KI-F-KAN-CS-7, KI-F-KAN-CS-8, KI-M-KAN-CS

into work such as collecting plastics, shoe polishing, washing cars, mechanics, and masonry. Most felt that sexual abuse of children had decreased in this monitoring cycle due to increased awareness, while a minority felt there had been an increase, noting that incidents of harassment in Arghandab district was preventing people from sending their children out of the home. The majority believed that children’s engagement in armed conflict had decreased in the past four months, because government did not enrol underage children in the army and security forces. However, some respondents noted that children’s involvement in AOGs continued. 4. Most respondents felt there had been an improvement in people’s attitudes regarding participation in elections in Kandahar city, Damaan and Arghandab districts, though many remained sceptical that participation in an election would bring about positive change, associating elections with fraud and corruption. While opinions were divided, most felt that access to higher government positions had decreased in Kandahar city, Damaan and Arghandab districts in the last four months due to corruption. Respondents noted that women could not work outside of the home, particularly not in government, with the exception of some women in the departments of Education and Health. Respondents believed there had been a decrease in participation in political parties, noting scepticism around the role of political parties, and their association with violence and conflict. While some felt there had been a reduction in corruption, most noted that it remained as a barrier to attaining government positions. Most believed there had been an increase in people’s awareness around gender discrimination in relation to women’s participation in public affairs, but many obstacles (cultural, economic, educational) remained. 5. There were again mixed views regarding freedom of expression, with some reporting an increase in freedom of expression and a decrease in associated threats because people know and are able to defend their rights. The majority, however, believed threats had increased in this monitoring cycle, citing cases of abduction and murder. Respondents reported more public gatherings, and an increased public awareness of their social rights in this regard. Most felt that people’s understanding of access to information laws remained poor, as did usage of the law. Most reported that people’s understandings of their right to participate in elections had not changed, and that while people understood their right to participation in elections, they were unlikely to do so. 6. Some reported that access to health care in Kandahar had increased in this monitoring cycle, with more private clinics and hospitals opening and more available ambulances in the districts. Yet, serious problems remained in relation to access to medicine, quality of health care, unaffordable fees, corruption (including requests for supplements to fees with food or other items), and staff behavior. Particular problems at the Mirwais hospital maternity ward were highlighted, in terms of staff inattention, corruption, lack of protection for newborn babies (including allegations of switching or selling babies). However, most noted that vaccinations were now available for pregnant women in all public hospitals, and food aid was available for malnourished children. Some noted that employees at Arghandab and Damaan district health centers were often not present. Most believed gender discrimination in relation to health care had decreased in Kandahar city, but not in the districts, especially when there is a lack of female doctors. 7. Most felt that access to water and electricity was improving in Kandahar city in the past four months, praising the department of energy and water for their work. However, respondents noted that access to water, housing and electricity in Damaan and Arghandab districts remained poor. The number of displaced people was believed to have increased, with people moving from Helmand, Uruzgan and insecure districts, with little support from international organizations in terms of food, housing and other necessary facilities. Corruption was identified as a significant issue in terms of access to these services, in insecure districts in the province. 8. Respondents noted that food security had decreased in the past four months, with increased insecurity in remote parts of the province, increased migration to Kandahar city, and limited

opportunities for work. As with last monitoring cycle, respondents did not feel that government was effectively responding to this issue. In particular, respondents noted the vulnerabilities of displaced people. While many noted that there had been increases in food assistance in the past four months for displaced people, others believed that food insecurity was affecting people across the province, and that food assistance had been insufficient to the need. 9. Most people noted there had been an improvement in access to education in the past four months, with a growing awareness of the importance of education for both boys and girls. However, despite that awareness, access to education remained elusive for many, particularly in the districts, and particularly for girls. Teacher absenteeism and a lack of female teachers were identified as barriers, as well as a lack of continuing education for girls beyond grades six or seven. While the quality of education in Kandahar city was thought to be good, with professional teachers and good facilities, respondents highlighted a different situation in the districts, with a lack of opportunities and unaffordable textbooks. Respondents felt there had been an increase in people’s awareness about gender discrimination in education due to public awareness programs, and most felt there had been a decrease in corruption in the public education sector in the past four months, with government interventions. However, others noted ongoing issues of corruption in the sector. 10. Most respondents felt there was an increase in public awareness around inheritance rights, particularly for women, but respondents also felt that conflicts related to inheritance rights had increased in Kandahar city and Damaan districts. While women were aware of their rights, respondents argued that they continued to be deprived of inheritance in practice, and have little recourse without being shamed or accused of being disloyal. Respondents believed that family violence had decreased in Kandahar city, but had increased in Damaan and Arghandab districts because of the economic situation. Most believed that violence against women had decreased in Kandahar city, due to public awareness programs, though others felt there had been an increase in the city and districts. Most respondents noted that cases of divorce had also decreased in this monitoring cycle due to public awareness programs. People’s access to the Family Conflict Resolution unit were believed to have increased in Kandahar city, Damaan and Arghandab districts, also due to increased awareness. People first attempted to resolve family cases through traditional justice institutions but would go to formal justice institutions if the case remained unsolved. There was still no shelter for women in the province. Some respondents noted issues of corruption in the formal justice institutions. 11. Respondents believed access to paid employment continued to decline in Kandahar city, Damaan and Arghandab districts, due to few opportunities, limited recruitment capacity in government, insecurity and conflict. Respondents did not believe government was addressing this issue, and nepotism was believed to be on the increase. Employment opportunities were even more limited for women. 12. Most felt there had been improvements in safety and security in the workplace, as well as job security, in this monitoring cycle. However, others felt that with so few work opportunities, there was a risk of being removed from jobs and replaced due to nepotism. While most felt that harassment in the workplace due to gender or ethnicity had decreased, others believed such discrimination continued as before, particularly against women in the workplace. 13. As with the previous monitoring cycle, there was little evidence that gender relations in Kandahar have changed significantly, though there were further reports of improvements in women’s access to the formal justice system. 14. There continued to be mixed reports about administrative corruption, with some reporting improvements (for example, in the justice sector), but others reporting that corruption continued to feature as an obstacle in access to health care, employment, education and access to services.

Khost

In terms of civic rights in Khost, there were no significant changes to report from the fifth monitoring cycle, though it is worth noting that there were significantly divided opinions amongst respondents regarding many of the indicators in this report.

In the area of social rights, a number of improvements were identified in this monitoring cycle, particularly in terms of access to and quality of health services, access to housing, electricity and water, improvements in education, and improvements in some aspects of family life (including decreased disputes over inheritance). As with last monitoring cycle, food insecurity continued to be acute in Khost.

Since the last monitoring cycle, no significant changes were reported in terms of access to paid employment, but safety and security in the workplace was believed to have improved. Job security, however, remained precarious, particularly for those working in the NGO sector, due to budget constraints and the closure of regional offices due to security concerns.

No significant changes were reported in relation to gender relations or administrative corruption.

Table 10: Summary Profile – Khost Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:12

1. As with the last monitoring cycle, opinions were divided about the state of security in Khost in this round of monitoring, with some believing there have been improvements due to improved coordination between the ANP, ANA and ANS, and others citing a deterioration of security. Those in the latter camp cite explosions at the center of the province, a decrease in the number of security checkpoints and an increase in AOG activities in the remote districts. As with the fifth monitoring cycle, opinions regarding trust in the ANP and police behavior continued to be split as well. Some felt improvements have stemmed from trainings and workshops, as well as improved monitoring and accountability, while others felt there have been no improvements. Respondents were also divided about whether there were changes in levels of corruption, between those who felt there had been improvements and those who felt there has been no change. Some believed there had been some improvements in relation to political conflicts, but respondents noted that the conflict between the Mangal and Muqbel tribes continued. 2. Opinions were divided around changes in access to, and the performance of, formal and traditional justice systems. Some believed there had been improvements, due to increased attention from government and enhanced public awareness. Cases were usually first referred to traditional institutions but referred onwards to the formal justice system if no resolution was found. However, others cited ongoing issues of impunity, corruption and nepotism in the formal justice system in the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai districts. Similarly, while some felt that women’s access to and treatment by the justice system had improved in this monitoring period because of government efforts, trainings, workshops and awareness programs, others argued that this had gotten worse, with women’s cases related to inheritance or divorce being ignored, or with officials demanding bribes to investigate. Some respondents noted a lack of female employees in the formal justice institutions as a barrier to women’s access, as they may not share their issues with male employees. Opinions were similarly divided regarding changes in levels of corruption in the formal justice system, with some believing there had been improvements and others noting no change. 3. Violence against children was believed by some to have decreased in the center of the province, Terizai and Madozai districts, with parents encouraging their children to be educated, but others argued that there had been no change, citing ongoing issues such as child labor, being prohibited from attending school, underage and forced marriage, and physical and psychological violence. Many felt that worsening poverty and unemployment was compelling more children to work in jobs such as selling plastic bags, washing cars, and polishing shoes to help provide for their families. Opinions were divided around access justice for children, with some believing there had been improvements, and others believing it had worsened, and that children remain a particularly vulnerable part of society. Respondents were also divided around children’s access to rehabilitation, juvenile homes and orphanages, with some believing access had increased, and others arguing that support for these institutions has dwindled in recent months, and that they were unable to meet the demands. Some respondents noted that in Khost, there had been efforts by the Directorate of Labor and Social Affairs to provide small businesses for the households of child laborers, in an effort to encourage children to attend school, but child labor remained a feature of the landscape in the province. No cases of sexual abuse of children were reported, but respondents noted that such cases were generally hidden in the province.

12 Based on interviews with: KI-M-KST-GO-15, KI-F-KST-GO-1, KI-M-KST-GO-2, KI-M-KST-GO-6, KI-M-KST-GO-7, KI-M-KST-GO-9, KI-M-KST-GO-10, KI-M-KST-GO-11, KI-M-KST-GO-12, KI-M-KST-GO-13, KI-M-KST-GO-14, KI- M-KST-GO-16, KI-M-KST-GO-17, KI-M-KST-GO-17, KI-M-KST-GO-18, KI-M-KST-GO-19, KI-M-KST-GO-20, KI-M- KST-GO-21, KI-F-KST-NG-1, KI-M-KST-NG-2, KI-M-KST-NG-3, FGD-F-KST-GO-5, KI-M-KST-NG-4, FGD-F-KST-GO- 3, FGD-F-KST-GO-4, FGD-M-KST-CS-1, FGD-M-KST-CS-2, FGD-M-KST-CS-3, KI-M-KST-CS-4, KI-M-KST-CS-5, KI- F-KST-CS-6, KI-F-KST-CS-7, KI-F-KST-CS-8, KI-M-KST-CS-9

Opinions were divided about whether there had been changes in children’s participation in armed conflict, with some citing improvements and an increased focus on education. Others argued there was no change, with children continuing to be engaged in conflict in some of the remote districts. 4. As with the fifth monitoring cycle, there were mixed views regarding participation in elections, with some arguing that there have been positive changes, and others pointing to disenchantment and scepticism regarding elections. Similarly, there were divided views regarding access to public positions. Some believed that women have equal access to public positions as men, while others argued there had been no change due barriers such as nepotism, political affiliations, and a lack of opportunities. Opinions were also split between those who felt that participation in political parties had not changed in this monitoring cycle, and those who felt it had decreased. Some respondents felt it was mostly young people who participated, or those seeking benefit for themselves, as most people did not believe that participation in parties was advantageous for communities. Opinions were also split regarding corruption in public positions, with acknowledgment of some efforts by government to stem corruption. However, many believed that access to positions continued to be based on nepotism, kinship, political affiliations and bribery. 5. Respondents were divided regarding the status of freedom of speech, with some citing positive examples of social activists’ public criticism of government, but others believing that threats against those who speak freely had increased in this monitoring cycle. Opinions were also starkly divided between those who felt that freedom of gathering had improved in recent months, with more gatherings and better security, and those who felt freedom of gathering had decreased, because security was not maintained, and people were injured, shops looted, and houses robbed. There was no agreement either, regarding understanding and usage of the Access to Information Law. Some believe it has increased because of awareness-raising programs and government training, while others felt it had decreased, as public administrations did not want to share information or formal documents, particularly for security reasons. Respondents noted that most people were aware of their rights to participate in elections, though less so in the remote areas. 6. Respondents reported an increase in the number of clinics and hospitals in Terizai and Mandozai districts and the center of the province, noting that some clinics, hospitals and pharmacies that were out of operation had been re-operationalized by the Directorate of Public Health. Improvements in the quality of medicine and the capacity of health staff at Khost Public Health Hospital were reported. Many reported no change in the remote districts. Some improvements in terms of access to reproductive health were also noted, with pregnant women being given food supplements, and increasingly presenting for antenatal care. However, some noted a lack of professionalism amongst some gynaecological staff in government hospitals and noted ongoing issues of maternal mortality in remote districts, due to distances to health care facilities and a lack of professional doctors. While attempts were being made by the Directorate of Public Health to monitor medicines in public and private facilities, many felt there were still issues with the illegal import and distribution of medicines, and the quality of those medicines. Corruption did not appear to be perceived as a major factor in access to health care in Khost. 7. Some improvements were reported in relation to access to housing, water and electricity in the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai districtis, with a solar system and generators for electricity, some land distribution by the government, and water pipelines in some places. However, some noted that these water pipelines were very limited, and many did not have access to government electricity. Respondents noted that displaced people from Paktia province and Janikhel district have come to Khost recently, and that they have received assistance from international organizations and the Directorate of Migration and Returnees. Others noted that IDP’s access to housing and education was limited, and that problems remained around access to health, electricity and livelihoods. Disputes over water were believed to have decreased

because of the creation of standard dams, though respondents noted that disputes over land and water continued in remote districts. Opinions were divided around changes to levels of corruption in this area. 8. Respondents noted that food security remained poor in Khost, with many having insufficient food. Many felt this issue was ignored by government and NGOs alike, and people continued to survive on cheap and low-quality food, including bread, some vegetables, rice and sugary tea, as well as yogurt. Opinions were divided about improvements in food assistance, with some respondents arguing it had increased in recent months, and others maintaining that food assistance remained insufficient to meet the needs. 9. Opinions were divided in Khost regarding access to education, with many noting improvements in access due to increasing numbers of public and private schools in the city and districts. Others, however, felt it had decreased, especially for girls in remote districts. Many noted positive changes regarding the quality of education at the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai districts, including the replacement of unqualified teachers with professionals. However, others pointed to continuing issues in this regard, and a lack of sufficient textbooks for students. Opinions were divided around changes to levels of corruption in the education sector. 10. Most respondents felt that conflicts related to inheritance rights had decreased in the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai districts in this monitoring cycle, due to awareness programs, trainings, and workshops. More women were believed to be asking for their inheritance, due to increased poverty, and conflicts were addressed by the formal and informal justice system. Opinions were divided regarding changes to levels of domestic violence and violence against women, with some citing ongoing improvements due to public awareness programs, NGO trainings, and religious messaging. Others believed there had been little change in the past four months. Respondents reported positive changes regarding divorce cases, and women’s access to divorce, citing improved access to justice institutions and in the investigation of divorce cases. Women were believed to have access to FRUs in the provincial center, but not in the more remote districts. There was still no shelter in Khost province. 11. Opinions were divided as well around access to paid employment, with some respondents arguing it had improved in the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai, because of an active private sector and access to government jobs, but others believed access to paid employment had decreased in this monitoring cycle because of limitations on the activities of internal and external organizations, due to insecurity. Opinions were similarly divided around corruption and discrimination in relation to access to employment. 12. Respondents noted that there have been positive changes regarding safety and security in the workplace in the center of the province, Terizai and Mandozai, with security being relatively well maintained in this monitoring cycle. However, those working for NGOs were facing concerns around where to find work once their projects have been completed, as many organizations had suspended work at their regional offices due to lack of budget and insecurity. Respondents noted a decrease in cases of harassment based on gender or ethnicity due to increased awareness and security. 13. No changes were reported in terms of gender relations in Khost in this monitoring cycle. 14. Opinions regarding changes in levels of administrative corruption were very divided amongst respondents across indicators in this monitoring cycle.

Kunduz

While some aspects of civic rights have improved in this monitoring period, others are reported to have deteriorated. Most report improvements in security and trust in the ANP, yet political violence and local level conflicts are thought to have increased. Women’s access to justice was believed by some to have increased, due to the hiring of female justice officials. Child labor and conditions for children are believed to have worsened in this monitoring cycle, and many report that threats against those who exercise freedom of speech have increased.

In terms of social rights, access to health care continued to largely good, though respondents cited concerns in women’s access to reproductive health, due to staff conduct and corruption. There were some reported improvements in access to water, but the cost of electricity continued to be a complaint for residents, while high numbers of IDPs presented other challenges related to land disputes, access to services, and ensuring their basic needs are met. Girls continued to be schooled only until the sixth grade.

Economic rights were challenged by a continued perceived decline in access to paid employment in Kunduz, while safety and security in the workplace also remained a concern.

No significant changes were reported in relation to gender relations, or levels of corruption, which appear to remain high in the province.

Table 11: Summary Profile – Kunduz Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:13

1. Most respondents report an improvement in security at the center of the province, Imam Sahib and Aliabad districts in this monitoring cycle, due to the recruitment of a new Commander-in- Chief, night operations by air forces and commandos, and public cooperation with security forces. Others are less optimistic, citing ongoing terrorist attacks, kidnappings, and AOG activity. Trust in the ANP appeared to be strong, with a recognition of the ANP’s efforts to maintain security in recent months. Most felt that police behavior had improved, due to training programs and local recruitment, while others noted that some issues continued, in terms of lack of investigations and poor treatment of drivers by the traffic police. Most respondents believed political conflicts and related violence had increased, citing usage of landmines, terrorist attacks, and conflicts between the governor and the commander of national security. Local level conflicts continue, related to issues such as water, inheritance, and land conflicts. Respondents spoke about conflicts arising when returnees wanting to take back their land, which had been seized in their absence. People referred to the AIHRC, the DoWA, and the traditional justice system to resolve their cases. Opinions were divided around changes in the level of corruption in this sector. 2. Most believed that access to formal and traditional justice, and the performance of justice officials, remained good in Kunduz, with most people referring first to systems of traditional justice. Some respondents felt women’s access to and treatment within the justice system had improved due to efforts from women’s rights NGOs and an increase in female employees in the justice system, but others felt there had been no change. While corruption in the justice system continued to be problematic, some respondents felt that there had been a decrease in corruption due to the appointment of a defence lawyer by an NGO, and an increase in justice official salaries. 3. While some noted that improvements in awareness and security had reduced violence against children, most believed it had increased in Kunduz city and Imam Sahib district. Respondents cited kidnapping, under-age and forced marriages, child labor, and prohibition from school, driven by poverty, insecurity and the return of internal and external migrants. Girls continue to be educated only to the sixth grade. No change was noted in children’s access to justice, which was mediated through their parents. Children’s access to rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes and orphanages was thought to be good in Kunduz city, but not in the districts. Respondents believe child labor had increased in the city and the districts. Some respondents highlighted that children who work on the streets were vulnerable to sexual abuse, but most were unaware of reports of sexual abuse in the city or districts in this monitoring cycle. Respondents reported the continuing engagement of children in armed conflict. 4. Most respondents believed there had been no change in people’s participation in elections, noting that residents remained disillusioned and fearful about elections due to ongoing insecurity. Opinions were divided regarding access to public positions. Some believed this had improved for men, citing recruitment to senior positions based on competitive processes and the Kankor exam, however they noted it had not improved for women. Others felt there was no change. Most believed there was either no change, or a decrease in people’s participation in political parties due to tension and insecurity. Corruption continued to be a feature in relation to appointments.

13 Based on interviews with: KI-F-KUN-NG-1, KI-M-KUN-NG-2, KI-M-KUN-NG-3, KI-M-KUN-NG-4, KI-F-KUN-GO- 1, KI-M-KUN-GO-2, FGD-F-KUN-GO-3, FGD-F-KUN-GO-4, FGD-F-KUN-GO-5, KI-M-KUN-GO-6, KI-M-KUN-GO-7, KI-F-KUN-GO-8, KI-F-KUN-GO-9, KI-M-KUN-GO-10, KI-F-KUN-GO-11, KI-M-KUN-GO-12, KI-M-KUN-GO-13, KI- M-KUN-GO-14, KI-M-KUN-GO-15, KI-M-KUN-GO-16, KI-M-KUN-GO-17, KI-M-KUN-GO-18, KI-M-KUN-GO-19, KI-M-KUN-GO-20, KI-M-KUN-GO-21, FGD-M-KUN-CS-1, FGD-M-KUN-CS-2, FGD-M-KUN-CS-3, KI-M-KUN-CS-4, KI-M-KUN-CS-5, KI-F-KUN-CS-6, KI-F-KUN-CS-7, KI-F-KUN-CS-8, KI-M-KUN-CS-9, KI-M-KUN-PI-1

5. Most respondents believed that threats against those who speak freely have either increased, or remain high in Kunduz, from both government and AOGs. Most threats were made through mobile phones. Some respondents noted that there have not been any public gatherings in Aliabad and Imam Sahib districts, and others noted that a planned advocacy protest related to a kidnapping of a doctor’s son in Kunduz city had been prohibited by government in this monitoring cycle. Most believed there had been no change in people’s awareness and usage of the Access to Information Law, though some felt that awareness about the law was increasing due to social media and civil society awareness programs. Respondents reported no change in citizens’ understanding of their right to participate in elections, noting that the activities of the Election Commission continued to be unclear in Kunduz. 6. Most believed there had been no change in access to and quality of health care in Kunduz city, Aliabad and Imam Sahib districts, though many felt the facilities were still not enough. Respondents believed access to reproductive health services were also good but noted concerns with corruption, and with doctors’ conduct with patients. Many respondents felt that there was discrimination in the health system, based on economic status. 7. As with last monitoring cycle, some respondents noting an improvement in access to water in Imam Sahib district due to German-funded water projects. However, most felt there had been no change in terms of access to water, housing and electricity. Respondents felt there was not enough electricity in Kunduz city, though there had been progress in Aliabad district. Electricity continued to be expensive. Some noted that there had been assistance in this monitoring cycle for IDPs, from organizations such as Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and UNHCR. Others were unaware of such assistance but noted IDPs have the same access to education and health services as other residents. Disputes over land and water were thought to have decreased due to a seasonal decline in the need for irrigation water. Some felt there was corruption in the distribution of humanitarian aid. 8. As with last monitoring cycle, respondents noted the activities of a number of NGOs and international organizations who were actively providing food assistance in Kunduz. 9. Most respondents felt there had been no change in access to education in Kunduz city, Aliabad and Imam Sahib districts, which was largely good, though girls could only attend school to the sixth grade. Some felt that insecurity had negatively affected access to school. The quality of education continued to be poor, due to nepotism in the appointment of teachers, a lack of textbooks, and insecurity. Opinions were divided regarding changes in the levels of corruption in the education sector. 10. The majority of respondents felt that conflicts related to inheritance rights continued, due to lack of awareness regarding these rights. Domestic violence continued in Kunduz, with respondents citing insecurity and poverty as key drivers. Violence against women also continued, with some believing it had increased due to poverty, insecurity, lack of rule of law, and fear instilled by AOGs. Most respondents cited no change in divorce cases, though many noted that NGOs such as shelters were paying close attention to women’s rights and played a reconciling role, even while negative opinions regarding shelters are common. Shelters did not exist in Aliabad and Imam Sahib districts. Access to FRUs remained unchanged and was thought to be good. 11. Respondents believed that access to paid employment continued to decrease in this monitoring cycle, due to insecurity and decisions by investors to leave the province. As with last monitoring cycle, respondents felt that the scarcity of paid employment was driving nepotism. 12. Respondents continued to feel insecure and unsafe in the workplace, and no change was reported in relation to job security. 13. No significant changes in gender relations were reported in this monitoring cycle. Girls continued to face obstacles to education, domestic violence, challenges to inheritance rights, lack of access to employment, and lack of access to quality reproductive health services. Women’s shelters continued to be held in low regard by residents. There was some indication

that women’s access to justice may have improved to some degree, due to the hiring of women justice officials. 14. While there are mixed opinions regarding the extent of corruption within the different indicators, corruption remained a barrier to people’s access to civic, social and economic rights.

Nangarhar

The security situation in Nangarhar continued to be volatile, with suicide attacks, target killings, and explosions. Respondents noted a decline in trust in the ANP due the ongoing attacks and violence. Improvements in the justice system were noted by many, but women’s access to formal justice remained limited. Violence against children was believed to have increased in this monitoring cycle, amidst insecurity, poverty and unemployment.

In terms of social rights, improvements in both access to and quality of health care were noted by many, though significant challenges remain, particularly in the districts. There were additional pressures on service provision due to high numbers of IDPs, and assistance was widely believed to be inadequate to meet the needs. Food security continued to be poor, with respondents arguing that government continued to neglect this issue. Few changes were reported in relation to family rights and education.

In the area of economic rights, respondents believed that access to paid employment continued to decrease. Safety and security in the workplace remained elusive, and job security was associated more with the public sector than with the NGO sector, where employment is often project-based, and contingent on security.

Gender relations and administrative corruption remained largely unchanged in this monitoring cycle. Corruption continued to pose an obstacle to the realization of rights across all three pillars.

Table 12: Summary Profile – Nangarhar Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:14

1. Almost unanimously, respondents noted a worsening of security in Nangarhar, Kama and Surkhrud districts in this monitoring cycle, citing the taking of Khogyani and Picher by ISIS, and the displacement of nearly 2,000 families. Respondents noted explosions, suicide attacks, and target killings. Taliban and ISIS members live amongst civilians. The inability of the ANP to uphold security and increases in explosions have translated into a decline in people’s trust in the ANP in this monitoring cycle, though respondents also noted the need for citizens to cooperate with the police. Some respondents in Surkhrud and the center of Nangarhar felt that police training was inadequate. Most respondents were satisfied with police behavior, including responsiveness to complaints by women, while some cited improper conduct by traffic police. However, most respondents felt that corruption in the police continued unabated (for example, through the selling of police vehicle fuel). Most believed that violence due to political conflicts in Jalalabad, Kama and Surkhrud districts continued unchanged, while local level conflicts related to land and inheritance rights were believed by most to have decreased in this monitoring cycle. Others argued that there had been no change, with most conflicts taking place over land and land distribution. 2. Most respondents believed that access to formal and traditional systems of justice improved in this monitoring cycle, due to increased awareness around rights. However, respondents noted that it remained difficult for women to access formal justice because of cultural barriers, and that most cases were resolved through traditional justice systems. Respondents noted that women’s access to courts had decreased in this monitoring cycle. Most believed there had been no change in the performance of justice officials, citing ongoing issues of corruption in the formal system. Some few felt there had been improvements, due to the charging of some corrupt officials. 3. Respondents noted that violence against children had increased in this monitoring period, citing the mental health issues related to conflict, the lack of attention given to children, lack of education, forced labor and beatings. Insecurity and unemployment were cited as the underlying reasons for this violence. However, most felt that children’s access to justice had improved, due to awareness-raising interventions from the Department of Labor and Social Affairs, Women’s Affairs, and other governmental and non-governmental organizations. Respondents believed that children’s access to rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes and orphanages had declined, with more demand than there was capacity, and low quality of care in existing orphanages and kindergartens. Some respondents in Jalalabad noted that children who committed minor crimes were being held in prisons with others who had committed more serious crimes. While some respondents noted that child labor remained a serious issue, work- creation interventions by the Department of Labor and Social Affairs, UNICEF and other organizations were being rolled out to create work for parents, and thus reduce the rates of child labor. Most respondents noted that (with the exception of the city center), in Jalalabad, Surkhrud and Kama districts, children were engaged in armed conflict, being used in both war and suicide trainings. 4. While some respondents felt that participation in elections would not increase until security improved, many noted the beginning of the distribution of electronic identification cards as a positive step towards reducing election-related fraud and corruption. Respondents believed that women’s access to public positions and senior positions was on the rise, with priority given the

14 Based on interviews with: KI-F-NAN-GO-8, KI-M-NAN-GO-18, KI-F-NAN-NG-3, KI-M-NAN-CS-5, KI-F-NAN-CS-8, FGD-F-NAN-GO-3, KI-M-NAN-NG-1, FGD-F-NAN-GO-5, KI-M-NAN-CS-9, KI-M-NAN-GO-11, KI-M-NAN-GO-14, KI- F-NAN-GO-1, KI-M-NAN-GO-2, KI-F-NAN-CS-7, FGD-F-NAN-GO-4, KI-F-NAN-NG-2, KI-M-NAN-GO-19, KI-F-NAN- CS-6, KI-M-NAN-GO-12, KI-M-NAN-GO-6, KI-M-NAN-GO-7, KI-M-NAN-GO-10, FGD-M-NAN-CS-1, KI-M-NAN-GO- 16, KI-M-NAN-GO-17, FGD-M-NAN-CS-2, FGD-M-NAN-CS-3, KI-M-NAN-CS-4, KI-M-NAN-GO-13, KI-M-NAN-GO- 15, KI-M-NAN-GO-20, KI-M-NAN-GO-21, KI-M-NAN-CS-4, KI-M-NAN-PI-1,KI-M-NAN-GO-9

women in hiring processes. The majority felt that most people remain uninterested in participating in political parties, though some noted an increase in participation because of impending election. Corruption in the attainment of public positions continued to be significant. Gender discrimination was widely believed to have decreased due to enhanced public awareness. 5. Threats continued against those who speak publicly against AOGs, though respondents believed threats had decreased in Kama and Surkhrud districts. Most believed that there was freedom of gathering in Jalalabad, Surkhrud and Kama districts, with adequate police protection. Respondents felt that knowledge about and access to the Access to Information Law had increased through media, workshops and public meetings in the city center, but not in the districts, where information is not shared due to insecurity and fear that information will be shared with AOGs. Respondents believed residents have sufficient information regarding participation in elections, but cited corruption and the selling of votes and election fraud as key barriers to transparent elections. 6. Opinions were divided regarding access to health in this monitoring period, with some believing there to be more patients than the system can manage, too few employees, inadequate medicine, and poor hygiene. However, others noted an increase in the number of clinics and private hospitals, as well as pharmacies, and the re-opening of some in the districts that had been closed. Some believed that the importing of drugs from Iran and the USA had improved the quality of available medicines, and that positive changes in the quality of health were being brought about by improved monitoring by the Ministry of Public Health. However, issues of misdiagnosis, maltreatment and lack of personnel were cited in the districts. A strong majority believed that corruption had decreased in the health sector due to increased monitoring efforts by government. Gender discrimination in the sector was also believed to have decreased, though respondents believed that tribal discrimination against patients remained an issue. 7. Respondents noted that while access to electricity was good in Jalalabad and Surkhrud districts, it was not available in remote districts, though water services were thought to be improving due to well-digging ventures. Rents for houses have risen, with returnees, and IDPs are largely living in rental houses. While organizations such as NRC, the IRC and the UNHCR were supporting those in Khogyani district who have been displaced by conflict, respondents believed this assistance was inadequate in comparison to the needs. IDP’s access to housing, food and education remained an ongoing challenge. Most believed there has been no change in the number of disputes related to land and water. Some respondents noted an increase in tribal and linguistic discrimination in Jalalabad, Surkhrud and Kama districts, due to the convergence in safe areas of people from different ethnic backgrounds. 8. Food security remained poor in Nangarhar. Respondents noted that many who are poor do not have adequate food and eat only one or two meals per day. Food that was consumed was said to be cheap and of low quality. Respondents felt that government departments were not paying sufficient attention to this issue. An increase in the number of poor families in Jalalabad has meant that food assistance, for example, from the Department of Labor and Social Affairs, was insufficient. 9. Some respondents felt that access to education had increased in Jalalabad, Surkhrud and Kama districts with the opening of new schools and the appointment of more female teachers, while others believed that girls’ access had become more restricted in this monitoring cycle, due to insecurity. However, concerns remained regarding the quality of education. Many believed that education was being neglected by government, that unprofessional teachers were being hired, and that the new syllabus was more difficult than the previous one. Others, however, believed that monitoring has helped to improve the quality of education. While most respondents cited a decrease in gender discrimination in the education sector, girls continued to remain in school until grade six only.

10. While most believed that inheritance related conflicts had decreased in both Jalalabad and the districts, others argued they had increased as more women were claiming inheritance rights due to high levels of poverty. As with last monitoring cycle, opinions regarding domestic violence and violence against women were divided, with some arguing that heightened awareness and training had led to decreased levels of violence, and others believing that insecurity and unemployment serve as drivers of domestic violence and violence against women. Divorce continued to be stigmatized. Respondents believed women’s access to shelters had improved in this monitoring cycle, though others noted that some families restricted women’s access to shelters. 11. As with last monitoring cycle, respondents noted a decrease in access to paid employment, with less activity from international and domestic development organizations, and a lack of investment due to insecurity. Respondents noted that unemployment was increasing day by day. Corruption and nepotism continued to limit opportunities for equitable access to paid employment. 12. Safety and security in the workplace remained elusive due to threats from AOGs. Job security was perceived to be better in the public sector than the NGO sector, as the work is often project-based and of a limited term in the latter. 13. No significant changes in gender relations were reported in this monitoring cycle. 14. Administrative corruption continued to undermine access to rights across multiple sectors in Nangarhar. In that regard, no significant changes were reported in this monitoring cycle.

Nimruz

In the area of civic rights, opinions were divided regarding security, trust in the ANP, and access to formal and traditional systems of justice, though most believed there had been an improvement in the performance of justice officials in this monitoring period. While respondents believed that children’s access to rehabilitation centers, shelters, orphanages and childcare improved in this monitoring cycle, child labor continued to be a significant issue, particularly in the face of increasing poverty. Many felt that threats against those who exercised freedom of speech were on the rise. In terms of social rights, improvements were noted in terms of both access to and quality of health care in the province, though many important challenges remained. Improvements were also noted in relation to access to and quality of education. However, food insecurity remained an important issue in the province, with many believing it to have worsened in this monitoring cycle. Respondents noted the high costs of electricity, and poor access to water.

In the area of economic rights, the majority of respondents believed that access to paid employment had decreased in this monitoring cycle, due to issues such as insecurity, lack of vacancies, and corruption in recruitment processes.

No significant changes were reported in gender relations. However, it appears that some progress has been made to reduce corruption in a number of sectors, including security, justice, health and education. It is clear, however, that corruption continued to affect people’s access to rights across many of the key indicators.

Table 13: Summary Profile – Nimruz Pillar/Indicators Status Unchanged Improved Deteriorated Civic Rights: Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and ü Dignity1 Right to Efficient and Fair Justice2 ü ü Children’s Rights3 ü ü Right to Participate in Public Affairs4 ü Freedom of Opinion and Expression5 ü ü Social Rights: Right to Health6 ü Right to Adequate Housing and ü Facilities7 Food Security8 ü Right to Education9 ü Family Rights10 ü Economic Rights: Right to Work and Fairness in ü Employment11 Right to Decent Working Conditions12 ü ü Crosscutting Themes: Gender Relations13 ü Corruption14 ü

Notes:15

1. Opinions were divided in this monitoring period regarding security in Nimruz province, with some citing no change in security, and some believing security to have improved due to public cooperation with police and a new commander in Chakhansor district. Others believed security to have worsened, citing murders, kidnappings and armed robberies. Similarly, opinions were split regarding changes to levels of public trust in the ANP. Most believed that police behavior had improved in this monitoring cycle, particularly because police were locally hired, but others believed there was no change, or it had worsened, citing, for example, lack of action on cases, and inappropriate behavior with women. Most respondents believed corruption in the security sector was either non-existent in Nimruz province, Chahar Borjak and Chakhansor districts, or that it had decreased due to training programs and monitoring. Most believed that political violence was not a significant issue, due to similar ethnic backgrounds and existing dispute resolution mechanisms, but others believed there had been an increase, including linguistic and ethnic tensions, conflict between the government and AOGs, and political competition between powerful groups. Opinions were also divided regarded the levels of disputes and resolutions at the local level, but all agreed that conflicts were first taken to elders and traditional systems of justice, rather than the formal justice system. 2. Opinions were divided regarding changes in access to the traditional and formal justice systems. Many believed there had been improvements in access for both men and women, citing the cooperation of these institutions with the security sector, better data management, NGO involvement in assisting women with access, and the existence of female attorneys and judges. Others argued that access had not changed or had decreased, and that decisions in the traditional justice system continued to be taken by men, for the benefit of men. Nonetheless, most agreed that the performance of the traditional and formal justice authorities had improved in this monitoring cycle, or that it remained satisfactory, though one respondent recounted his experience of bribery in the formal justice sector. However, most respondents believed that corruption was not a significant issue in the justice sector, or that is had decreased in this monitoring cycle. Some disagreed and felt that corruption had risen in the past four months. 3. Opinions were also divided regarding levels of violence against children, with most reporting that children were still engaged in labor, or that violence had increased through forced and early marriage, child trafficking, and preventing children from going to school. This was attributed to poverty, unacceptable traditions and customs, lack of knowledge about children’s rights, and lack of amenities (e.g. childcare and orphanages). Some argued that violence against children had decreased due to increased awareness programs and the work of organizations working on children’s rights issues. Opinions were divided as well around changes in children’s access to traditional and formal justice. Most believed that children’s access to rehabilitation centers, shelters, orphanages and childcare had improved in the past four months, through the work of NGOs and the Department of Labor and Social Affairs. However, centers and services remain unavailable in Chahar Borjak and Chakhansor districts, and some noted a lack of orphanages for girls. Most believed that child labor had increased, noting that children under 7 were engaged in hard labor, due to their families’ poverty and addiction. Respondents were aware of one case of sexual harassment against a child, in the center of Nimruz, in which the accused was arrested.

15 Based on interviews with: KI-M-NIM-PI-1, KI-F-NIM-CS-6, KI-M-NIM-GO-12, KI-F-NIM-GO-13, KI-M-NIM-GO- 2, KI-F-NIM-GO-9, KI-F-NIM-GO-8, KI-M-NIM-GO-17, KI-M-NIM-GO-10, KI-F-NIM-GO-1, KI-M-NIM-GO-20, KI- F-NIM-GO-18, KI-M-NIM-GO-6, KI-M-NIM-CS-4, KI-F-NIM-CS-7, FGD-F-NIM-GO-5, KI-M-NIM-GO-19, FGD-M- NIM-CS-1, FGD-F-NIM-GO-4, FGD-M-NIM-CS-3, KI-M-NIM-CS-5, FGD-F-NIM-GO-3, FGD-M-NIM-CS-2, KI-F- NIM-GO-11, KI-F-NIM-CS-8, KI-M-NIM-CS-9, KI-M-NIM-GO-14, KI-F-NIM-NG-1, KI-M-NIM-GO-7, KI-M-NIM- NG-4, KI-M-NIM-GO-15, KI-M-NIM-NG-2, KI-M-NIM-GO-16, KI-M-NIM-GO-21, KI-M-NIM-NG-3

While most believed that children were not involved in armed conflict in Nimruz, others believed their engagement had increased. 4. Opinions were starkly divided in relation to changes in people’s perceptions regarding participation in elections. Some noted an increased interest and optimism due to enhanced security, the distribution of electronic identification cards, and awareness programs, while others believed that people remained sceptical and mistrustful of elections, especially if they did not have electronic identification cards. Opinions were also divided around changes in fairness of access to public sector employment. Many believed that there were more opportunities for women, but others noted that there had been no change in this monitoring cycle, or that access had decreased, because hiring processes were closed. Some argued that opportunities for people without the Kankor exam had diminished, and that corruption limited opportunities for both women and men. While some felt that participation in political parties had increased in this monitoring cycle, others felt that had been no change, or that participation had decreased due to lack of trust in political parties, and fear of party politics. Some respondents noted that the governor of Nimruz had been emphasizing the importance of women’s participation, to prevent violence and discrimination. 5. As with the previous monitoring cycle, most believed that threats against people who exercise their right to freedom of speech have increased in this monitoring cycle. Respondents noted a recent murder of an individual who had made public disclosures, and an increase in threats received by women via the telephone. No change was reported in relation to freedom of gathering. Opinions were divided regarding access to and usage of the Freedom of Information law, with most believing there was a continuing lack of awareness of this law, and a lack of cooperation from the government offices to make information available to people. Others (mainly government respondents), felt that there had been improvements in both awareness and usage of the law. No changes were reported regarding people’s understandings of their right to participate in elections, or their usage of that right. 6. Most respondents believed that access to health services continued to improve in Nimruz province, Chahar Borjak and Chakhansor districts, due to the recruitment of doctors, and the opening of new private and public clinics. Changes in governance, including the appointment of the new director, were believed to have had a positive impact, and many respondents noted that the numbers of nurses and midwives had also increased. However, others stressed that access to health services remained insufficient to meet the needs, noting there was only one nurse and no doctor in Chahar Borjak district, and no emergency or mobile services. Most believed there had been an improvement in reproductive health access, due to the hiring of more and professional midwives, and the dispatching of doctors to insecure districts. However, opinions were divided regarding the quality of services. While many noted improvements in terms of professional conduct and monitoring, others argued that doctors in public hospitals continued to refer patients to private hospitals, and that the quality and quantity of medication was insufficient. Acute patients were transferred to neighbouring provinces, and ambulatory care remained insufficient. Some believed corruption in the health sector was an ongoing issue, though most noted improvements due to efforts to increase monitoring and accountability. 7. Some respondents noted an improvement in access to water and electricity in Nimruz province, Chahar Borjak and Chakhansor districts, while others did not believe there had been any change. The near completion of the Qalah-e-Fatah water project and a water supply project in Chakhansor district were noted as positive developments by respondents. However, others cited drying rivers, salty well water, and the high costs of electricity as obstacles to access. Organizations such as Hewaad, the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) and UNAMA were assisting IDPs with access to services, including housing, but some respondents noted that the numbers were increasing by the day, noting the difficulties faced by government and other organizations in meeting demand. While opinions were divided, some respondents believe conflicts over water had increased in this monitoring cycle because of water scarcity, while others believed

that the lack of water meant there was nothing to dispute. Many believed corruption to be an ongoing issue in relation to the provision of electricity. 8. Most respondents reported either no change in food security, or a decline due to the impact on agriculture of the drying of the river in this monitoring period. Some noted that an increase in the number of women working in the fields had helped food security. Food aid was being provided by a range of organizations, but respondents believed that it was unfair, and was distributed along ethnic lines. 9. As with last monitoring cycle, most respondents believed that people’s access to and the quality of education had improved in the past four months, with the governor paying more attention to education, the establishment of new private and public schools, the recruitment of professional teachers (including female teachers), and teacher training. However, others cited ongoing problems in the sector, such as lack of textbooks, the recruitment of professional teachers to private rather than public schools, and a decline in the numbers of girls attending school in Charar Borjak due to the integration of boys and girls in the same classroom. Some respondents noted issues of corruption in relation to teacher recruitment and grading, but most felt that corruption in the education sector had decreased or remained low. 10. There were no changes reported in relation to inheritance rights and related disputes. Opinions were divided regarding changes to levels in family violence and violence against women, with some reporting an increase, and others no change. Some respondents noted two incidents of murder of women by their husbands in this monitoring period, citing poverty, impunity, and addiction as underlying drivers. Divorce continued to be stigmatized, and most believed that numbers of divorce cases either remained consistent or had declined. Opinions were divided regarding changes in access to the FRU and secure shelter, with many noting no change and a lack of availability or acceptability of shelters, and others believing that access had improved due to increased public confidence and educational programs. 11. Most respondents believed that access to paid employment had decreased in this monitoring cycle, due to insecurity, lack of budget, lack of vacancies, corruption in recruitment, and lack of water. Many noted that women often lacked the necessary skills to find paid employment. However, some felt that the water supply project had offered new opportunities for employment. Corruption, through nepotism and hiring along ethic lines, continued to negatively impact access to paid employment. 12. Opinions were divided regarding improvements in safety and security in the workplace, though many felt that job security had improved for women in Nimruz province, Chahar Borjak and Chakhansor districts, noting that police had been appointed to protect women in their workplaces. 13. No significant changes were reported in relation to gender relations. 14. Administrative corruption continued to be a theme in Nimruz, but as with last monitoring cycle, there appears to have been some progress in tackling it within the security sector, the justice sector, the health sector and the education sector. However, it remained a concern for many.

Survey Findings

This section reports selected findings from the analysis of the quantitative data collected through a survey instrument used to survey 703 men and women. These graphs are not statistically representative and serve only as suggestive illustrations.

Civic Rights

Consistent with the qualitative findings, survey results indicate that most respondents, both male and female, believe that treatment of citizens by government authorities has either not changed, or has improved in this monitoring cycle. Khost and Kandahar show particularly high levels of perceptions of improvement (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. Treatment of Citizens by Government Authorities - Women's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Better 40% No change

30% Worse 20% 10% 0%

Figure 2. Treatment of Citizens by Government Authorities - Men's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Better 50% 40% No change

30% Worse 20% 10% 0%

Similarly, Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 reveal a general perception amongst both female and male respondents that treatment of citizens by the ANP/ANA and by formal justice authorities either remains unchanged or has improved. Perceptions of improved treatment are particularly high in Khost for both male and female respondents.

Figure 3. Treatment of Citizens by ANP/ ANA - Women's Views

100%

90%

80%

70%

60% Better 50%

40% No change

30% Worse

20%

10%

Figure 4. Treatment of Citizens by ANP/ ANA - Men's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Better 50% 40% No change 30% Worse 20% 10% 0%

Figure 5. Treatment of Citizens by Formal Justice Authorities - Women's Views

100% 90% 80% 70%

60% Better 50% No change 40% Worse 30% No Opinion 20% 10% 0%

Figure 6. Treatment of Citizens by Formal Justice Authorities - Men's Views

100% 90% 80% 70%

60% Better 50% No change 40% Worse 30% No Opinion 20% 10% 0%

Social Rights

There was a striking difference between the opinions of surveyed men and women in Kandahar, around perceptions of access to health services. While most men surveyed felt that access remained unchanged, a clear majority of women believed in had decreased. This could reflect the negative perceptions of women regarding maternal and newborn health care in Kandahar, highlighted in the qualitative research (Figures 7 and 8).

Figure 7. Access to Health Services - Women's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Increased 50% 40% No change

30% Decreased 20% 10% 0%

Figure 8. Access to Health Services - Men's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Increased 50% 40% No change 30% Decreased 20% 10% 0%

Most surveyed men and women reported no change in access to education services, but there was significant variation across provinces. Amongst women, the most significant improvement in access was noted in Khost, while amongst men, the most significant improvement was reported in Nimruz. In the survey, women in Kandahar reported a significant decline in access to education, though this was less apparent in the qualitative research (Figures 9 and 10).

Figure 9. Access to Education Services - Women's Views

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40% No change

30% Decreased

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Figure 10. Access to Education Services - Men's Views

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Increased 50% 40% No change 30% Decreased 20% 10% 0%

In general, more women than men reported increases in violence against women in the survey component, particularly in Bamyan, Kandahar and Nimruz. However, a much higher percentage of women than men reported that violence against women had decreased in Khost and Nangarhar, as well as in Kabul (Figures 11 and 12).

Figure 11. Women's Views on Violence Against Women - By Provinces

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60% Increased 50% No change 40% Decreased 30% Don't Know 20%

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Figure 12. Men's Views on Violence Against Women - By Provinces

100% 90% 80% 70%

60% Increased 50% No change 40% Decreased 30% Don't Know 20% 10% 0%

In general, more women than men reported increases in violence against children in some provinces, particularly in Kandahar and Nimruz. However, in Nangarhar and Kabul, more men than women reported an increase. In Nangarhar, most women believed violence against children had decreased, and about half believed this was true in Khost for this monitoring cycle (Figures 13 and 14).

Figure 13. Women's Views on Violence Against Children - by Province

100%

90%

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60% Increased 50% No change 40% Decreased 30% Do not Know 20%

10%

Figure 14. Men's Views on Violence Against Children - by Province

100% 90% 80% 70%

60% Increased 50% No change 40% Decreased 30% Do not Know 20% 10% 0%

Economic Rights

Figures 15 and 16 illustrate the main challenges expressed by survey respondents towards accessing legal, stable employment. For both men and women, in decreasing order, these challenges include lack of employment opportunities, nepotism, corruption, lack of skills, lack of access to capital, discrimination and insecurity. A slightly higher percentage of women than men listed discrimination as a factor impeding access to employment (Figures 15 and 16).

Figure 15. Main Challenges in Access to Licit and Stable Employment for Women - All 10 Provinces

100%

90%

80% No Employment Opportunities 70% Nepotism 60% Corruption

50% Lack of skills

40% Lack of access to capital

30% Discrimination Insecurity 20%

10%

0% 10 Provinces

Figure 16. Main Challenges in Access to Licit and Stable Employment for Men - All 10 Provinces

100%

90%

80% No Employment Opportunities 70% Nepotism 60% Corruption

50% Lack of skills

40% Lack of access to capital

30% Discrimination

20% Insecurity

10%

0% 10 Provinces

Conclusion

Many of the trends identified in the fifth monitoring cycle were echoed in this round of monitoring, including continued issues of security, and a notable decline in security in some provinces. Respondents continue to feel that access to paid employment is deteriorating across most provinces, with implications for increase in child labor, food security, and access to basic services. Poor access to sufficient and good quality food continues to be an important theme in this monitoring cycle across all provinces. Returnees and IDPs are facing these and other vulnerabilities, particularly in relation to housing, access to services, and education.

Interviews and focus group discussions held for this research indicate that corruption and nepotism continue to present obstacles to accessing a range of fundamental rights and services. Some improvements have been reported in tacking corruption in the formal justice sector, and in education in some provinces. However, corruption remains widespread and corrosive. As with the last monitoring cycle, trust levels in the ANP continue to show signs of improvement, though this is not consistent across all provinces. There are indications of improvement in some provinces in relation to access to and quality of health care and education.

The following sections highlight some of the key differences among the provinces.

Civic Rights

Security issues continue to be of concern across all provinces in this monitoring cycle, but were believed to have deteriorated in Bamyan, Kabul and Nangarhar. In Nangarhar, AOG attacks and efforts to take control of districts have resulted in displacements, explosions, killings and suicide attacks, while in Bamyan, AOG attacks on policy posts were reported, along with the closure of the road between Bamyan to Baghlan due to security threats for the first ten days of Muharram. However, security conditions in Kunduz and Kandahar were believed by respondents to have improved in this monitoring cycle. In Kandahar, respondents cited, amongst other factors, the increasing professionalization of security forces and improved government monitoring, while in Kunduz, the improvement was attributed to factors such as the recruitment of a new Commander- in-Chief, and public cooperation with security forces. Trust levels in the ANP vary, but appear to be growing in most provinces, as also reported in the fifth monitoring cycle. A notable exception is Nangarhar province, where respondents felt that the inability of the ANP to uphold security, and the increases in explosions, had translated into a decline in people’s trust in the ANP in this monitoring cycle. Opinions were divided in Daikundi, Herat, Kabul and Khost regarding improvements in access to and quality of the formal justice system in this monitoring cycle, bur respondents in the other six provinces reported improvements, similar to the fifth monitoring cycle. However, in many provinces, the majority of people are reported to continue to access the traditional justice system first, referring to the formal justice institutions in complicated cases that cannot be resolved.

As with the fifth monitoring cycle, reports of an increase in child labor are strikingly common across the provinces, with respondents in Balkh, Bamyan, Herat, Kabul, Khost, Kunduz, and Nimruz reporting an increase in levels of child labor in this monitoring cycle, largely due to economic hardship. In Daikundi, respondents reported that children had to take up work following the migration of their fathers. Reports of children being recruited into armed conflict remained mixed across the provinces, with children believed to be engaged in armed conflict in some districts in Herat and Khost, as well as in Nangarhar, Kunduz and Kandahar. No significant changes were reported in relation to forced or early marriage, or to children’s access to orphanages, juvenile home or kindergartens. As with the last monitoring cycle, there is widespread scepticism regarding

57 participation in elections, and the role of political parties, with many reporting public disillusionment because of unmet promises and the usage of political parties for personal gain.

Reports regarding changes in knowledge and usage of Access to Information laws varied across the ten provinces, with some improvements noted in the center of Bamyan and Nangargar provinces, but not in the districts, while no changes were reported in the low levels of knowledge and usage of the law in Daikundi, Balkh, Kabul, Kandahar and Nangarhar. There were very divided opinions in Khost and Nimruz. A deterioration in freedom of speech due to threats was reported in Kabul, Kunduz, and Nimruz, with no change reported in Balkh, Daikundi, Herat and Kunduz. There were divided opinions in Kandahar and Khost, and only in Daikundi was a decrease in threats reported.

Social Rights

As with the fifth monitoring cycle, there continue to be some indications of improvements in access to and quality of health and education in some provinces. Improvements in access to health, for example, were reported in Balkh, Daikundi, Khost, Nangarhar, Nimruz and Kandahar (with the exception of maternal health, in the latter). Respondents in most provinces reported no change in terms of access to housing, electricity and water, though Khost, Kandahar and Nimruz reported some improvements, and Kabul reported a deterioration in access. The high cost of electricity was raised by respondents across most provinces.

Food security continue to be poor across all ten provinces, with acute challenges in access to sufficient and good quality food being reported across all provinces. In Herat, Kabul, Kandahar and Nimruz, many respondents felt food security had further deteriorated in this monitoring cycle. There appear to be some improvements in access to, and quality of, education in some provinces, such as Balkh and Kandahar, while many reported no change. Respondents in Kabul, Khost and Nangarhar had very divided opinions about education. Similarly, in the area of family rights, little change was reported in Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat or Kunduz, while Balkh, and Khost reported some improvements. In some areas, such as Kandahar, there have been increases in women’s knowledge of and claims to their inheritance rights, but this has also led to conflict within some families. While reports related to domestic violence and violence against women varied across the provinces, many felt that increased poverty and insecurity led to heightened levels of violence within families and especially against women.

Economic Rights

Eight provinces, including Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunduz, Nangarhar and Nimruz all reported the continued deterioration of access to paid employment in this monitoring cycle, while opinions were divided in Khost. In Herat, some respondents felt there had been an increase in opportunities due to the saffron industry. No changes were reported across most provinces in relation to working conditions, though some improvements were reported in both Kandahar and Khost.

Gender Relations, Corruption

As with the last monitoring cycle, there have been no notable changes in gender relations. However, women’s access to formal justice appears to have continued to increase compared to the fifth cycle, across many provinces. The incidence of administrative corruption remained unchanged across all provinces except in relation to formal justice, where there were reports of improvement, due in part to salary increases and improved monitoring.

Appendix 1: Monitoring Indicators

Civic Rights Indicator Proxies Rights to Life, Liberty, • Trust in ANP Security and Dignity of • Police Performance and Behavior Person • Security • Corruption (Crosscutting Theme) Right to Efficient and Fair • Access to Formal and Traditional Justice Systems Justice • Performance of Justice Officials • Women’s Access to, and Treatment by, Justice Systems (Gender as Crosscutting Theme) • Corruption (Crosscutting Theme) Children’s Rights • Violence Against Children (Degree and Types of Violence) • Access to Justice • Access to Rehabilitation centers, Juvenile Homes and Orphanages • Child Labor • Sexual Abuse • Children’s engagement in armed conflicts Right to Participate in • Participation in Elections Public Affairs • Access to Public Positions (Gender as crosscutting: Women in Senior Positions) • Participation in Political Parties (Gender as Crosscutting: Female Party Members) • Corruption (Crosscutting Theme) • Discrimination (Gender as Crosscutting) Right to Freedom of • Freedom of Speech (threats) Opinion and Expression • Freedom of Gathering • Right to Information Law

Economic Rights Indicator Proxies Right to Work and • Access to Paid Employment Fairness in Employment • Corruption (Jobs for Sale, Nepotism) • Discrimination (Gender as Crosscutting) Right to Decent Working • Safety and Security at Workplace Conditions • Job Security • Harassment (based on Gender or Ethnicity)

Social Rights Indicator Proxies Right to Health • Access to Health Services • Access to Reproductive Health • Quality of Health Services • Corruption (Crosscutting Theme) • Discrimination (Gender as Crosscutting) Right to Adequate • Access to Housing, Water and Electricity Housing and Facilities • IDPs (Housing) • Disputes Related to Land and Water • Corruption (Crosscutting Theme) • Discrimination (Gender as Crosscutting) Food Security • Sufficient Food (Number of Meals per Day) • Adequate Food (Type of Food Eaten) • Food Assistance (Sources, e.g., Government, INGOs, other) Right to Education • Access to Education • Quality of Education • Gender Discrimination • Corruption (in Hiring Teachers and in Giving Grades) Family Rights • Inheritance Rights and Related Conflicts • Domestic Violence • Violence Against women • Divorce Cases and Women’s Rights to Divorce • Access to FRUs and Shelters

Appendix 2: List and Definition of Codes

Non-Government = NG KI-F-Kab-NG-1 (KI=Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 1=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-2 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 2=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-3 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-4 (KI=Key informant, M=Male Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 4=Sequence)

Government = Go KI-F-Kab-Go-1 (KI=Key informant, F=Female Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 1=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-2 (KI=Key informant, M=Male Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 2=Sequence) FGD-F-Kab-Go-3 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 3=Sequence) FGD-F-Kab-Go-4 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 4=Sequence) FGD-F-Kab-Go-5 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 5=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-6 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 6=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-7 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 7=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-Go-8 (KI=Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 8=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-9 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 9=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-10 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 10=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-11 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 11=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-12 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 12=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-13 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 13=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-14 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 14=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-15 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 15=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-16 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 16=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-17 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 17=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-18 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 18=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-19 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 19=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-20 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 20=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-Go-21 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 21=Sequence)

Civil Society = CS FGD-M-Kab-CS-1 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 1=Sequence) FGD-M-Kab-CS-2 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 2=Sequence) FGD-M-Kab-CS-3 (FGD= Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-4 (KI= Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 4=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-5 (KI= Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 5=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-CS-6 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 6=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-CS-7 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 7=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-8 (KI= Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 8=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-CS-9 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 9=Sequence)

Public Institutions = PI KI-F-Kab-PI-1 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, PI=Public Institution, 1=Sequence)