Mitochondria-Cytoskeleton Associations In
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Cell Division Mitochondria-cytoskeleton associations in mammalian cytokinesis Lawrence et al. Lawrence et al. Cell Div (2016) 11:3 DOI 10.1186/s13008-016-0015-4 Lawrence et al. Cell Div (2016) 11:3 DOI 10.1186/s13008-016-0015-4 Cell Division RESEARCH Open Access Mitochondria‑cytoskeleton associations in mammalian cytokinesis E. J. Lawrence*, E. Boucher and C. A. Mandato Abstract Background: The role of the cytoskeleton in regulating mitochondrial distribution in dividing mammalian cells is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that mitochondria are transported to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in a microtubule-dependent manner. However, the exact subset of spindle microtubules and molecular machinery involved remains unknown. Methods: We employed quantitative imaging techniques and structured illumination microscopy to analyse the spatial and temporal relationship of mitochondria with microtubules and actin of the contractile ring during cytokine- sis in HeLa cells. Results: Superresolution microscopy revealed that mitochondria were associated with astral microtubules of the mitotic spindle in cytokinetic cells. Dominant-negative mutants of KIF5B, the heavy chain of kinesin-1 motor, and of Miro-1 disrupted mitochondrial transport to the furrow. Live imaging revealed that mitochondrial enrichment at the cell equator occurred simultaneously with the appearance of the contractile ring in cytokinesis. Inhibiting RhoA activ- ity and contractile ring assembly with C3 transferase, caused mitochondrial mislocalisation during division. Conclusions: Taken together, the data suggest a model in which mitochondria are transported by a microtubule- mediated mechanism involving equatorial astral microtubules, Miro-1, and KIF5B to the nascent actomyosin contrac- tile ring in cytokinesis. Keywords: Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton, Cytokinesis, Microtubules, Actin, Miro, KIF5B Background and Myosin II at the equatorial cortex. Constriction Mitochondria are essential organelles that function of the actomyosin ring results in a cleavage furrow that in ATP energy production, calcium buffering, and the physically divides the parent cell into two daughter cells generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1–4]. The [8]. Microtubules of the mitotic spindle specify the distribution of mitochondria within the cytoplasm is assembly of the actomyosin ring by delivering the small determined by interactions with the cytoskeleton. In GTPase RhoA to the equatorial cortex [9–11]. Subse- mammalian cells, mitochondria are transported over quently, RhoA triggers local actin polymerisation and long distances on microtubules, while short-range move- Myosin II contractility via downstream effectors such as ment and docking require actin [5–7]. However, the role the diaphanous-related formin mDia1, Rho kinase, and of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins in determin- citron kinase [12–14]. ing the distribution of mitochondria during cytokinesis, We recently reported that mitochondria localize to the the final stage of cell division, is poorly understood. cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mammalian cells Cytokinesis begins in anaphase with the assembly of a using a mechanism that is dependent on microtubules contractile ring composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) of the mitotic spindle [15]. However, while we found that mitochondrial transport to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis was microtubule-dependent, the subset of *Correspondence: [email protected] spindle microtubules and molecular machinery remained Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, unknown. In contrast, a recent RNAi screen for new Canada © 2016 Lawrence et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Lawrence et al. Cell Div (2016) 11:3 Page 3 of 16 actin-based motors that function in division also iden- subset of spindle microtubules responsible for trans- tified the mitochondrial motor Myosin XIX (Myo19) as porting mitochondria to the furrow, we imaged micro- being involved in the regulation of mitochondrial distri- tubules and mitochondria in dividing HeLa cells by bution in dividing HeLa cells [16]. Indeed, when Myo19 spinning disk confocal microscopy and superresolu- expression was knocked down in dividing cells, mito- tion SIM (Fig. 1). HeLa cells were transfected with chondria were mislocalized and asymmetrically inher- GFP-Tubulin and stained with MitoTracker Deep Red ited. The authors reported a similar phenotype for cells FM to detect microtubules and mitochondria respec- treated with Latrunculin B [16] and concluded that both tively. Images of microtubules (green) and mitochon- Myo19 and actin were necessary for appropriate mito- dria (magenta) at six representative stages of division chondria distribution during cell division. In contrast, we from metaphase to late cytokinesis are given in Fig. 1A previously showed, through systematic spatial and tem- (for a full time series see Additional file 1: Movie S1). poral analysis, that mitochondria accumulated at the cell Mitochondria begin to accumulate at the cleavage fur- equator following anaphase onset with no overall quanti- row coincident with the appearance of equatorial astral fiable differences in mitochondrial distribution between microtubules of the mitotic spindle (Fig. 1A, green DMSO- or Latrunculin A-treated cells [15]. Thus, the arrowheads). However, the visualization of astral micro- mechanism of mitochondrial redistribution in dividing tubules was limited by the resolution of the spinning cells remains controversial. disk microscope. To overcome this, we imaged micro- The kinesin-1 family of motor proteins play a key role tubules and mitochondria at high resolution using SIM. in transporting mitochondria in the anterograde direc- Mitotic HeLa cells were stained with an anti-alpha tubu- tion along microtubules [17–20]. Mammals possess lin antibody and MitoTracker Red CMX Ros to visualize three isoforms of kinesin-1 (KIF5A, B and C). KIF5A microtubules and mitochondria respectively (Fig. 1B, and KIF5C are neuronal, whereas KIF5B is ubiquitously C). A maximum projection image of the full confocal expressed [18]. KIF5B binds to mitochondria via an adap- stack of a representative cell in early cytokinesis and tor complex composed of the mitochondrial Rho GTPase magnified regions at the pole, side and equator of the (Miro) and the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Milton [5]. cell are given in Fig. 1B. Mitochondria at the cell poles Miro is an highly conserved atypical GTPase that is were localized in proximity to the polar astral micro- anchored in the mitochondrial membrane [21–23]. Miro tubules (Fig. 1B; inset a, blue arrowheads). In addition, binds to Milton, which in turns binds to KIF5B, thereby long equatorial astral microtubules originating from the linking mitochondria to microtubules [24, 25]. It is not cell poles curved towards the cleavage furrow (Fig. 1B; known if the KIF5B-Miro machinery mediates microtu- inset b, green arrow) and appeared to be associated with bule-based transport of mitochondria to the furrow dur- mitochondria (Fig. 1B; inset b, blue arrowheads). Inter- ing cytokinesis. estingly, mitochondria at the cleavage furrow were clus- Herein, we used a combination of live spinning disk tered in a region devoid of microtubules, likely occupied and superresolution structured illumination microscopy by the contractile ring (Fig. 1B; inset c, blue arrow). To (SIM) to gain mechanistic insights into the previously better visualize the association of mitochondria with reported relationships of mitochondria with microtu- microtubules, we analysed single z slice images taken bules and actin in mammalian cytokinesis. The mecha- from the centre of the stack of cells in metaphase, nism of microtubule-based transport of mitochondria early- and late-cytokinesis (Fig. 1C). In metaphase cells, to the furrow was investigated using dominant-negative mitochondria did not appear to be associated with mutants of KIF5B and Miro-1. Finally, systematic spatial microtubules at either the equator or the poles of the and temporal quantification of control- and cell-permea- cell (Fig. 1C; top row). We also confirmed using Noco- ble C3 transferase treated-cells, allowed us to investigate dazole that the metaphase mitochondrial distribution is the relationship of mitochondria with the contractile ring not dependent on microtubules (Additional file 2: Fig- during cytokinesis. ure S1). In contrast, mitochondria in early cytokinesis appeared to be associated with astral microtubules at Results both the equator and poles (Fig. 1C; middle row, blue Mitochondria associate with astral microtubules arrowheads). In late cytokinesis, mitochondria also during cytokinesis appeared to be associated with astral microtubules at We previously demonstrated that mitochondria are the equator and the poles (Fig. 1C; bottom row, blue transported to the cleavage furrow in a microtubule- arrowheads). These observations suggest that astral dependent manner [15, 26]. To