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Between Politics and Technopolitics

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Between Politics and Technopolitics DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF SCIENCE Division of History of Science and Technology Postgraduate Programme in History and Philosophy of Science and Technology PhD Thesis Between politics and technopolitics: critical episodes in energy and transportation infrastructures in colonial Cyprus Ανάμεσα στην πολιτική και τεχνοπολιτική: κρίσιμα επεισόδια στις υποδομές ενέργειας και μεταφορών στην αποικιακή Κύπρο Serkan Karas ΔT 008/02 Advisory Committee: Professor Kostas Gavroglu (supervisor) Lecturer Dr Stathis Arapostathis Associate Professor Aristotle Tympas Examining Committee: Professor Jean Christianidis, Assistant Professor Faidra Papanelopoulou, Professor Costas Dimitracopoulos, Professor Theodore Arabatzis, Members of Advisory Committee July 2014, Athens Contents-Περιεχο List of Abbreviations- Λίστα Ακρωνυμίων List of Tables – Λίστα Πινάκων List of Maps- Λίστα Χαρτών List of Photographs- Λίστα Εικόνων Acknowledgments- Ευχαριστίες Prologue- Πρόλογος 1 Chapter 1. Integrating techno-politics into politics: Theoretical frameworks Κεφάλαιο 1. Ενσωματώνοντας την τεχνοπολιτική στην πολιτική: θεωρητικά πλαίσια 5 Chapter 2. The Colonial period in the history of Cyprus Κεφάλαιο 2. Η Αποικιακή περίοδος στην ιστορία της Κύπρου 34 Chapter 3. The (non)-making of railway in Cyprus: railway lines towards the sea Κεφάλαιο 3. Η (μη) κατασκευή σιδηρόδρομου στην Κύπρο: σιδηροδρομικές γραμμές προς τη θάλασσα 76 Chapter 4. Negotiating/translating imperial policy, nationalism and vested interests into harbours: the making of Famagusta Harbour and Larnaca Harbour improvements Κεφάλαιο 4. Διαπραγματεύοντας/μεταφράζοντας την αυτοκρατορική πολιτική, τον εθνικισμό και τα συμφέροντα στα λιμάνια: η κατασκευή του λιμανιού της Αμμοχώστου και τα έργα στο λιμάνι της Λάρνακας 156 Chapter 5: ‘Electrifying’ Cyprus Κεφάλαιο 5. «Ηλεκτρίζοντας» την Κύπρο 218 i Chapter 6. Post-war colonial port development: Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1945 Κεφάλαιο 6. Μεταπολεμική αποικιακή ανάπτυξη των λιμανιών: Νομός περί Αποικιακής Ανάπτυξης και Πρόνοιας του 1945 297 Epilogue- Επίλογος 337 Bibliography-Βιβλιογραφία 351 ii Abstract- The current thesis explores the relation of co-production between infrastructure building and governance practices in Cyprus, while demonstrating the relevance of such a relation to the colonial order and its effective reproduction. The study is based upon four case studies of major electrification, harbour and railway construction projects. More specifically, the construction of Famagusta Harbour and Cyprus Government Railway as well as the Larnaca Harbour improvements dated between the late 1890s and the early 1900s comprise the subject of Chapters 3 and 4. The post-Second World War electrification scheme and Famagusta Harbour development projects are examined in Chapters 5 and 6. These case studies are unfolded with the aid of insights, theoretical and analytical tools derived from the history of infrastructures, postcolonial theory and technopolitics. Η παρούσα διατριβή διερευνά τη σχέση συν-παραγωγής μεταξύ της κατασκευής υποδομών και των πρακτικών διακυβέρνησης στην Κύπρο και καταδεικνύει επίσης τη σημασία της σχέσης αυτής για την αποικιακή τάξη και την επιτυχή αναπαραγωγή της. Η έρευνα αυτή βασίζεται σε τέσσερις περιπτωσιολογικές μελέτες έργων ηλεκτρισμού, κατασκευής λιμανιού και σιδηρόδρομου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η κατασκευή του λιμανιού της Αμμοχώστου και του Κυπριακού Κυβερνητικού Σιδηρόδρομου καθώς και τα βελτιωτικά έργα στο λιμάνι της Λάρνακας που χρονολογούνται μεταξύ του τέλους της δεκαετίας του 1890 και των αρχών της δεκαετίας του 1900 αποτελούν το θέμα των κεφαλαίων 3 και 4. Το σχέδιο ηλεκτρισμού και τα έργα ανάπτυξης του λιμανιού της Αμμοχώστου που ακολούθησαν το Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο εξετάζονται στα κεφάλαια 5 και 6. Αυτές οι περιπτωσιολογικές μελέτες ξετυλίγονται με τη βοήθεια διαπιστώσεων, αναλυτικών και θεωρητικών εργαλείων που αντλούνται από την ιστορία των υποδομών, τη μετααποικιακή θεωρία και την τεχνοπολιτική. iii List of Abbreviations AKEL (Ανορθωτικό Κόμμα Εργαζόμενου Λαού/ Progressive Party of Working People) CA (Crown Agents) CE (Consulting Engineers) CGR (Cyprus Government Railway) CO (Colonial Office) CS (Chief Secretary or Colonial Secretary) EAC (Electricity Authority of Cyprus) EOKA (Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών/ National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters)) HC (High Commissioner) LDF (Locust Destruction Fund) LTS (Large Technical Systems) PEO (Παγκύπρια Εργατική Ομοσπονδία / Pancyprian Federation of Labour) SoS (Secretary of State for the Colonies) STS (Science, Technology and Society) TMT (Τürk Mukavemet Teşkilatı/ Turkish Resistance Organisation) iv List of Tables Table 1. The colonies and amount of colonial loans allocate from the Colonial Loans Act 1899. See that Cyprus is the only non-tropic colony in the list 93 Table 1. Extract from the Hall report. Data gathered by Hall about the existing power plants and generators in Cyprus. CO 67/325/2 296 Table 1. Extract from review of Ten-Year Development programme. The list of schemes in the programme. CO 926/116 298 v List of Maps Map 1. Extract of map from the Brown report. The dotted lines stretching southwards from Larnaca represent the provisional route of Larnaca-Limassol. See that Famagusta-Nicosia route passes from the south-eastern Messaoria, closer to the bigger villages of the region. (Famagusta-eastern terminus; Karavostassi-western terminus; Nicosia-centre; Larnaca- southern terminus). CO 67/7, Samuel Brown to George Elliot, 31st March 1879 81 Map 2. Extract from the Shelford Report. The proposed route is the line passing in the middle of the Island. Red-dotted lines represent the region from which traffic was expected according to Shelford`s estimations. See that Famagusta-Nicosia part follows a path towards the north-east Messaoria (Pritchard’s route) while Nicosia-Karavostassi part lies on the route drawn by Samuel Brown. CO 883/6/4, Shelford to Crown Agents, 15th July 1903 119 Map 3. Extract from the map in a 1931 railway report. The map shows the competitive roads (blue lines) to the railway (red line). It is indicative to see the traffic and population around the railway route. CO 67/246/1 119 vi List of Plans Plan 1. Proposed Famagusta Harbour design of Coode, Son & Matthews. Dark red spot shows the quay area that was acclaimed. See that there are no provisions for the outer harbour. CO 67/121 173 Plan 2. The final design for the Larnaca harbour improvements. There is no breakwater but a sheltering arm for the protection of lighters. CO 67/152 209 Plan 3. Extract from the map of Coode, Son & Matthews. Famagusta Harbour extension works. The green areas are extensions of the quay and area to be dredged for ironclads. The brown area extends the quay by a pier and creates a pocket for sailing vessels outside the area of deep harbour for ironclads. 212 Plan 1. Extract from Preece, Cardew & Rider report. This is the proposed Stage 1. See that Grid`s first direction of expansion is the load. Besides connecting every big town and city (except mountainous rural areas of Paphos and Karpasia), the transmission line passing over the Troodos Mountain links the Grid with heavy consumers like various mines and hotel resorts. CO 67/325/3 246 Plan 2. Extract from the same report. We see that at Stage 2 the Grid extends to the nearest and most populous villages to the transmission lines. Again Paphos and Karpasia are not connected to the network. CO 67/325/3 247 Plan 3. The proposed Transmission and Distribution System for Cyprus after the completion of Stage 3 We see from the maps that Stage 3 was actually the connection of Paphos and Karpasia-North-East Messaoria region of Cyprus. CO 67/325/3 250 Plan 1. Extract from Millbourn report. See that extensions are designed on the shore stretching beyond the ancient walls. CO 926/223 316 Plan 2. Extract of Plans of free port zone on the harbour extensions. CO 926/223 317 Plan 3. Extract of plans for new roads feeding the port. See extensions from the shore to the planned Famagusta-Nicosia road (i.e. the old railway route). CO 926/223 318 vii Plan 4. Extract from the map that shows designs of shore and reef schemes. CO 926/224 328 Plan 5. Extract from the plans showing the Shore scheme.CO 926/224 329 Plan 6. Extract from the plans of Reef Scheme. See that this design foresaw reclamation works upon the breakwater to create quay space. CO 926/224 330 viii List of Photographs Photograph 1. Picture of Famagusta Harbour extension works. View of harbour entrance from the Southeast Bastion, taken 2nd May 1906. CO 1069/696 213 ix Acknowledgements I would like to thank all members of my advisory committee. Kostas Gavroglu has been a valuable mentor in every step of my research. The multifaceted support and influence of Stathis Arapostathis has been critical to my work on this dissertation. His experience with British engineering and expertise enriched the story of my dissertation in multiple ways. I also owe a lot to Aristotle Tympas, especially for his deep knowledge and insight in regards to the politics and history of infrastructures. Having relied extensively on archival material, I had to make long-term research visits in Britain and Cyprus. I could not conduct such an extensive archival research without the funding from the Centenary Bursary awarded by the British School in Athens and the Karen Freeze Fellowship awarded by the Foundation for the History of Technology and the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT). My parents deserve to be acknowledged for supporting me in the writing of
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