DOCSLIB.ORG

Makowiecki Et Al the Character of Animal Exploitation and The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Makowiecki Et Al the Character of Animal Exploitation and The THE CHARACTER OF ANIM AL EXPLOITATION AND THE ENVIRONM ENT AT THE POLISH/PRU SSIAN FRONTIER IN THE M EDIEVAL PERIOD: A CASE STU DY BALTICA 20 BALTICA DANIEL MAKOWIECKI, MARZENA MAKOWIECKA Abstract ARCHAEOLOGIA This paper presents a comparative, diachronic study of the faunal assemblages recovered from two key political, cultural and commercial centres in the medieval Polish-Prussian borderlands: Kałdus in the Kulmerland, and Gdańsk in Pomerania. Both centres were situated in a region which was incorporated into the Teutonic Order’s state following the Crusades against the Prussian tribes in the 13th century. Although comparative trends are noticeable between the two centres which can be linked to the development of the Polish (Piast) state, the variation reflects specific local ecological and cultural contexts. Due to the constraints of space, this study focuses on the relative representation of different species of mammals, birds and fish, demon- strating how diachronic trends can be linked to the marked historical phases associated with the cultural and environmental transformation of this frontier, from one dominated by the Piast state to the later Teutonic Order’s polity. I Key words: zooarchaeology, Kałdus, Gdańsk, Polish state, Teutonic Order, environment, mammals, birds, fish. LIFE AT THE FRON- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v20i0.810 TIER:THE ECOLOGICAL S IGNATU RES OF HUMAN The region, its history, and In Kałdus, the first zooarchaeological research was C OLONISATION the zooarchaeological background carried out in the 1970s, when a small assemblage of IN THE NORTH mammal remains and birds was investigated (Sobocińki If the term ‘Polish/Prussian frontier’ is coined with re- 1980; Waluszewska-Bubień 1980). Beginning from spect to the Middle Ages, it must be expressed with 1996, new studies combined with the interdisciplinary at least some basic impression of the delineated area project concerning historic in Culmine were under- which is related to it. Regarding present-day histori- taken (Chudziak 2003). The effects of the first zoo- cal knowledge of the tribes settling the area around the archaeological analyses were short articles reporting south Baltic coast, it is sensible to say that the River animal taxons, the most important animal subsistence Vistula broadly delineates a natural border between strategies, and some features of the natural environ- Slavs on its left bank and Prussian tribes on the right ment. In 2010, a decade of research was concluded (Fig. 1). (1996 to 2005) with a voluminous zooarchaeological In the previous century, archaeological research car- monograph presenting the spectrum of data, debates on ried out along the Vistula documented many settle- animal subsistence strategies, hunting, fishing, social ments related to the early medieval period. At the same differentiation, and the natural environment (Makow- time, numerous assemblages of animal remains were iecki 2010). Data and the aforementioned topics were collected and investigated. The results were published considered in the well-elaborated archaeological tem- in many reports relating to mammals (e.g. Sobociński poral and spatial context (Chudziak 2003). 1968; 1978; 1979; 1980; 1988; 1991a; 1992a, b; Remains from Gdańsk, recovered in the 1950s and Sobociński, Makowiecki 1992), birds (Nogalski 1991; 1960s, mainly from the early medieval stronghold 1992a, b, c; Nogalski et al. 1992; Waluszewska-Bubień adjacent to its port and settlements, were analysed by 1976; 1980) and fish (Iwaszkiewicz 1991). different researchers. They reported their results in nu- The most numerous zooarchaeological collections merous publications, mainly related to mammals (Ja- were recovered from two localities, which in the me- worski 1952; Krysiak 1955; 1956; 1967; Kubasiewicz dieval period were very important centres. The first, 1977) and fish (Dąbczewski 1952; Susłowska 1966, Kałdus (a small village close to Chełmno, reported in 1967, 1968; Susłowska, Urbanowicz 1967; Urbanow- historical records as Culm), is on a tributary of the Vis- icz 1965; 1967), and some scarce data was related to tula (the Nogat), and the second, Gdańsk, is about 150 birds (Nogalski 1984). kilometres north of the first one. Starting from the 1990s, a number of excavations were taken up in places that are historically linked to the de- 91 The Character of Animal Exploitation and the DANIEL Environment at the Polish/ 92 MAKOWIECKI, Prussian Frontier in the MARZENA Medieval Period: A Case MAKOWIECKA Study Fig. 1. A map of the region, with the locations of the two centres mentioned in the paper (prepared by authors). velopment of the city, from the time of the Crusaders In a very short time, the Crusaders took advantage of until Prussian times. In the study, a number of remains the unstable political situation among the Piast dukes, were recovered belonging to mammals, birds and fish. and built their own powerful state in the region of Prus- Their analyses were conducted by the authors in a vari- sia. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 14th century, ety of projects and collaborations with the Archaeolog- they incorporated into their state the eastern part of ical Museum in Gdańsk and some private companies. Pomerania, which had earlier belonged to the Piasts. The growing number of material was so significant that In fact, the crusading state was created, and started to the main effort was focused on current analysis, with grow into a political and economic power through a 20 BALTICA results presented in unpublished reports stored in the very well-organised administrative system with a net- archives of the Archaeological Museum (Paner 2006). work of castles. Therefore, it is expected that the ex- From these early stages of research, some prelimi- ploitation of natural resources and a visible impact on nary data and reflections on mammals were published the environment occurred at this time. in one article (Makowiecka et al. 1998), and in two Finally, in 1466, after three centuries of dynamic de- ARCHAEOLOGIA other papers on bird remains (Makowiecki, Gotfredsen velopment and conflict, the Teutonic Knights lost a 2002; 2003). Records relating to fish were included in vast part of the area on the left bank of the Vistula, a separate analytical-synthetic study devoted to the his- and some on the right bank of the river as well. There- tory of fish and fishing (Makowiecki 2003a), and the fore, from that date, it is sensible to indicate the third remains of cod were examined in isotopic projects on stage, with Gdańsk being part of the Kingdom of Po- cod fishing and trade in medieval northern Europe (see land. This would be called the ‘post-Crusaders stage’. Barrett et al. 2008; Orton et al. 2011). I In 1525, the state of the Teutonic Knights was forced to become the fief of the Polish king, and it was secu- LIFE AT THE FRON- The main events associated with the larised and transformed into the Duchy of Prussia, the TIER:THE first Protestant state. From the year 1793, a new stage ECOLOGICAL historical context S IGNATU RES in the city’s history is bound up with the Kingdom of OF HUMAN C OLONISATION Animal subsistence on the Polish/Prussian frontier Prussia, which incorporated Gdańsk into its structure. IN THE NORTH should be considered in at least three stages. This is It is worth mentioning that the Crusaders stage is one sensible, because of political and cultural events re- of the characteristic periods in the history of the Polish/ ported in historical records. The first will be called the Prussian frontier, and not only because of the Teutonic ‘pre-Crusades stage’, and started in 966 with the in- Knights, but at the same time because of changes in the troduction of Christianity into Slavic territory between structure of the system of human settlements, which the rivers Vistula and Oder by Mieszko I, a duke of consisted of castles, towns and villages. This must the Piast dynasty. He started by creating a stable po- have created different strategies in agriculture and the litical, cultural and economic structure, which can be exploitation of the environment, such as forests, fields, described as European. It was based on central places rivers and lakes. consisting of prominent fortified wooden strongholds and unfortified adjacent villages with cemeteries (Fig. In the historical context presented above, Kałdus is re- 2). In the most important of them, called sedes regni garded as the most important cultural, economic and principalis, a stone basilica constituted the character- political centre in the Kulmerland, and it existed from istic architectural form. The dynastic successors of the turn of the seventh century to the turn of the 12th Mieszko I continued the development of the state, and century. All reported zooarchaeological material corre- extended it to regions in all possible directions. Only sponds with the pre-Crusaders stage. Gdańsk started its one region close to the state, located on the right bank history from the tenth/11th century, and it has contin- of the Lower Vistula, belonged to the pagan Prussians, ued to be occupied until today. When excavations were who posed a serious military threat to the young Chris- carried out in different parts of the city, a huge amount tian Polish state. of zooarchaeological data was collected and analysed, and it can be arranged in relation to all the historical In 1226, we may point to the second stage related to stages described above. the period of crusading (the ‘Crusaders stage’), when Konrad I, a local duke of Masovia from the Piast dy- Taking into account the present state of knowledge nasty, intending to solve the Prussian problem, invited concerning the historic development of both centres, the Teutonic Knights and granted them the Kulmerland common and various features can be indicated. Com- (Chełmno land), located just beside the frontier with mon characteristics include their important roles in the the Prussian territories.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 6-10-2019 The eutT onic Order and the Baltic Crusades Alex Eidler Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Eidler, Alex, "The eT utonic Order and the Baltic Crusades" (2019). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 273. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/273 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades By Alex Eidler Senior Seminar: Hst 499 Professor David Doellinger Western Oregon University June 5, 2019 Readers Professor Elizabeth Swedo Professor David Doellinger Copyright © Alex Eidler, 2019 Eidler 1 Introduction When people think of Crusades, they often think of the wars in the Holy Lands rather than regions inside of Europe, which many believe to have already been Christian. The Baltic Crusades began during the Second Crusade (1147-1149) but continued well into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands which were initiated to retake holy cities and pilgrimage sites, the Baltic crusades were implemented by the German archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg to combat pagan tribes in the Baltic region which included Estonia, Prussia, Lithuania, and Latvia.1 The Teutonic Order, which arrived in the Baltic region in 1226, was successful in their smaller initial campaigns to combat raiders, as well as in their later crusades to conquer and convert pagan tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grunwald Trail
    n the Grunwald fi elds thousands of soldiers stand opposite each other. Hidden below the protec- tive shield of their armour, under AN INVITATION Obanners waving in the wind, they hold for an excursion along long lances. Horses impatiently tear their bridles and rattle their hooves. Soon the the Grunwald Trail iron regiments will pounce at each other, to clash in a deadly battle And so it hap- pens every year, at the same site knights from almost the whole of Europe meet, reconstructing events which happened over six hundred years ago. It is here, on the fi elds between Grunwald, Stębark and Łodwigowo, where one of the biggest battles of Medieval Europe took place on July . The Polish and Lithuanian- Russian army, led by king Władysław Jagiełło, crushed the forces of the Teutonic Knights. On the battlefi eld, knights of the order were killed, together with their chief – the great Master Ulrich von Jungingen. The Battle of Grunwald, a triumph of Polish and Lithuanian weapons, had become the symbol of power of the common monarchy. When fortune abandoned Poland and the country was torn apart by the invaders, reminiscence of the battle became the inspiration for generations remembering the past glory and the fi ght for national independence. Even now this date is known to almost every Pole, and the annual re- enactment of the battle enjoys great popularity and attracts thousands of spectators. In Stębark not only the museum and the battlefi eld are worth visiting but it is also worthwhile heading towards other places related to the great battle with the Teutonic Knights order.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GERMAN PARADOX the GERMAN PARADOX a Study of German Political and Economic Life, with Special Consideration of the Problem of East Prussia
    THE GERMAN PARADOX THE GERMAN PARADOX A study of German political and economic life, with special consideration of the problem of East Prussia A. PLUTYNSKI WISHART & CO. 10 JOHN STREET · ADELPHI • LONDON W.C.2 1933 Printed in Bngland at THE BALLANTYNE PRESS SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & Co. LTD· Oo!dleoter, l.o..,IOD & Bto11 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 I. EcoNoMic NATIONALISM 17 II. PROBLEMS oF PoPULATION AND INDUSTRY 39 III. SoME FINANCIAL BLUNDERS 57 IV. TRADE AND PoLmcs 73 v. AlusTOCRACY IN INDUSTRY 91 VI. EAST PRUSSIA: HISTORY xog VII. : NATURAL REsoURCES 125 Vlll. : AGRICULTURE 139 IX. : CoLONISATION 161 X. : INDUSTRY 179 XI. THE REsoURCES OF THE PoPULATION 195 XII. THE Two TRADE RoUTES 211 MAP OF GERMANY AND SURROUNDING CoUNTRIES facing 7 INTRODUCTION THE English people cannot be too thankful for the good fortune which places them on an island within the general civilisation ofEurope and yet separates their frontiers from those of other nations. France, Italy, Germany, Poland have all had to work out their destinies in a closer community, with sometimes con­ flicting interests, so that they have been forced almost inevitably to study one another, to help one another and to quarrel with one another by turns, while for England in the past it has been more easy to develop her own traditions undisturbed, within the security of the sea. Nevertheless, the times in which we are living, with their new methods of transport and communication, by air and land and water, have altered the nature of Great Britain's isolation just as much as they have changed the conditions under which the nations of the European continent live together.
    [Show full text]
  • Sigismund of Luxembourg's Pledgings in Hungary
    DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.10 Doctoral Dissertation “Our Lord the King Looks for Money in Every Corner” Sigismund of Luxembourg’s Pledgings in Hungary By: János Incze Supervisor(s): Katalin Szende, Balázs Nagy Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, and the Doctoral School of History Central European University, Budapest in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2018 DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.10 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1. Pledging and Borrowing in Late Medieval Monarchies: an Overview ......................... 9 Western Europe ......................................................................................................................... 11 Central Europe and Scandinavia ............................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2. The Price of Ascending to the Throne ........................................................................ 26 Preceding events ....................................................................................................................... 26 The Váh-Danube interfluve under Moravian rule .................................................................... 29 Regaining the territory .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lubycza Królewska
    Lubycza Królewska Photo: Lubycza Królewska Source: www.fotopolska.pl HISTORY The origins of Lubycza Królewska date back to the times of the Mazovian and Wallachian colonization conducted at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries by Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia. In 1787 the Austrian authorities gave Lubycza to Edward Romanowski, and in 1830 the town was bought at auction by Baron H. A. Leibnitz. The village was later owned by the Woroniecki, Zieliński, Kampf, and Marian Horowitz families. In 1855 Ludwik Zieliński established in Lubycza a faience and stoneware factory, which was open until 1911 when it was destroyed by fire. The factory was owned by Jews, including Parnas and Luft. It produced mainly, but not only, objects for the cult purposes for the Jewish community. The products of this factory, which were characterized by blue decorations, gained considerable fame. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Lubycza developed as a local industrial center. At that time, the town was inhabited mainly by Jews. During the World War I the town suffered considerably. Most of the buildings were in ruins. Photo: A vessel for matzah and Passover dishes - from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Source: Collection of the Museum of Ethnography and Art crafts in Lviv; www.stalowka.net Photo: Location plan of Lubycza Królewska, 1852. Source: National Library Photo: Devastated Lubycza Królewska after World War I Source: www.facebook.com/Historia-Regionu-Tomaszów-Lubelski-Bełz-Rawa-Ruska-216532571884064/ Photo: Book of Numbers belonging to the Jews from Lubycza Królewska Source: Private collection Photo: Book of Exodus belonging to the Jews from Lubycza Królewska Source: Private collection The first information about the Jewish population in Lubycza Królewska dates back to the 16th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland by Krzysztof E
    Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland By Krzysztof E. Borowski © 2020 Krzysztof E. Borowski M.A., University of Wrocław, 2011 B.A., University of Wrocław, 2009 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Slavic Languages and Literatures and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Co-Chair: Marc L. Greenberg Co-Chair: Renee Perelmutter Svetlana Vassileva-Karagyozova Arienne Dwyer Nathan Wood Date Defended: 29 April 2020 ii The dissertation committee for Krzysztof E. Borowski certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Online Conflict Discourse, Identity, and the Social Imagination of Silesian Minority in Poland Co-Chair: Marc L. Greenberg Co-Chair: Renee Perelmutter Date Approved: 29 April 2020 iii Abstract The second decade of the twenty-first century has been that of digital nationalism. In particular, the 2016 United States presidential elections and Brexit vote in the United Kingdom have shown that the increased use of social media has raised popular nationalism (Whitmeyer 2002) to a whole new level. While Europe and other parts of the world have visibly become more globalized, the Northern Atlantic region has witnessed a contradictory tendency for the rise and spread of nationalist sentiment. Much of this phenomenon has been taking place on the internet where conditions of apparent anonymity created a fertile ground for uninhibited identity expressions and performances. From the United States to Poland, people have retreated to their stable, national identities as a way of coping with the various facets of liquid modernity, in which the need for networking pushes individuals to engage in community building by bonding with other individuals through shared emotions (Bauman 2006, 37).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
    Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans From Russia Vol. 16, No. 4 Winter 1993 Acting Editor NANCY BERNHARDT HOLLAND Trinity College, VT Production Editors DAVID BAGBY CHRISTINE CLAYTON Editorial Board IRMGARD HEIN ELLINGSON PETER J. KLASSEN Bukovina Society, Ellis, KS California State University, Fresno ARTHUR E. FLEGEL TIMOTHY KLOBERDANZ Certified Genealogist, Menio Park, CA North Dakota State University, Fargo ADAM GIESINGER GEORGE KUFELDT University of Manitoba, emeritus Anderson University, Indiana, emeritus NANCY BERNHARDT HOLLAND LEONA PFEIPER Trinity College, Burlington, VT Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS WILLIAM KEEL HELMUT SCHMELLER University of Kansas, Lawrence Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS On the cover: The Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia is published quarterly by AHSGR. A class from the German School in Members of the Society receive the Journal, a quarterly Newsletter, and an annual genealogical publication. Odessa, South Russia, 1942. See Clues. Members qualify for discounts on material available for purchase from AHSGR. Membership categories are: Student, $20; Individual, $30; Family, $30; Contributing, $50; Sustaining, $100; Life, $500 (may be paid "Memories" by Helene Dauenhauer in five annual installments). Memberships are based on a calendar year, due each January 1. Dues in excess of Schmitz on page 25. $30 may be tax-deductible as allowed by law. Applications for membership should be sent to AHSGR, 631 D Street, Lincoln, NE 68502-1199. The Journal welcomes the submission of articles, essays, family histories, anecdotes, folklore, book reviews, and items regarding all aspects of the lives of Germans in/from Russia. Manuscripts should be typed double spaced with endnotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Folder Promocyjny Gmina Nasielsk 2020
    www.nasielsk.pl Gmina Nasielsk Nasielsk Commune 1 GMINA NASIELSK ▪ NASIELSK COMMUNE Szanowni Państwo, Ladies and Gentlemen, poznajcie Gminę Nasielsk gościnną i przyjazną okolicę z naturalnymi walorami przyrodniczymi, bogatą historią oraz wspaniałymi miesz- kańcami, którzy gwarantują życzliwość i ciepłe przyjęcie. Wierzę, że folder informacyjny przybliży Państwu naszą Gminę i zachęci do jej odwiedzenia. Do zobaczenia. I am pleased to present the Nasielsk Commune – a hospitable and friendly area with natural values, rich history and wonderful inhabitants from whom you can only expect kindness and a warm welcome. I believe that this informative folder will bring you closer to our commune and encourage you to visit it. See you soon! Z poważaniem / Sincerely, Bogdan Ruszkowski Burmistrz Nasielska / Mayor of Nasielsk Dane kontaktowe Położenie geograficzne Contact details Geographical location Urząd Miejski w Nasielsku / Municipal Office in Nasielsk Malowniczy, rozległy teren Gminy Nasielsk położony jest w województwie mazowieckim ul. Elektronowa 3, 05-190 Nasielsk NASIELSK na terenie powiatu nowodworskiego, niespełna godzinę drogi od Warszawy. NIP 531-160-74-68 W jej skład wchodzi miasto Nasielsk oraz 65 sołectw. Obszar gminy zamieszkuje tel.: 23 693 30 00, fax: 23 691 24 70 blisko 20 tys. mieszkańców. Dzięki dogodnemu położeniu i dobrze rozwiniętej sieci e-mail: [email protected], www.nasielsk.pl komunikacyjnej (4 stacje PKP na terenie gminy, przystanki autobusowe) szybko i w łatwy sposób można dojechać ze stolicy czy zlokalizowanego ok. 20 km od Konto bankowe / Bank account: Nasielska lotniska w Modlinie. BS Nasielsk 18 8226 0008 0000 1746 2000 0002 The vast, picturesque area of Nasielsk Commune is located in Mazovian Voivodeship Godziny pracy Urzędu / Working hours: (Masovia Province), within Nowy Dwór County, less than an hour by car from Poniedziałek: 8:00-17:00 / Monday: 8:00 AM-5:00 PM Warsaw.
    [Show full text]
  • Privare Aliquem Iure Suo Est Contra Ius Naturale: on Paul Vladimiri's Natural Rights Theory
    Privare aliquem iure suo est contra ius naturale: On Paul Vladimiri’s Natural Rights Theory Magdalena Płotka ABSTRaCT. The present contribution attempts to provide a more precise response to the discussion surrounding the concept of permissive natural law according to Paul Vladimiri. This goal will be realized in three steps. First, I will offer a brief history of permissive laws of nature in the medieval tradition and I will outline the historical context in which Paul Vladimiri developed his theory of natural law. Second, I will analyse excerpts from the writings of Vladimiri, in which he uses phrases indicating the presence of permissive law. Third, I will present the examples of natural human rights that Vladimiri develops in the context of the Polish-Teutonic Order conflict in 1415-1416. KEYWORDS. Paul Vladimiri, natural law, permissive law, philosophy of law, the history of Polish philosophy I. INTRODUCTiON n late medieval philosophical thought, the traditional theory of natural Ilaw based on concepts of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas was redefined. The principal change relied on the interpretation of law as a subjective property of human being (ius). According to this account, “[…] scholars resigned from perceiving the natural law (lex) as logos, world harmony or proportion” (Tierney 1997, 20).1 The subjective concept of law was the source and the point of departure for the legal and philosophical doctrines of the 17th century (Thomas Hobbes, Christian Wolff, Francisco Suarez, Hugo Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf [Haakonssen 1996, 15-16]), which out- lined the subjective character of the law as a faculty (facultas) or potency (potestas) (Hobbes 1999, 112-113).
    [Show full text]
  • The Teutonic Knights War in the North - a Brief Synopsis
    The Teutonic Knights War in the North - A Brief Synopsis David Laucius May 29, 2012 The Teutonic Knights War in the North - A Brief Synopsis 1.0 Introduction The Crusades were a series of military initiatives supported by the Church of Rome intended to promote both religious and economic interests. Initially, these efforts were directed at restoring Christian access to Jerusalem and the adjoining areas sanctified by the presence of Christ, which had been denied by the controlling Moslem Turks. Later these initiatives expanded to include interests outside of the eastern Mediterranean. Between 1095 and 1291, thousands of crusaders left their Western European homes, assumed vows and fought on behalf of the Church against Moslems, heathens and Eastern Christians. Three notable military and religious orders arose from the Crusades: the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, commonly known as the Knights Templar; the Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Order of Hospitallers or Hospitallers; and the Teutonic Knights of St Mary's Hospital at Jerusalem, or the Teutonic Order. Officially recognized by the Catholic Church in 1129, the Knights Templar were particularly noted for their fighting ability. Initially purely and solely a military order, the Templars built fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land that ultimately resulted in control of a large and influential economic infrastructure. Under pressure from King Philip of France, the Order was disbanded in 1312 by Pope Clement V. The Knights Hospitaller were founded in 1023 in Jerusalem to provide care for poor, sick and injured pilgrims to the Holy Land.
    [Show full text]
  • Z Nieprzyjaciela W Wiernego Sojusznika, Czyli Relacje
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE VADE NOBISCUM 2019 Tom XX DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8142-717-3.04 Jan Jeż (Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego) Z NIEPRZYJACIELA W WIERNEGO SOJUSZNIK A, CZYLI RELACJE SIEMOWITA IV Z JADWIGĄ ANDEGAWEŃSK Ą I WŁADYSŁAWEM JAGIEŁŁĄ Streszczenie - . Po śmierci Ludwika Węgierskiego w 1382 r. nastąpił okres ponad dwulet- niego bezkrólewia w Królestwie Polskim. Jednym z najpoważniejszych kandydatów do polskiej korony był Siemowit IV, książę rawski i płocki. Na ogólnopolskim zjeździe w Sie radzu 28 marca 1383 r. został on nawet obwołany królem, ale do koronacji ostatecznie nie doszło. W późniejszym czasie książę podejmował jeszcze starania o władzę w Polsce, lecz nie udało mu się osiągnąć wymarzonego celu – rządów w kraju, które objęła Jadwiga Andegaweńska, a następnie Władysław Jagiełło. Siemowit IV stał się ich lennikiem, chociaż- równocześnie prowadził własną politykę, wchodząc w częste kontakty z władzami zakonu krzyżackiego. Starając się zachować niezależność swojego władztwa książę musiał lawi rować pomiędzy potężnymi sąsiadami, nieuchronnie dążącymi do zbrojnej konfrontacji. Słowa kluczowe - : Siemowit IV, Księstwo Mazowieckie, Władysław Jagiełło, Jadwiga Andega weńska, bezkrólewie 1382–1384, zakon krzyżacki. W XIV stuleciu pozycja Piastów Mazowieckich zaczęła wyraźnie słabnąć na arenie międzynarodowej i choć nadal odgrywali oni- rolę ważnego gracza politycznego, z którym musiały się liczyć sąsiednie państwa, to wraz ze wzrostem znaczenia państwa zakonu krzy żackiego, wobec zjednoczenia Królestwa Polskiego oraz w obliczu rosnącej potęgi litewskiej władztwo mazowieckie stanowiło zdecydowanie słabszą stronę. Mimo to po śmierci Ludwika Węgierskiego Siemowit IV, książę na Rawie i Płocku, stanął do walki o koronę polską, rywalizując o nią z Jadwigą, 62 Jan Jeż - a później planując poślubić ją, by wraz z nią objąć rządy w Polsce.
    [Show full text]
  • Маzovia Weekend Tourism Text: Małgorzata Bochenek
    FOR TRAVELLERS Explore the beauty of Mazovian nature and architecture Маzovia Weekend tourism Text: Małgorzata Bochenek Translated by: Witold Korbecki „aVISTA”, www.euroavista.pl Cover design and graphics: PANCZAKIEWICZ ART.DESIGN / Paweł panczakiewicz www.panczakiewicz.pl Proofread by: Cartographic Publishing House Daunpol Sp. z o.o., www.daunpol-pilot.com.pl Published by: Self-Government of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship Poland, 03-719 Warszawa, ul. Jagiellońska 26 tel.: (0048) 22 59-79-100, fax: (0048) 59-79-290 e-mail: [email protected] Print: PasaŻ sp z o.o., www.pasaz.com Updated edition. Copy free of charge. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the express written permission of the Publisher. The publication co-fi nanced by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Regional Operational Programme of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship in the years 2007- 2013 and from the Mazowieckie Voivodeship funds. ISBN 978-83-63372-01-9 Warsaw 2011 In the land of worship and a glorious past ............................ 8 Welcome to the Szydłowiecki family ............................................... 14 Kurpie, that is about respect for old customs ................... 22 Among the ghosts and the inhabitants of the castle in Ciechanów .................................... 27 In a defensive fortress and the Vistula castles ...................... 35 Mazovia Weekend tourism Weekend In search of the Polish roots ............ 43 The Bug River recreational spots .... 49 In the Kozienicka Wilderness and following the footsteps of Jan Kochanowski ........................... 53 Table of contents In the land of blossoming apple trees ........................................59 In a small town and in a village ........ 63 Walking through the Kampinos Wilderness ........................................ 69 Sanctuaries, palaces and manor houses, namely areas around Sochaczew .......................................
    [Show full text]