Reconnecting Environmental Health and Urban Planning

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Reconnecting Environmental Health and Urban Planning Thomas Verbeek Thomas Verbeek Living Cities: Reconnecting Environmental Health Environmental Health and Urban Planning Environmental Living Cities: Reconnecting While public health and urban planning were closely linked in the past, the relation has turned into a lock-in of two and Urban Planning procedurally interrelated, but in fact disconnected domains of knowledge and action. In most cases, health intersects with spatial planning processes only through obligatory Levende steden: het herverbinden van evaluations or restrictive environmental legislation. This milieugezondheid en stadsplanning institutionalization of health criteria in most western countries has difficulty in dealing with the rapidly changing spatial conditions of our complex society, the growing awareness of environmental impacts and the increasing empowerment and engagement of citizens. Thomas Verbeek (1985) holds This dissertation aims to move beyond this lock-in and a Master of Geography (Ghent explores new approaches to deal with environmental health University, 2007) and a Master concerns in planning practice. Building on complexity of Urbanism and Spatial theory, an environmental justice framework is proposed Planning (Ghent University, to localize environmentally unhealthy situations, and a 2009). From 2010 to 2016, he matrix of planning strategies is presented to address these worked as a research and situations. To verify whether these theoretical insights teaching assistant at the could help to solve urban environmental health conflicts, an Centre for Mobility and empirical research methodology was developed consisting of Spatial Planning at Ghent interviews, spatial data analysis, documentary analysis and University, which provided a residents’ survey. This research framework was applied to him with the opportunity to the city of Ghent (Belgium) in close collaboration with the city carry out a PhD research administrations and a local citizen initiative. By combining project. His research interests quantitative with qualitative results, case-specific and include environmental health, general policy recommendations were formulated that can urban governance and spatial lead to a more central place for health in urban planning. justice. WWW.INPLANNING.EU Levende steden: het herverbinden van milieugezondheid en stadsplanning Living Cities: Reconnecting Environmental Health and Urban Planning Thomas Verbeek Promotoren: prof. dr. ir. L. Boelens, ereprof. dr. G. Allaert Proefschrift ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de stedenbouw en de ruimtelijke planning Vakgroep Civiele Techniek Voorzitter: prof. dr. ir. P. Troch Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen en Architectuur Academiejaar 2016 - 2017 ISBN 978-90-8578-973-4 NUR 755 Wettelijk depot: D/2017/10.500/8 Thomas Verbeek Living Cities: Reconnecting Environmental Health and Urban Planning Levende steden: het herverbinden van milieugezondheid en stadsplanning ISBN 978-90-8578-973-4 NUR 755 Wettelijk depot: D/2017/10.500/8 Supervisor Prof. dr. ir. Luuk Boelens, Ghent University Co-supervisor Em. prof. dr. Georges Allaert, Ghent University Members of the Examination Board Em. prof. dr. Georges Allaert, Ghent University (co-supervisor) Prof. dr. Lieven Annemans, Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Luuk Boelens, Ghent University (supervisor) Prof. dr. ir.-arch. Kobe Boussauw, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Prof. dr. Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Baets, Ghent University (chairman) Prof. dr. Philippe De Maeyer, Ghent University The research reported in this dissertation was conducted at the Centre for Mobility and Spatial Planning, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Ghent University. 4 Dankwoord e meeste mensen die al eens aan een loopwedstrijd hebben meegedaan kennen het gevoel dat na de eerste kilometers soms opduikt, met de bijhorende vraag: “Waarom doe ik mijzelf dit toch aan?”. Ik heb het als loper verschillende keren meegemaakt bij een wedstrijd waaraan ik Dmet veel enthousiasme begonnen was, maar die toch al snel iets zwaarder bleek dan gedacht. En ja, ook tijdens mijn eveneens met veel enthousiasme begonnen doctoraatstraject is mij dit gevoel weleens overvallen. Wat blijkt, hoewel beide soms leid(d)en tot wanhoop, voel(de) ik bij beide toch ook de eindeloze wil en energie om alles tot een goed einde te brengen, omdat je weet dat de beloning aan het einde groot gaat zijn. Na een lange en uitputtende wedstrijd met gelukkig ook veel momenten van intellectueel genot en collegiaal plezier is de finish eindelijk in zicht. In de laatste kilometers leek het alsof de aankomstlijn maar bleef opschuiven, maar nu ik dit schrijf zie ik de beloning vlak voor mij liggen. De parallel tussen een doctoraatstraject en een loopwedstrijd trek ik niet zomaar. Wie mij een beetje kent weet dat mijn leven het laatste jaar voor een groot deel bestond uit mijn doctoraat en lopen. Bovendien zijn er nog heel wat andere gelijke- nissen tussen de weg naar een doctoraatsverdediging en de weg naar de finish. Zo moet je bij beide zorgen dat je goed voorbereid aan de start komt. In de eerste plaats wil ik hiervoor mijn ouders bedanken, die mij steeds de mogelijkheid gaven om mijn interesses verder te ontplooien waardoor ik een geograaf annex ruimtelijk planner ben geworden. Daarnaast wil ik prof. Georges Allaert bedanken. Georges, je hebt er niet enkel voor gezorgd dat ik na mijn master geografie nog ben begonnen aan een tweede master in stedenbouw en ruimtelijke planning. Je hebt me ook de kans gegeven om al tijdens die opleiding als jobstudent te komen werken bij de Afdeling Mobiliteit en Ruimtelijke Planning (AMRP) en me na mijn afstuderen meteen als wetenschap- pelijk medewerker aan te nemen. Ik kreeg de kans om onderzoek te doen naar de verstedelijking van de Vlaamse open ruimte, inclusief terreinwerk per fiets: op zoek naar tot de verbeelding sprekende fenomenen als ‘verlinting’, ‘vertuining’ en ‘verpaarding’. Er bestaat geen betere manier om het Vlaamse landschap écht te leren kennen. Die eerste jaren hebben de basis gelegd voor de onderzoeker die ik vandaag ben. Wie daar ook toe bijgedragen hebben zijn Hans en Ann. Als senior onderzoekers hebben jullie mij toen begeleid en ondersteund in alle “eerste keren”: de eerste keer publiceren, de eerste keer naar een congres, de eerste keer lesgeven. Daarnaast 5 zorgden jullie voor een aangename werkomgeving waar ik als jongeling meteen werd gewaardeerd, waardoor de goesting om nog wat langer in de academische wereld te blijven hangen enkel groter werd. Hans en Ann, bedankt! En plots, midden 2010, kondigde Georges een interessante wedstrijd aan. Met zijn steun was ik – voor ik het goed en wel besefte – vertrokken voor een loopje van zes jaar als assistent bij AMRP. Hiermee kon ik van alle aspecten van het universitaire leven een beetje proeven: lesgeven, studenten begeleiden, offertes schrijven, publiceren, congressen en studiedagen bijwonen en ellenlange vergade- ringen uitzitten (de ene al nuttiger dan de andere). Maar daarnaast mocht ik een doctoraatsonderzoek uitvoeren en bovendien zélf het thema kiezen. Gezien in die jaren de discussie rond de gezondheidsimpact van de geplande Oosterweelver- binding voor het eerst brede media-aandacht kreeg, lag een prangend onderwerp voor het grijpen. Hoe kon het toch dat onze ruimtelijke planning zo weinig leek in te zitten met de gezondheid van de bevolking en hoe zou het anders kunnen? Ik had een ambitieus onderwerp gevonden dat zowel maatschappelijk relevant was, maar waar ik – met mijn geografische achtergrond – ook GIS-analyses en statistische tests op kon loslaten. Tijdens een loopwedstrijd moet je uiteindelijk zelf elke stap zetten, niemand anders kan het voor jou doen. Ook bij een doctoraat is dit het geval. Gelukkig doe je beide meestal niet helemaal alleen. Als je een goede loper bent heb je misschien een coach, die af en toe even met de fiets naast je komt rijden, je even aanmoedigt, nuttige aanwijzingen probeert te geven en je dan weer alleen laat. Als doctoraatsstudent had ik zelfs twee coaches. Waar Georges mij aan de start heeft gebracht, dook er tijdens de wedstrijd plots een nieuwe coach op, prof. Luuk Boelens. Dit gebeurt normaal niet tijdens een wedstrijd en de verandering is niet vanzelfsprekend. Eenmaal je aan het lopen bent, heb je een doel en ben je zo gefocust, dat je amper hoort wat men van aan de zijlijn tegen je roept. Bovendien heeft een nieuwe coach een andere methode en andere doelen. Zo duurde het ook bij mijn doctoraat even voor ik de aanwijzingen juist inter- preteerde en we overeenstemming vonden over het doel en de tactiek van mijn wedstrijd. Maar na afloop kan ik alleen maar tevreden zijn. Luuk, dankjewel om mij de weg te wijzen en me tegelijk uit te dagen. Het is mee door jouw kritische blik dat ik greep heb gekregen op mijn doctoraat en dat het resultaat er vandaag ligt. Hoewel je een loopwedstrijd alleen zal moeten afmaken, heb je meestal een aantal collega-lopers die ook hun wedstrijd aan het lopen zijn en waar je je even bij kan aansluiten. Gedeelde inspanningen verzachten het leed, gedeeld plezier is dubbel plezier en van elkaars strategie kan je vaak nog iets bijleren. Bij AMRP had ik het geluk om met veel aangename collega-lopers te mogen samenwerken, maar vooral ook dagelijks lief, leed en plezier te delen. Barbara, Griet, Giustino, Karel, Suzanne, Els en alle andere (ex-)AMRP’ers, jullie hebben ervoor gezorgd dat mijn werkplek de voorbije jaren een tweede thuis was waar ik ongetwijfeld nog vaak met een glimlach aan zal terugdenken. Wat ook onontbeerlijk is bij een lange loopwedstrijd, is een goede praktische omkadering en de nodige bevoorrading. Voor praktische omkadering kon ik steeds rekenen op het AMRP-secretariaat. Van het helpen vertalen van enquêtes, het 6 voorzien van de juiste koffie en koekjes voor vergaderingen tot het altijd beschikbaar zijn voor een babbel. Anne Marie, Els en Maja, bedankt! Voor de nodige bevoorrading zorgden dan weer de vele mensen waar ik tijdens mijn onderzoek mee in aanraking ben gekomen. De mensen die ik heb mogen interviewen, de deelnemers aan mijn verschillende klankbordgroepen, de proefpersonen die tijd maakten voor mijn test-enquête, de 399 respondenten van mijn enquête..
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