Esala Natahan Adam 2020 (3.599Mb)

Translation as Invasion in Post-colonial Northern Ghana Nathan Adam Esala Pietermaritzburg, 2020 Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 10 Maps ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 15 More historical than metaphorical .................................................................................... 19 Outline of chapters ............................................................................................................ 21 From historical to metaphorical ........................................................................................ 26 1 Chapter 1 Reconstructing pre-colonial translating practices in a northern Ghanaian context ...................................................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Disentangling pre-colonial life worlds and translating practices .............................. 29 1.1.1 The 3 T paradigm of cultural analysis ............................................................... 31 1.1.2 Entanglement of time ......................................................................................... 32 1.1.3 Internal African frontiers ................................................................................... 35 1.1.4 Two principles of belonging: deemphasizing language and culture .................. 38 1.1.5 Oral tradition: pre-colonial indigenous conversations ....................................... 40 1.1.6 Divination as a spiritual-socially contextually grounded translating practice ... 41 1.1.7 Re-interpreting pre-colonial kinship through the lens of gender ....................... 42 1.1.8 Disentangling pre-colonial translation practices by writing .............................. 43 1.1.9 Section one summary ......................................................................................... 44 1.2 Introducing a context in pre-colonial northern Ghana .............................................. 45 1.2.1 The land and waters south of the Gambaga escarpment .................................... 46 1.2.2 Indigenous social settlement patterns on the frontier ........................................ 47 1.2.3 Four indigenous pre-colonial language and translation practices ...................... 60 1.2.4 Three critical analyses of indigenous pre-colonial society ................................ 64 1.2.5 Section two summary ......................................................................................... 74 1.3 Religious practice, shrines, and divination related to trade and translation in pre- colonial northern Ghana ................................................................................................... 75 1.3.1 Mystical spirits and shrines ................................................................................ 77 1.3.2 Religion as problem-solving .............................................................................. 80 1.3.3 Divination practices ........................................................................................... 81 1.3.4 Divination processes .......................................................................................... 84 1.3.5 Problem-solving amidst social contradictions ................................................... 88 3 1.3.6 Section three summary: Divination as a spiritual-social translation process in indigenous pre-colonial time........................................................................................ 93 1.4 Oral tradition as a window to social translation practices in indigenous pre-colonial time ................................................................................................................................... 95 1.4.1 Oral poetry used in burial and funerals .............................................................. 96 1.4.2 Oral tradition as indigenous conversations ........................................................ 99 1.4.3 Translating the performances of oral tradition ................................................. 100 1.4.4 Section four summary ...................................................................................... 101 1.5 Highlighting women’s roles related to translation in the pre-colonial era .............. 101 1.5.1 Women as transactions between kinship groups? ............................................ 102 1.5.2 Pre-colonial structural compensation for women’s roles: An issue of entanglement .............................................................................................................. 104 1.5.3 Women as cultural translators and technology sharers .................................... 106 1.5.4 Section five summary: Affirming and critiquing the pre-colonial treatment of women ........................................................................................................................ 108 1.6 Chapter summary of pre-colonial translation practices........................................... 109 2 Chapter 2 Colonial translation of/as invasion ................................................................. 113 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 113 2.2 Colonial Invasion .................................................................................................... 115 2.2.1 Direct rule ........................................................................................................ 117 2.2.2 Indirect rule ...................................................................................................... 120 2.3 After invasion: Using translation to secure the ends of invasion ............................ 125 2.3.1 Translational Interaction .................................................................................. 126 2.3.2 Written translations of customary constitutions and customary law in support of indirect rule ................................................................................................................ 140 2.3.3 Review of this chapter’s argument so far ........................................................ 144 2.4 Colonial translation of/as invasion .......................................................................... 146 2.4.1 An evaluation of the ideology of the invasion myth as history ....................... 147 2.4.2 Colonial translations of invasion as invasion................................................... 153 2.4.3 Articulating a theory of translation as invasion ............................................... 157 2.4.4 Summary of section four .................................................................................. 159 2.5 (Neo-)indigenous responses to colonial acts of translation in the colonial era ....... 160 2.5.1 ‘Resisting’ colonial translations ....................................................................... 163 2.5.2 A response of translating yourself into a recognizable form ........................... 164 2.5.3 Translating the self through the educational value system .............................. 165 2.5.4 Two competing forms of auto-translation under colonization ......................... 168 2.5.5 Acts of conjuring as ‘experimental practice’ ................................................... 170 4 2.5.6 Interpreting neo-indigenous responses to colonial acts using a theory of translation as invasion ................................................................................................ 171 2.5.7 Summary of section five .................................................................................. 174 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 175 3 Chapter 3 Entangled Ghanaian Christianities and post-colonial approaches to translation ........................................................................................................................................ 178 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 179 3.2 First phase: Missionary Bible translation, missionary-colonial Christianity, the gospel, and African receptions ....................................................................................... 180 3.2.1 Missionary Bible translations .......................................................................... 180 3.2.2 Pietist missionary Christianity circumscribing missionary-colonial translation .......................................................................................................................... 181 3.2.3 African religio-cultural

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