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Pearl Culture JANUARY 1987 PEARL CULTURE CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) P.B. No. 2704, Cochin 682 031, India CMFRI buUetin 39 JANUARY 1987 PEARL CULTURE €dlted by: K. ALAGARSWAMI CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Researcli) F.B. No. 2704, Cochin 682 031, India. Bulletins are issued periodically by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute to iateipret current knowledge in the various fields of research on marine fisheries and allied subjects in India. O Copyright Reserved Citation: Alagarswami, K. 1987. Technology of cultured pearl production. In: Pearl Culture (K. Alagarswami, Ed.). Bull. Cent. Mar, Fkh, Res. Inst., 39: 98-106 Published by P. S. B. R. JAMES Director Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cochin-682 031, India Edited by K. ALAGARSWAMI Joint Director Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute C»ridn-682 03U India Limited Otedtrtioa CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE iii 1. INTRODUCTION — K. Alagarswami 1 2. MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF INDIAN PEARL — T. S. Velayudhan and A. D. GandU 4 OYSTER — A Chellam 13 3. BIOLOGY OF PEARL OYSTER — S. Dharmaraj, D. Kandasami 4. SOME ASPECTS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF INDIAN and K. Alagatswami 21 PEARL OYSTER — K. Nagappan Nayar and S. Mahadevan 29 5. ECOLOGY OF PEARL OYSTER BEDS — K. Alagarswami, A, CheUam, A.C.C. 6. PEARL OYSTER RESOURCES OF INDIA Victor, S. Dharmaraj, T. S, Velayudhan and A. D. Gandhi 37 7. PEARL OYSTER SPAT COLLECTION — A. C.C.Victor, A. Chellam and S. Dharmaraj 49 8. PEARL OYSTER CULTURE IN VIZHINJAM BAY — K. K. Appukuttan 54 9. HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY FOR PEARL OYSTER — K. Alagarswami, S. Dharmaraj, PRODUCTION T. S. Velayudhan and A. Chellam 62 10. PEARL OYSTER FARMING — A. Chellam, T. S. Velayudhan and A. C. C. Victor 72 11. ECOLOGY OF PEARL CULTURE GROUNDS — A. C. C. Victor and T. S. Velayudhan 78 12. PROSPECTS FOR SELECTIVE BREEDING OF PEARL OYSTERS IN INDIA — T. S. Velayudhan 87 13. EXPERIMENTAL SEA-RANCHING OF PEARL OYSTER — A. Chellam, S. Dharmaraj and IN THE GULF OF MANNAR A. C. C. Victor 90 14. BIOFOULING, BORING AND PREDATION OF — S. Dharmaraj, A. CheUam and T. S. Velayudhan PEARL OYSTER 92 — K. Alagarswami 15. TECHNOLOGY OF CULTURED PEARL PRODUCTION 98 — K. Alagarswami 16. CULTURED PEARLS—PRODUCTION AND QUALITY 107 — K. Alagarswami 17. TRAINING PROGRAMME IN PEARL CULTURE 112 Department of Fisheries, 18. PROGRESS OF RESEARCH UNDER SCHEME ON Government of Tamil Nadu lis PEARL CULTURE, 1974-78 19. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF PEARL CULTURE IN INDIA — P. S. B. R. James 120 20. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PEARL OYSTERS OF INDIAN COAST S. Mahadevan 123 PREFACE The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute made a significant achievement in develofring indigenously the technology for pearl culture in the year 1973. The success was heralded as one which can lead to the estaUishment of a new industry for production of cultured pearls in the country. This hope materialised in later years and a joint venture commercial fwoject by Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation and Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation has been established in the year 1983. The famous British marine Mobgist late James Homell, as early as in 1916, remarked that pearl culture is the only way of making the pearl oyster resource of the Gulf of ^fonnar economically remunerative. Sub* sequently, starting from 1938, attempts were made in India to develop the technobgy for pearl culture. Tbese efforts by the Department of Fisheries of Govemmente of Tantil Nadu and Gigarat, lespeotively at Krusadai and Sikka, did not result in the development of teciuuques for production of spherical cultured pearls, but important contributions on the pearl oyster biology were made. Against this background the CMFRI started an experimental research project on pearl culture in 1972 at Tutioorin vMdlx gaw the early breakthrough in 1973. Since then, the Institute developed a strong reaeardi centre for petal culture at Tuticorin and also collaborated with the Department of Fidteries, Government of Tamil Kadu, in the ICAR ad hoc Scheme on Pearl Culture during 1973-1978. &veral lines of investigations on pearl oystet resource, biology, ecology, farming and pearl production were taken up simultaneously under expanded research projects which had yielded very valuable results. The most important of these is the ittcoess achieved in 1981 on the devebpment of hatchery technology for production of pearl oyster which has the potential for solving the iffoblem of non-availabiUty of oysters from the natural beds. Tlw technology has been tested repeatedly over the last five years and scaled up for large-scale production. This has also led to a new programme of sea-ranching of pearl oyster seed on the natural beds in the Giilf of Mannar for lepopulating the beds as well as understanding the causes for tlw fluctuations of the resowoe. A number of research papers on pearl culture have been puUished from time to time but tlwso lie scattered in various journals. It was considered necessary to bring together all the information in one publication and this Bulletin on Pearl Culture was designed for the purpose. The citapters haVe been written by experts in the field and contain the latest information on pearl culture in India. The Bullet in contains 20 chapters covering all aspects of pearl oyster resources, pearl culture and hatchery ^oduction of seed. The Bulletin gives a comprehensive coverage of pearl oyster resource and ecology of pearl oyster beds; naorphology and physiology of pearl oyster ; spat collection in the inshore areas including the harbour basins; methods of pearl oyster farming and form management; tediniques of cultured pearl production and quality of cultured pearls ; technology of hatchery production of pearl oyster ; sea-ranching; transfer of technology and problems and prospects of pearl culture in India. It also includes a chai^er giving the results obtained l)y the Department of Fisheries, Govt, of Tamil Nadu under the ICAR ad hoc Scheme on Pearl Culture. Finally, the Bulletin gives an annotated bibliography of the Indian works on pearl oyster resomce and culture. There has bsen a constant flow of requests for information on the technology of pearl culture from several quarters including the industry, prospective entrepreneurs, scientists, academicians and scholars. I sincerely hope that this Bulletin will be found useful by all concerned. Dr. K. Alagarswami has designed and edited this Bulletin. Dr. A. C. C. Victor did the difficult job of reading the proof of the chapters and Shri P. T. Meenakshisundaram helped in the printing of this Bulletin. To all the scientists and other staff of the Institute who have contribtited the chapters and assisted in this publication I wish to record my deep appreciation of the good work they have done. <;;(X^Q P. S. B. R. James January 1987 Director Central Marine Fisheries Research Instittae iij 1 INTROpUCnON K. ALAGARSWAMI^ India is endowed with a pearl oyster resource whidi the nearly part of the present century for the purpose has been exploited for the natural pearls from time of improving the pearl oyster resources and conditions immemorial and, in the historical past, pearls baVe been of fishing grounds came to the conclusion that* the one of the precious objects, along with spices, exported only economically sound way of making the Indian from the ports in the South. The Gulf of Mannar and and Ceylon pearl fisheries permanently and regularly Gulf of Kutch are the well known haunts of this remunerative is to concentrate upon the indu<»ment of resource and pearl fisheries had been organised in the pearls by artificial means in comparatively limited past from Tuticorin and Jamnagar respectively. The 'numbers of cultivated pearl oysters....' Following 'paars' of Gulf of Mannar have yielded to very this recommendation, the erstwhile Madras Fisheries valuable fisheries in the past, the most successful of Department commenced experiments on pearl culture which has been the fishery series of 1955-1961. Since at Krusadai island at the h^a<^ of the Gulf of Mannar then the beds have gone back into a recessive phase in 1938. This work continued intermittently over a without much of pearl oyster stock as has been the period of about three decades and resulted in ^ving typical situation in the past. The ' khaddas ' of the valuable information on some aspects of the biology Gulf of Kutch, after yielding to a moderate fishery in of the Indian pearl oyster, farming and ecological condi­ 1966-67 season, have likewise, been unproductive since tions. However, success in respect of pearl culture then. technology was limited to obtaining 'two imperfect pearls ' away from the site of implantation and' mother- The Central Marine Fisheries Resarch Institute, of-pearl ball' attached to the shell and coated with has been involved in the survey of the pearl banks, nacre. along with the chank beds, in the Gulf of Mannar since 1959 and the pearl oyster beds were chartered. The Similar early attempts haw been made in Gujarat. ecology of these beds has been studie4 in detail. The Presumably based on the advice of late James Hornell, Institute started an experimental project in pearl culture stone enclosures vdth sltuoes were constructed near in 1972 at Tuticorin with a field laboratory at Sikka for fanning pearl oysters. Experiments on Veppalodai. This project laid the foundation for pearl culture which commenced in 1956 did not resiilt midtidisciplinary research in pearl culture which is in developing the technology. being implemeiited ynth adequate infrastructure faci­ lities. This chapter briefly reviews the developments Breakthrough in technology in pearl culture research in India, the results of which Against this background, the Central Marine are presented in the following chapters of this Bulletin. Fisheries Research In&titute started a research project on pearl culture in 1972 at Tuticorin with a field labora­ Early attempts in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat tory at Veppalodai.
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