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Issues in Emerging Health Technologies Issues in Emerging Health Technologies Memantine for Treatment of Moderate to Issue 64 Severe Alzheimer’s Disease March 2005 therapy or as adjunctive therapy with Summary cholinesterase inhibitors for the symptomatic treatment of patients with moderate to severe Health Canada has issued a Notice of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.3 It received Compliance with conditions (NOC/c) for NOC/c on December 8, 2004.4,5 memantine in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Patient Group The evidence of relative benefit and harm from memantine in this population A survey conducted in the early 1990s shows derives from two randomized controlled that dementia affects 8% of Canadians older trials (RCT) of 24 to 28 weeks duration, in than 65 and 35% of those older than 85. AD a total of 656 patients; and a post hoc sub- accounts for >60% of dementia cases. Among group analysis of 79 patients with severe AD patients living in the community, 54% have AD from a third trial of 12 weeks. moderate to severe AD. It is estimated that by Memantine alone or in combination with 2031, the number of Canadians with dementia donepezil demonstrates improvements in will almost triple.6,7 primary outcome scores of activities of daily living and cognition, but not of AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder global performance. that is characterized by a gradual loss of cogni- tive abilities, memory and functional autonomy; Memantine’s rate of diffusion may be and by the development of neuropsychiatric rapid, as it is the only drug available for 8 severe AD and it has a potential for use in problems and behavioural disturbances. Its unapproved indications. etiology is unknown. Risk factors include advanced age, presence of ApoE4 gene, family history and gender (more females are affected, The Technology even after adjusting for age).9,10 A diagnosis of “probable” AD (defined as typical clinical Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate symptoms without histological confirmation) (NMDA) receptor partial antagonist. In a is made if pre-established criteria are met.8,11 normal functioning brain, NMDA receptors are activated by glutamate, an excitatory neuro- transmitter required for learning and memory. Current Practice In AD, an excess activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate causes neuronal damage and There is no treatment to prevent or cure AD. neuronal death (excitotoxicity). Memantine’s Cholinesterase inhibitors (i.e., donepezil, galan- ability to bind to NMDA receptors may inhibit tamine and rivastigmine) are indicated for the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity without inter- management of mild to moderate AD. There are fering with normal physiological function.1,2 no treatments for the cognitive and functional deterioration that occurs in the severe stages. Comorbidities, behavioural problems and Regulatory Status psychosis are treated according to standards ® of care. Caregiver support is available through In Canada, memantine (Ebixa distributed by various networks. Lundbeck Canada Inc.) is approved as mono- The Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (CCOHTA) is a non-profit organization funded by the federal, provincial and territorial governments. (www.ccohta.ca) One RCT13 shows that memantine has a The Evidence statistically significant effect on function, but not on global performance when used alone. In In clinical trials, the efficacy of drugs used in combination with donepezil, memantine has a AD is evaluated using instruments that measure statistically significant effect on function and cognition, function (activities of daily living), cognition.14 A non-randomized post hoc sub- behaviour and global performance. group analysis shows that there is a statistically Table 1: Primary outcome measures significant improvement in global performance in memantine trials scores when memantine treatment is compared 15 Instrument Description Interpretation with placebo. ADCS-ADLsev Assesses daily Maximum score of 54, activities for decrease in score shows Adverse Effects patients with deterioration severe AD In the Reisberg et al. study, 33.3% of patients BGPcare-dependency Assesses cognition, Maximum score of 46, function and higher scores means in the control group compared with 23.0% behavioural worse function patients in the treatment group withdrew from disturbances using the trial. Of these, 17.4% in the control group care-dependency versus 10.3% of the treated group withdrew scale CIBIC-plus, Provides global 1=very much improved because of adverse effects. In the Tariot et al. CGIC rating of patient 4=no change study, 25.4% of patients in the control group function (general, 7=very much worse versus 14.8% of patients in the treated group cognitive, withdrew and 12.4% in the control group versus behaviour and activities of daily 7.4% in the treated group withdrew because of living) adverse effects. SIB Assesses cognition Maximum score of 100, in advanced AD lower score shows greater impairment Administration and Cost ADCS-ADLsev=AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living inventory modified for severe AD; BGP=Behavioural Rating Scale for Geriatric The Canadian product monograph recommends Patients; CGIC=Clinical Global Impression of Change; CIBIC- plus=Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input; that memantine titration occur for several SIB= Severe Impairment Battery. weeks to reduce the risk of side effects. A dose of 5 mg daily is increased by 5 mg increments A Cochrane Review has evaluated the efficacy, every week to a maximum of 10 mg twice safety and cost of memantine in patients with daily. The medication can be taken with or dementia (including AD, vascular and mixed without food.3 dementias).12 It identifies three published, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, The medication price is C$2.295 per 10 mg parallel group trials that included patients with tablet (Mr. Michel Rousseau, Lundbeck Canada moderate to severe AD. No RCTs that studied Inc., Montreal: personal communication, 2005 harms and benefits beyond 28 weeks were Jan 11). identified. Two trials13,14 were conducted in outpatients who Concurrent Developments were 50 years of age or older and had probable The use of memantine is being investigated in AD. In the intent-to-treat analysis, the last mild to moderate AD, vascular dementia, observation carried forward method was used. neuropathic pain, glaucoma, acquired pendular A 12-week, non-randomized post hoc subgroup nystagmus in multiple sclerosis, opioid depen- analysis is also available for 79 inpatients, 60 to 15 dence and alcohol withdrawal. Other drugs 80 years of age, with severe AD. Results for the being investigated for use in moderate to severe primary outcome measures appear in Table 2. AD include donepezil and neramexane.16 The Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (CCOHTA) is a non-profit organization funded by the federal, provincial and territorial governments. (www.ccohta.ca) Table 2: Benefit and harm observed in memantine versus placebo trials Reference Participants Interventions and Primary Outcomes Most Frequently Reported Comparators AE* (%) Reisberg et FAST6a memantine ADCS-ADLsev Agitation al.13,17 GDS 5 or 6 titrated to 20 mg memantine: -3.1±6.79 SD memantine: 23/126 (18.2) MMSE 3 to 14 daily (n=126) placebo: -5.2±6.33 SD placebo: 40/126 (31.7) versus net treatment effect: 2.1 Diarrhea 60% of patients placebo (n=126) p=0.022 memantine: 12/126 (9.5) had severe AD for 28 weeks CIBIC-plus placebo: 10/126 (7.9) memantine: 4.5±1.12 SD Insomnia placebo: 4.8±1.09 SD memantine: 13/126 (10.3) p=0.064 placebo: 10/126 (7.9) Urinary incontinence memantine: 14/126 (11.1) placebo: 14/126 (11.1) Urinary tract infection memantine: 7/126 (5.6) placebo: 17/126 (13.2) Tariot et MMSE 5 to 14 memantine SIB Accidental injury al.14,17 on stable dose titrated to 20 mg mem/don: +0.9±0.67 SE mem/don: 10/202 (5.0) of donepezil daily + placebo/don: í2.5±0.69 SE placebo/don: 16/201 (8.0) for >6 months donepezil 5 to net treatment effect: 3.4, p<0.001 Agitation before trial 10 mg daily ADCS-ADLsev mem/don: 19/202 (9.4) entry (n=203) mem/don: í2.0±0.50 SE placebo/don: 24/201 (11.9) versus placebo/don: í3.4±0.51 SE Confusion 59% of patients placebo + net treatment effect: 1.4, p=0.03 mem/don: 16/202 (7.9) had moderate donepezil 5 to placebo/don: 4/201 (2.0) AD 10 mg daily p=0.01 (n=201) Diarrhea for 24 weeks mem/don: 9/202 (4.5) placebo/don: 17/201 (8.5) Dizziness mem/don: 14/202 (6.9) placebo/don: 16/201 (8.0) Winblad et al. GDS 5 to 7 memantine 5 mg CGIC Unavailable for subgroup (post hoc MMSE<10 daily for one memantine: 3.1±0.1 SE subgroup week then 10 mg placebo: 3.5±0.1 SE analysis)15,17 all of this daily (n=41) p=0.003 subgroup had versus BGP-Care Dependency severe AD placebo (n=38) memantine: í5.8 placebo: í2.8 p=0.003 AE=adverse events, mem/don=memantine with donepezil group, placebo/don=placebo with donepezil group, SD=standard deviation, SE=standard error, *p values not reported, FAST=Functional Assessment Staging scale, GDS=Global Deterioration Scale, MMSE=Mini-Mental State Examination Rate of Technology Diffusion Implementation Issues The rate of diffusion of memantine may be Memantine may be an alternative for patients rapid, as it is the only drug available for severe with moderate AD who cannot tolerate AD. In the US, memantine was launched in cholinesterase inhibitors.19 There is no trial that early January 2004. Within a few weeks, compares memantine with a cholinesterase 40,000 patients started memantine therapy.
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