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Langridge-Etal-2017 8th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 13 – 16 November, 2017, New Zealand INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards The role of surface-rupturing faults in the Waiautoa microblock, Clarence valley, New Zealand, during the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake Langridge, Robert (1), Ries, William (1), Rowland, Julie (2), Villamor, Pilar (1), Kearse, Jesse (3), Little, Timothy (3), Nissen, Edwin (4), Madugo, Chris (5), Litchfield, Nicola (1), Gasston, Caleb (2), Hall, Brendon (2), Canva, Albane (2), Hatem, Alex (6), Zinke, Robert (6). (1) Active Landscapes Dept., GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] (2) Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand (3) Dept. of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (4) School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria University, British Columbia, Canada (5) Pacific Gas and Electric, Kensington, California USA. (6) Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA Abstract: The Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake has presented an opportunity to study the scale of earthquake deformation from regional-scale, to individual block and micro-block tectonics. The 2.5 km2 ‘Waiautoa microblock’ refers to the high-angle fault intersection area between the co-seismic ruptures of the Jordan, Kekerengu, Papatea, and Waiautoa faults in the Clarence valley. Detailed field observations and post-earthquake LiDAR mapping indicate that these faults intersect in a complex, triangular fashion. The Jordan Thrust (dextral-normal in 2016) overlaps the dextral-reverse Kekerengu Fault near George Stream. In this same area, ruptures of the reverse-sinistral Papatea Fault almost intersect the Jordan Thrust. To close the triangle, the reverse- sinistral Waiautoa Fault is inferred to link the Papatea with the Kekerengu Fault. Assessment of piercing line markers indicates that co-seismic surface slip increases to the NE of George Stream, and is largely conserved along the length of the Waiautoa microblock as the Jordan, Kekerengu and Waiautoa faults share and exchange 7-9 m of surface slip. Summed co-seismic surface slip within the Waiautoa microblock is sub-equal to co-seismic surface slip on the Kekerengu Fault northeast of the microblock, suggesting that this zone of complexity promoted the continuation of surface rupture. Key words: Waiautoa Fault, Papatea Fault, 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, transpression. INTRODUCTION Langridge et al., 2016a) (Fig. 1). The vast majority of seismic energy and surface slip was released during the second half The 14 November 2016 (local time) Mw 7.8 Kaikōura of the earthquake sequence when rupture of the northern earthquake, New Zealand is one of the largest, high-slip faults within the MFS, initiated and propagated slip to the onshore earthquakes to have occurred in recent times northeast (e.g. Kaiser et al., 2017). (Hamling et al., 2017; Kaiser et al., 2017; Stirling et al., 2017). Surface rupture occurred on at least 14 named faults between Waiau in north Canterbury and offshore of Cape Campbell, Marlborough over c. 160 km (Fig. 1). The pattern of surface faulting is highly complex both at the full scale of the rupture and at smaller scales where individual faults or fault segments interact with adjoining faults. This paper documents an important complexity near the centre of the Kaikōura earthquake rupture zone where 5 distinct faults – the Jordan, Kekerengu, Papatea, Fidget and Waiautoa faults - join and overlap one another in three dimensions. The Kaikōura earthquake occurred in the central part of the Australia-Pacific plate boundary through New Zealand in the northeastern South Island. This region is characterized by plate convergence rates of c. 37-40 mm/yr and a progression from compression in the southwest, to transpression and strike-slip motion in the northeast, across a transitional plate boundary setting where the leading edge of the Pacific plate subducts Figure 1: Map of the northern surface fault ruptures (red lines) in beneath the New Zealand margin (e.g. Wallace et al., the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake. Blue box indicates Fig. 2 2012). Fault rupture during the Kaikōura earthquake began highlighting the Papatea Fault (PF) and Waiautoa Fault (WF). See in the North Canterbury Domain and propagated into the text for other abbreviations. Marlborough Fault System (MFS) (Litchfield et al., 2014; PROGRAMME 220 8TH INTERNATIONAL PATA DAYS 2017 8th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 13 – 16 November, 2017, New Zealand 8th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 13 – 16 November, 2017, New Zealand INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards This paper describes the ‘Waiautoa microblock’ where five the hangingwall. The main reverse-sinistral trace is of the major northern faults join and overlap one another progressively concealed in George Stream (Fig. 3). and where both proximity of individual fault ruptures and The role of surface-rupturing faults in the Waiautoa microblock, Clarence valley, the partitioning of slip from one to another can be measured and documented. Understanding how faults and New Zealand, during the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake fault zones within the upper crust interact at the km-scale, with respect to the shape and size of fault stepovers and Langridge, Robert (1), Ries, William (1), Rowland, Julie (2), Villamor, Pilar (1), Kearse, Jesse (3), Little, Timothy (3), Nissen, Edwin (4), Madugo, bends is of great relevance for considering the seismic Chris (5), Litchfield, Nicola (1), Gasston, Caleb (2), Hall, Brendon (2), Canva, Albane (2), Hatem, Alex (6), Zinke, Robert (6). hazard posed by integrated fault networks (Wesnousky, 2008; Barka and Kadinsky-Cade, 2002). (1) Active Landscapes Dept., GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] (2) Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand (3) Dept. of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand METHODOLOGY (4) School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria University, British Columbia, Canada (5) Pacific Gas and Electric, Kensington, California USA. Following the Kaikōura earthquake, we collected field (6) Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA observations where fault surface rupture was recognized and accessible, and undertook helicopter reconnaissance Abstract: The Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake has presented an opportunity to study the scale of earthquake deformation from of sites in remote areas where landing was difficult or regional-scale, to individual block and micro-block tectonics. The 2.5 km2 ‘Waiautoa microblock’ refers to the high-angle fault impractical. We employed a variety of techniques to intersection area between the co-seismic ruptures of the Jordan, Kekerengu, Papatea, and Waiautoa faults in the Clarence valley. measure surface slip including tape measure, sighting of Detailed field observations and post-earthquake LiDAR mapping indicate that these faults intersect in a complex, triangular scarp heights, real-time kinematic (RTK-GPS), total station, fashion. The Jordan Thrust (dextral-normal in 2016) overlaps the dextral-reverse Kekerengu Fault near George Stream. In this and UAV (drone) surveys. Offsets were recorded on same area, ruptures of the reverse-sinistral Papatea Fault almost intersect the Jordan Thrust. To close the triangle, the reverse- cultural features including fencelines, roads, and planted sinistral Waiautoa Fault is inferred to link the Papatea with the Kekerengu Fault. Assessment of piercing line markers indicates treelines, and geomorphic features such as stream that co-seismic surface slip increases to the NE of George Stream, and is largely conserved along the length of the Waiautoa channels, risers and scree deposits. Due to the possibility microblock as the Jordan, Kekerengu and Waiautoa faults share and exchange 7-9 m of surface slip. Summed co-seismic surface of offsets being destroyed by bad weather and/or farm slip within the Waiautoa microblock is sub-equal to co-seismic surface slip on the Kekerengu Fault northeast of the microblock, reparations and the slow availability of some airborne suggesting that this zone of complexity promoted the continuation of surface rupture. datasets, the faults were mapped and surveyed as quickly as was practical on the ground soon after the earthquake. Key words: Waiautoa Fault, Papatea Fault, 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, transpression. In early 2017 we received aerial orththomosaics and in mid-2017 post-earthquake LiDAR coverage of most of the earthquake rupture zone. In some cases, such as along the Figure 2: 2016 co-seismic surface rupture of the Papatea Fault INTRODUCTION Langridge et al., 2016a) (Fig. 1). The vast majority of seismic coast and up the Clarence valley, pre-earthquake LiDAR (yellow) and ruptures of the Jordan (purple), Kekerengu (red) and energy and surface slip was released during the second half surveys existed (Langridge et al., 2016b). In these cases, we Waiautoa (brick) faults in the vicinity of the Waiautoa microblock The 14 November 2016 (local time) Mw 7.8 Kaikōura of the earthquake sequence when rupture of the northern developed Differential LiDAR (D-LiDAR) models
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