DOCSLIB.ORG

Embargoed: 8 November 2013 - 11H00 ICT (Bangkok) 53 Global SMART Programme 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Embargoed: 8 November 2013 - 11H00 ICT (Bangkok) 53 Global SMART Programme 2013 CAMBODIA CAMBODIA Emerging trends and concerns • Transnational and Asian drug trafficking groups continue to target Cambodia as a source, transit and desti- nation country for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and other illicit drugs. • The availability and use of methamphetamine in pill and crystalline form continues to expand. A large and growing majority of persons arrested for drug-related offences or persons submitted for drug treatment in- volve methamphetamine. • Crystalline methamphetamine and cocaine seizures in Cambodia in 2012 are the highest ever reported from the country. Overview of the drug situation There is continued increase in the availability and use of methamphetamine in pill and crystalline form. In The manufacture, trafficking and use of ATS is signifi- 2012, record amounts of crystalline methamphetamine cant and is becoming increasingly problematic in Cam- and cocaine were seized in Cambodia. bodia. Drug law enforcement authorities continue to dismantle a significant number of facilities that illicitly manufacture methamphetamine or produce precursor Patterns and trends of drug use chemicals for the manufacture of methamphetamine and MDMA. In 2012, several ATS manufacturing fa- There are no consistent statistics available on the ex- cilities were dismantled, most of which were located in act number of drug users in Cambodia. In 2012, the Phnom Penh. National Authority for Combating Drugs (NACD) estimated the number of drug users in Cambodia at Transnational organized criminal groups, particularly 4,057.2 However, in March 2013, NACD officials sug- from Asia and West Africa, continue to use Cambodia to gested that the number of drug users was considerably manufacture and transit ATS, their precursor chemicals, higher and likely to be in excess of 10,000.3 In recent and other illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. The years, illicit drug use, previously primarily concentrated illicit harvesting and export of safrole-rich oils (SRO),1 in urban areas, has expanded to rural parts of the coun- which can be used as a precursor for MDMA, remains try, particularly in provinces adjacent to Lao People’s an environmental and law enforcement concern. Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and Thailand.4 2 ‘Summary Report on the Control of Drug Related Matters’, National 1 Safrole is a substance listed in Table 1 of the United Nations Con- Authority for Combating Drugs (NACD), presented at the Twenty- vention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic third Anti-Drug Liaison Officials’ Meeting for International Coopera- Substances of 1988, as well as in the Cambodia’s Drug Law. The Inter- tion (ADLOMICO), Jeju, Republic of Korea, 26-28 June 2013. national Narcotics Control Board defines safrole-rich oils as being ‘any 3 ‘MINI Dublin Group Cambodia’, United Nations Office on Drugs and mixtures or natural products containing safrole present in such a way Crime (UNODC), Phnom Penh, April 2013. that it can be used or recovered by readily applicable means’; ‘Precur- 4 Cambodia country report, International Narcotics Control Strategy Re- sors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic port (INCSR), Bureau of International Narcotics Law Enforcement Af- drugs and psychotropic substances 2008’, International Narcotics Con- fairs, U.S. Department of State (Accessed at: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/ trol Board (INCB), Vienna, February 2009. rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol1/184098.htm; date accessed: 23 August 2012). Embargoed: 8 November 2013 - 11h00 ICT (Bangkok) 53 Global SMART Programme 2013 Table 28. Rank of primary drugs of concern in Cambodia, 2008-2012 Drug type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Methamphetamine pills ● 2 1 2 2 Crystalline methamphetamine ● 1 2 1 1 Ecstasy ● ● ● 6 ● Cannabis herb ● ● 4 4 4 Heroin ● ● 3 5 ● Inhalants ● ● ● 3 3 ● = Not reported Source(s): DAINAP; ‘Country Report of Drug Situation in Cambodia’, National Authority for Combating Drugs (NACD), presented at the Fifteenth Asia-Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference (ADEC), Tokyo, 2-5 February 2010; Official communication with the National Authority for Combating Drugs (NACD), 25 April 2012; Cambodia country presentation, National Authority for Combating Drugs (NACD), presented at the Global SMART Programme Regional Workshop, Jakarta, 28-29 August 2013 Table 29. Trend in use of selected drugs in Cambodia, 2008-2012 Drug type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Methamphetamine pills ● ● Crystalline methamphetamine ● ● Ecstasy ● ● ● Cannabis herb ● ● ● ● Heroin ● ● ● ● = Increasing, = Decreasing, = Stable, ● = Not reported Source(s): DAINAP; NACD, April 2012; NACD, August 2013 Injecting drug use reports of any other new psychoactive substance in use in Cambodia. Injecting drug use, including of methamphetamine, in Cambodia, continues to be on the rise.5 Accord- ing to the National AIDS Authority of Cambodia, Drug treatment HIV prevalence in 2011 was 24.1% for the estimated 1,900 injecting drug users in Cambodia.6 In 2012, Cambodia currently has 13 Temporary Centers for Drug the ‘National Population Size Estimation, HIV Preva- Education and Rehabilitation that are managed by Gov- lence and Related Risk Behaviors’ (under the auspice ernment Ministries and the civilian/military police, Min- of the NACD, Ministry of Health and AusAID), re- istry of Social Affairs and non-governmental organizations ported that HIV prevalence slightly increased among (NGOs).8 In 2012, a total of 1,162 drug users received injecting users to 24.8%. The same study reported a treatment and rehabilitation services at these centres, significant increase of approximately 4% in HIV in- most of which used crystalline methamphetamine (74%) fections among non-injecting drug users.7 and methamphetamine pills (15%). The majority (56%) of drug users at the centres were aged 18 to 25 years.9 New psychoactive substances However, international and government agencies are concerned that drug treatment centres in Cambodia do Over the past 5 years, there have been limited seizures not have sufficient treatment focus. International techni- of ketamine in Cambodia. Less than 0.5 kg of ket- cal experts working in the field have sought to address amine was seized in 2008; and just over 1 gram report- this gap by developing medical treatment services with edly seized annually up to 2012. There have been no the support of the Royal Government of Cambodia and 5 Op. cit. NACD, June 2013. 6 ‘Cambodia Country Progress Report: Monitoring the Progress towards 8 ‘Country Report on Drug Situation in Cambodia’, National Author- the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV and ity for Combating Drugs (NACD), presented at the Seventeenth Asia- AIDS, Reporting Period January 2010-December 2011,’ National AIDS Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference (ADEC), Tokyo, Authority (NAA), Phnom Penh, 2012. 14-16 February 2012. 7 HAARP Steering Committee Meeting, Phnom Penh, April 2013. 9 Op. cit. NACD, August 2013. Embargoed: 8 November 2013 - 11h00 ICT (Bangkok) 54 CAMBODIA the UN Country Team. This has led to the emergence of voluntary community-based treatment as an alternative Figure 20. Drug-related arrests in Cambo- to compulsory treatment centers. This approach, cham- dia, 2008-2012 pioned by the government and piloted in Banteay Man- 3,000 cheay Province, is showing promising results in reducing 2,500 2,381 drug dependence and providing healthcare among drug s st users. In 2012, community-based treatment services were 2,000 1,788 extended to Stung Treng and Battambang province. By rre 1,500 of a the end of 2012, the Community-Based Treatment pro- er 1,000 gramme had provided training for 170 health officials mb 684 615 Nu 394 and provided ongoing treatment for an estimated 1,292 500 drug users, of which 1,085 (84%) were ATS users.10 0 20082009 2010 2011 2012 Source(s): DAINAP; ‘Brief Operaon Results of Cambodia Law Drug-related arrests, seizures and prices Enforcement in Combang Drugs 2012’, Naonal Authority for Combang Drugs (NACD), 2013 Drug-related arrests – Cambodia does not provide drug-related arrest data disaggregated by drug type. bodia remain low compared to other countries in the The total number of persons arrested for drug-related region. In 2012, a total of 1,373 ecstasy pills were offences in Cambodia decreased by 25% from 2,381 seized, marking an 83% decline from 2011 when persons in 2011 to 1,788 persons in 2012. These fig- 7,855 pills were seized.13 ures are still considerably higher than those recorded between 2006-2010, when an annual average of 517 The smuggling and diversion of precursor chemicals arrests were made.11 In recent years, most drug-related from licit trade channels continues to be a problem in arrests have been related to ATS use.12 Cambodia. In 2012, an estimated 52 tons of precur- sor chemicals were seized in the country.14 Drug seizures – During the past 3 years, crystalline methamphetamine seizures have increased signifi- Safrole-rich oils (SRO) continue to be illegally har- cantly in Cambodia. In 2012, a total of 33.5 kg of vested and sold in Cambodia. SRO have various licit crystalline methamphetamine was seized, marking a commercial uses in the perfume and pesticide indus- 75% increase since 2011, when 19.1 kg was seized. try, but are at risk of being diverted for the illicit man- This signifies the highest amount ever reported by ufacture of ecstasy. Cambodia is one of 3 countries in the country. Methamphetamine pill seizures declined the region (along with China and Viet Nam) known by about 53% from 238,994 pills seized in 2011 to to possess specific SRO production and trade regu- 112,723 pills in 2012. Ecstasy pill seizures in Cam- lation. In 2012, SRO seizures increased considerably Table 30. Seizures of selected drugs in Cambodia, 2008-2012 Drug type Measurement 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Methamphetamine pills pills 116,772 137,249 82,746 238,994 112,723a Crystalline methamphetamine kg 1.9b 4.6 9.9 19.1 33.5 Ecstasy pills 33 3,352 1,056 7,855 1,373c Cannabis herb kg 5.0 3.8 1.2 210.2 2.4 Cocaine kg 0.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 41.0 Heroin kg 5.3 26.7 2.4 2.1 0.3 ● = Not reported/unspecified amount.a Reported as 61,170 methamphetamine pills plus 5,155.3 grams; converted into estimated pill equivalents at 100 mg per pill.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the Full Report
    H U M A N “They Treat Us Like Animals” R I G H T S Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s WATCH Drug Detention Centers “They Treat Us Like Animals” Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s Drug Detention Centers Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0817 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org DECEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0817 “They Treat Us Like Animals” Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s Drug Detention Centers Map 1: Closed Drug Detention Centers and the Planned National Center .............................. i Map 2: Current Drug Detention Centers in Cambodia .......................................................... ii Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 7 To the Government of Cambodia ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TREATED with CRUELTY: ABUSES in the NAME of DRUG REHABILITATION Remedies
    TREATED WITH CRUELTY ABUSES IN THE NAME OF DRUG REHABILITATION Copyright © 2011 by the Open Society Foundations All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form. For more information, contact: International Harm Reduction Development Program Open Society Foundations www.soros.org/harm-reduction Telephone: 1 212 548 0600 Fax: 1 212 548 4617 Email: [email protected] Cover photo: A heroin user stands in the doorway at the Los Tesoros Escondidos Drug Rehabilita- tion Center in Tijuana, Mexico. Addiction treatment facilities can be brutal and deadly places in Mexico, where better, evidence-based alternatives are rarely available or affordable. (Sandy Huf- faker/ Getty Images) Editing by Roxanne Saucier, Daniel Wolfe, Kathleen Kingsbury, and Paul Silva Design and Layout by: Andiron Studio Open Society Public Health Program The Open Society Public Health Program aims to build societies committed to inclusion, human rights, and justice, in which health-related laws, policies, and practices reflect these values and are based on evidence. The program works to advance the health and human rights of marginalized people by building the capacity of civil society leaders and organiza- tions, and by advocating for greater accountability and transparency in health policy and practice. International Harm Reduction Development Program The International Harm Reduction Development Program (IHRD), part of the Open Society Public Health Program, works to advance the health and human rights of people who use drugs. Through grantmaking, capacity building, and advocacy, IHRD works to reduce HIV, fatal overdose and other drug-related harms; to decrease abuse by police and in places of detention; and to improve the quality of health services.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. CAMBODIA 1.1 General Situation 1.1.1 Drug Use There Are No
    COUNCIL OF Brussels, 15 April 2014 THE EUROPEAN UNION (OR. en) 8990/14 CORDROGUE 26 ASIE 22 NOTE From: Japanese Regional Chair of the Dublin Group To: Dublin Group No. prev. doc.: 14715/13 Subject: Regional Report on South East Asia and China 1. CAMBODIA 1.1 General situation 1.1.1 Drug use There are no consistent statistics as to the exact number of people who use drugs in Cambodia. However the general consensus among the Royal Government of Cambodia and international agencies is that there are currently between 12,000 and 28,000 people who use drugs. Methamphetamine pills are the most widely used drug in Cambodia, although crystalline methamphetamine is becoming more widely available, with use on the rise, particularly in Phnom Penh and among unemployed youth. Whereas illicit drug use was previously concentrated primarily in urban settings, in recent years it has been expanding into rural areas, in particular in the provinces adjacent to Lao PDR and Thailand (INCSR Cambodia 2012). Drug use among women and within prisons appears to be on the rise (UNODC 2013). 8990/14 JV/fm 1 DG D 2C EN Table 1. Rank of primary drugs of concern in Cambodia, 2008-2012 Drug type 2008 2009 2010** 2011*** 2012**** Methamphetamine pills ● 2* 1 2 2 Crystalline methamphetamine ● 1* 2 1 1 Ecstasy ● ● ● 6 ● Cannabis ● ● 4 4 4 Heroin ● ● 3 5 ● Inhalants ● ● ● 3 3 Opium ● ● ● ● ● ● = Not reported Source(s): *NACD 2010a. **2010 rankings based on DAINAP data and Cambodia country reports. ***NACD 2012b. ****2012 rankings are based on data provided by the National Authority for Combating Drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • UNODC, Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia
    Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia Latest developments and challenges May 2020 Global SMART Programme Copyright © 2020, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the Global Synthetic Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends (SMART) Programme, Laboratory and Scientific Section with the support of the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Supervision, direction and review Justice Tettey, Chief, Laboratory and Scientific Section Jeremy Douglas, Regional Representative, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Research and drafting Martin Raithelhuber, Illicit Synthetic Drugs Expert Tun Nay Soe, Inter-regional Programme Coordinator Inshik Sim, Drug Programme Analyst, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Joey Yang Yi Tan, Junior Professional Officer in Drug Research Graphic design and layout Akara Umapornsakula, Graphic Designer Administrative support Jatupat Buasipreeda, Programme Assistant The present report also benefited from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Laboratory and Scientific Section and the Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including Tsegahiwot Abebe Belachew, Rebecca Miller, Reiner Pungs, and John Wojcik. Disclaimer This report has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC or the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Compulsory Treatment of People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: an Application of Selected Human Rights Principles
    Assessment of compulsory treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: An application of selected human rights principles Western Pacific Region WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Assessment of compulsary treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: an application of selected human rights principles. 1. Substance abuse, Intravenous - rehabilitation. 2. Substance abuse treatment centers. 3. Human rights. 4. HIV infections – transmission. ISBN 978 92 9061 417 3 (NLM Classification: WM 270) © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Abuses
    SUBSTANCE ABUSES THE HUMAN COST OF CAMBODIA’S ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: This image shows the inside of a cell in Phnom Penh’s CC1 men’s facility at Prey Sar prison (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. in April 2018. Prisoners are held in extremely cramped cells such as this, holding up to 530 people for up https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode to 24 hours per day. Prisoners are not provided any bedding, and cells are typically hot, humid, and For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org extremely uncomfortable. Diseases are rife. Photo supplied; photographer’s identity withheld. Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 23/2220/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 METHODOLOGY 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Drug Situation in Asia: Emerging Concerns
    OVERVIEW OF DRUG SITUATION IN ASIA: EMERGING CONCERNS Methamphetamine is the main drug of concern in treatment in Asia. Since the latter part of the 2000s, there has been a strong shift in the drug market in East and South-East Asia, from opiates to methamphetamine; 13 countries in the region reported methamphetamine as their primary drug of concern in 2018 or the latest year available; Annual prevalence of methamphetamine use ranges between 0.5 and 1.1 per cent, which is rather high compared with the global average; 2 OVERVIEW OF DRUG SITUATION IN ASIA: EMERGING CONCERNS South-East Asia emerges as the world’s fastest-growing methamphetamine market; Quantities of methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia rose more than eightfold between 2007 and 2017 to 82 tons – 45 per cent of global seizures; In 2017, seizures of methamphetamine tablets in the region amounted to nearly 450 million tablets, a 40% increase compared to the preceding year; Preliminary data for 2018 indicate a further steep increase of seizure to roughly 116 tons; 3 OVERVIEW OF DRUG SITUATION IN ASIA: EMERGING CONCERNS Increased quantities of methamphetamine seizures and decreases in retail prices of the drug in East and South-East Asia suggest that the supply of the drug has expanded; Viet Nam authorities have reported a price of US $ 8,000 for 1 kg of crystalline methamphetamine perceived to have originated from the Golden Triangle in 2017, down from the US $ 13,500 reported in 2016; Transnational organized crime (TOC) groups operating in the region have been increasingly involved in the manufacture and trafficking of methamphetamine and other drugs in the Golden Triangle in recent years; 4 OVERVIEW OF DRUG SITUATION IN ASIA: EMERGING CONCERNS Methamphetamine related treatment admissions account for a large majority of all drug related treatment admissions in the region; This included countries such as Myanmar, who traditionally have a larger proportion of other drug related admissions, other than methamphetamine.
    [Show full text]
  • Pregnant Women and Drugs in Phnom Penh
    Advanced Medical Science – International Health (01518) “No need to spend time on them, they are useless” The specific needs, perceptions and vulnerabilities of and surrounding pregnant women who use drugs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Haylee Rae Walsh (314929) Supervised by Dr Nick Thomson May 2011 WALSH 314929 Abstract This study took place in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and explored the specific needs and perceptions and subsequently the vulnerabilities that pregnant women who use drugs experience in their day-to-day life. Women who use drugs make up 6.5% of all people who use drugs in Cambodia, and NGO Friends-International identified an increase in the number of pregnant women accessing their various programs and services. The study involved 18 participant interviews with women who use(d) drugs during their pregnancy and 21 interviews with key informants from various organisations in Cambodia, conducted in January and February 2011. Oral consent was obtained to preserve the identities of participants and KIs. Thematic analysis of transcripts identified that women who use drugs during pregnancy have needs associated with survival on the street, harm reduction, and reintegration into their community. In addition to these general needs, pregnant women who use drugs also have specific needs concerning their health and that of their unborn child. Stigma in the community and discrimination towards pregnant women who use drugs was also identified. Contributing factors to the vulnerability of women who use drugs during pregnancy were fear of or actual
    [Show full text]
  • “Skin on the Cable”
    H U HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH M HUMAN A th N 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 Floor R I New York, NY 10118-3299 G RIGHTS H T S W WATCH A www.hrw.org T C H | J a n u a r “Skin on the Cable” y 2 0 The Illegal Arrest, Arbitrary Detention and Torture of People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia 1 0 In Cambodia, “undesirable” people such as the homeless, beggars, street children and sex workers are often arrested and detained in government centers. “Skin on the Cable” documents the treatment of one such “undesirable” group—people who use drugs—by law enforcement officials and staff working at government drug detention centers. In 2009 there were 11 government detention centers claiming to provide drug “treatment” and “rehabilitation”. These centers hold people rounded up by police or arrested on the request- and payment- of family members. Their detention is without any judicial oversight. In 2008 over 2,300 people were detained in such centers, including many children under 15 and people with mental illnesses. The Cambodia government’s policy of compulsory drug “treatment” in detention centers is both ineffective and abusive. People are detained even if they are not dependent on drugs. The mainstays of "treatment" in such centers are arduous physical exercises and forced labor. Indeed, sweating while exercising or laboring appears to be the most common means to “cure” drug dependence. Compounding the therapeutic ineffectiveness of detention is the extreme cruelty experienced at the hands—and C boots, truncheons and electric batons—of staff in these centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Global State HRI 2020 2.1 Asia
    Regional Overview 2.1 Asia 63 2.1 ASIA AFGHANISTAN BANGLADESH BHUTAN BRUNEI CAMBODIA CHINA HONG KONG INDIA INDONESIA JAPAN LAOS MACAU MALAYSIA MALDIVES MONGOLIA MYANMAR NEPAL NORTH KOREA PAKISTAN PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE SOUTH KOREA SRI LANKA TAIWAN THAILAND VIETNAM 64 Global State of Harm Reduction 2020 TABLE 2.1.1: Epidemiology of HIV and viral hepatitis, and harm reduction responses in Asia Country/ People who HIV prevalence Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Harm reduction response territory with inject drugs among people (anti-HCV) (anti-HBsAg) reported who inject drugs prevalence prevalence injecting drug (%) among people among Peer use who inject people who NSP1 OAT2 distribution DCRs3 drugs (%) inject drugs of naloxone (%) 139,000 Afghanistan 4.4-20.7[2] 31.2[2] 6.6[2] 24[3] 8[3] [3] x (88,000-190,500)[1] 68,500 Bangladesh 18.1[4] 39.6 - 95[4] 7.0 (4.7-10)[5] 88[6] 7[7] x x (63,500-74,000)[1] Bhutan nk nk nk nk x x x x Brunei nk nk nk nk x x x x Cambodia 4,136 (3,267-4,742)[8] 15.2[8] 30.4[8] nk 5[6] 2[9] x x 1,930,000 China 2.6[11] 29.8 [11] 23.4[5] 814[6] 785[12] x x (1,310,000-2,540,000)[10] Hong Kong 1,078[13] 1.1[14] 56[15] nk[15] x 20[16] x x India 850,000[17] 6.3[10] 40 (33.9-46.1)[5] 4.7 (0.9-.8.5)[5] 266[6] 225[18] [19] x 33,492 Indonesia 28.76-44.5[10][5] 63.5-89.2[10][5] 6.7[10] 215[6] 92[21] x x (14,016-88,812)[20] Japan nk 0.02[10] 40[10] 8.6[10] x x x x Laos 1,600[10] 17.4 (7.8-31.4)[5] nk nk x[23] x[24] x x Macau 189[10] 0[10] 67[10] 17[10] 1[25] 4[25] x x Malaysia 75,000[26] 13.4[26] 67.1[10] nk 501[26] 891[27] x x Maldives 793[10]
    [Show full text]
  • If You Are Poor You Are Killed”: Extrajudicial Executions in The
    “IF YOU ARE POOR, YOU ARE KILLED” EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES’ “WAR ON DRUGS” Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. Cover photo: The body of one of four men killed by unknown armed persons is taken out of the alleged © Amnesty International 2017 ‘drug den’ where the shootings took place, 12 December 2016, Pasig City, Metro Manila. The case was Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons one of two documented by Amnesty International delegates observing journalists’ night-shift coverage of (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. police activities. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Screengrab, © Amnesty International (photographer Alyx Ayn Arumpac) For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 35/5517/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS MAP 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 METHODOLOGY 9 1. BACKGROUND 10 2. APPLICABLE LAW 13 2.1 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS 13 2.2 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK 15 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia's Country Report
    The 11 th Meeting of the AIPA Fact Finding Committee to Combat the Drug Menace (11 TH AIFOCOM) 12-16 May 2014, Vientiane, Lao PDR CAMBODIA’S COUNTRY REPORT I- INTRODUCTION Since the 90s, cross-border criminal and illegal activities relating to drugs have come into Cambodia’s territory and have increasingly been rising in recent years. Cambodia has therefore suffered from the drug trafficking, distribution and utilization. It has even become recently exposed to drug syndicates who use Cambodia as a drug production site of ATS. II- Drug Situation in Cambodia a. Drug trafficking Cambodia still continues to be affected by the import of drugs from the Golden Triangle, Golden Crescent and Latin America regions. ATS, Heroin has been imported into Cambodia from the Golden Triangle through the northeastern provinces of Cambodia. Besides, Cocaine and Methamphetamine-ice powder have been imported by the international drug criminals from Latin America and Golden Crescent through Phnom Penh and Siem Reap International Airports. Through this import and transit of these drugs, it has been used to supply domestically and export to other countries in the region and other regions by land and water ways and posts. b. Processing and Production of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS), Plantation and Extraction of Plants Oil. Through cooperation on the suppression of drugs crime, it shows that the drug criminal groups still continue their action to process and produce drugs illegally. In fact, in 2013 competent authorities suppressed a case where it was at the preparation for drugs processing and production through which a lot of the production materials including molds (logo999) and ingredient substances for drugs processing and production were seized in Sankat Toeuk Laok, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh.
    [Show full text]