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Redalyc.Historia De La Periodoncia: Primeros Rasgos De Definición De Un Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Carlos Afanador Ruiz, Camilo Duque Naranjo, Constanza Gómez de Ramírez Historia de la periodoncia: primeros rasgos de definición de un espacio social y conceptual y proceso de institucionalización en Colombia. parte I. una imagen de la periodoncia... Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia, vol. 3, núm. 11, 2004, pp. 77-103, Universidad El Bosque Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=41401104 Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia, ISSN (Versión impresa): 0124-4620 [email protected] Universidad El Bosque Colombia ¿Cómo citar? Fascículo completo Más información del artículo Página de la revista www.redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia Vol. III. Nos. 10 y 11. Págs. 77-103 HISTORIA DE LA PERIODONCIA: Primeros rasgos de definición de un espacio social y conceptual y proceso de institucionalización en Colombia. Parte I. Una imagen de la periodoncia a través de su historia y de su historiografía* Carlos Afanador Ruiz**, Camilo Duque Naranjo***, Constanza Gómez de Ramírez**** RESUMEN La periodoncia es la especialidad de la odontología que comprende la prevención, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y pronóstico de las enfermedades de los tejidos que rodean y soportan al diente y sus sustitutos, y el mantenimiento en salud, función y estética en esas estructuras y tejidos. En Colombia es una especialidad relativamente joven pero con una trayectoria y expresión institucional importante. Hasta el presente no se ha realizado un trabajo sistemático que dé cuenta de los procesos por los cuales llegó a definirse como un espacio diferenciado y reconocido en el país. Este trabajo, el primero de una serie, tuvo por objeto determinar unos primeros rasgos de definición de la * Este artículo hace parte de una serie que será publicada a partir de los trabajos para convalidación del título de Especialista en Periodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología: “Historia de la Periodoncia en Colombia: primeros rasgos de definición de un espacio conceptual” de Carlos Afanador Ruiz y “Proceso de institucionalización de la periodoncia en Colombia: un análisis histórico” de Constanza Gómez de Ramírez. ** Odontólogo Universidad Nacional, profesor titular de Periodoncia, Universidad Javeriana. Miembro Honorario de la Sociedad Colombiana de Periodoncia y de la Regional Bogotá. *** Odontólogo Universidad Javeriana, instructor asociado Universidad El Bosque, investigador asociado C.I.E.C. en la Línea de Historia del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Miembro Activo de la Sociedad Colombiana de Historia de la Medicina. Director del trabajo. [email protected] **** Odontóloga, profesora titular de Periodoncia, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Miembro Honorario de la Sociedad Colombiana de Periodoncia. 78 Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia – Vol. V • Nos. 10 y 11 periodoncia en Colombia como un espacio social y conceptual. Presenta una introducción a una posible imagen de la periodoncia construida a partir del análisis histórico, imagen que difiere de la que representan comúnmente los periodoncistas de su propio quehacer profesional. Para ello, el análisis comprende cinco elementos: la definición del campo de la periodoncia; un recorrido por la historiografía “periodontológica” para identificar una concepción frente al pasado; la historia como imagen de la ciencia; los prefacios de los libros de texto y la idea de progreso; el hito fundacional de la periodoncia; y la idea de los precursores. Como resultado aparece una imagen de la periodoncia como un campo de conocimientos social e históricamente construido cuyo desarrollo depende del contexto social e histórico en el cual tiene lugar y no como una línea continua de progresos y desarrollos racionales consistentes. Palabras clave: periodoncia, historia, historia de las ciencias. ABSTRACT Periodontics is a dental specialty that comprises prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the surrounding and supporting dental tissue illnesses, and of the dental substitutes as well, and the health, function and aesthetics maintenance of this tissues and structures. In Colombia, is a relatively young specialty but with an important institutional expression and background. To the present, it has not been made a systematic work that accounts the processes for its definition as a differenced and recognized space in the country. The purpose of this study was to determine the first traces of the definition of Periodontics in Colombia as a social and conceptual space. This paper, the first of a series, is an introduction to an image of periodontics that differs from that usually represented by peridoncists in its professional exercise. To held this, the analysis take in five elements: the work’s boundaries from the definition of periodontics field; a brief journey through “periodontologic” historiography to identify a conception of its past; the textbook’s prefaces and the idea of scientific progress; the myth of foundation of periodontics as a modern field; and the problem of the father of modern periodontics. The elements for this analysis have been Historia de la periodoncia 79 taken from the history of sciences. As a result it appears an image of periodontics as a social and historical construction and at the same time as a social space and not as a continuous line of progress and a rational conquest. Key words: periodontology, periodontics, history, history of sciences. INTRODUCCIÓN La periodoncia hoy es una especialidad reconocida en Colombia. Cuen- ta con programas de especialización en muchas de las facultades de odontología en el país. La Sociedad Colombiana de periodoncia agru- pa a la mayoría de los odontólogos que se han especializado en esta rama de la odontología. Tiene diversos mecanismos de legitimación social. Es incuestionable la presencia de contenidos de periodoncia en los planes de estudio de pregrado en todas las facultades de odontolo- gía. Los fundamentos de la periodoncia son básicos en el estudio, la enseñanza y la práctica de la odontología. Aunque la siguiente afirma- ción no se ajusta a la realidad de la población colombiana, para mu- chos autores, con el sustancial descenso en caries dental y el envejecimiento de la población, se le ha dado mucho énfasis a la tera- pia periodontal y, por consiguiente, la demanda de información acer- ca de la periodoncia y de sus servicios estaría en aumento. Las condiciones sociales del país imponen al desarrollo de la periodoncia una realidad completamente contradictoria a la enunciada. La periodoncia ha sido llamada “la conciencia de la odontología”; esto no implica que ésta sola área sea la depositaria de todo o gran parte del idealismo, la habilidad, el conocimiento y el profesionalismo de la odon- tología, pero la periodoncia está presente en las diversas especialida- des. Desde hace unas décadas se habla de la integralidad en odontología. Aunque el término y sus intenciones tienen distintas in- terpretaciones, acepciones y concepciones, si pretendemos ejercer una odontología integral, en una de estas acepciones, se tiene que aceptar que la periodoncia es básica, porque tiene relaciones incuestionables con las demás áreas de la odontología. La periodoncia como especialización claramente diferenciada puede parecer joven con relación a otras especialidades. Si utilizamos la reha- 80 Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia – Vol. V • Nos. 10 y 11 bilitación como ejemplo, con su larga historia de desacuerdos con res- pecto a la oclusión y preceptos restauradores, al mirar la historia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana en sus inicios, hacia mediados del siglo XX podemos apreciar los ingentes esfuerzos por dotar sus instalaciones y proveer a los estudiantes de materiales, equipos e instrumental para desarrollar lo que hoy conoce- mos como operatoria dental y la restauración, mientras entre los lar- gos listados y catálogos no encontramos ni un solo instrumento para el raspaje y el alisado radicular. La periodoncia podría anticipar una metodología más universal en lo que se refiere a problemas dentales. Más que en otras disciplinas odontológicas, el tiempo es el árbitro final debido a la cronicidad de la lesión y de los factores variables relacionados, tales como comporta- miento del paciente, resistencia a la destrucción y edad de aparición. Todas las conclusiones deberán ser tentativas, y todas las opiniones sin importar el valor que se les haya dado, estarán sujetas a cambio (Schluger, et al., 1982). La enfermedad, a pesar de los nuevos conocimientos, continua siendo uno de los mayores problemas en la odontología; su prevención y trata- miento es el mayor problema para los cuidados de salud; a pesar de que la enfermedad ha sido extensamente estudiada, ningún logro notable se ha tenido en el entendimiento de sus causas y su patogénesis y propor- cionalmente poco se ha logrado en la disminución de su epidemiología. La enfermedad periodontal en Colombia continua presentando tasas elevadas. Los datos de comienzos de los años ochenta, reportaron que los Colombianos tenían periodontopatías con algún grado de severidad en un 94,7% de la población. Hoy en día tiene aún prevalencias muy altas que oscilan entre el 71 y 90%. A esto se aplicaría aquel corolario según el cual las enfermedades más estudiadas y conocidas por el hom- bre son al mismo
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