Periodontiens Historie I Et Nordisk Perspektiv

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Periodontiens Historie I Et Nordisk Perspektiv vetenskapknut meyer & klinik ● knut meyer knut meyer, tannlege, lic. odont. , spesialist i periodonti, Bergen, Norge Periodontiens historie i et nordisk perspektiv Paleopatologiske studier viser at periodontal sykdom har fulgt menneskene fra førhistorisk tid. Historiske beretninger fra oldtidens kulturer har også viet periodontale sykdommer oppmerksomhet. I nyere tid har nordiske forskere bidratt betydelig til utvikling av periodontal epidemiologi. Vår tids periodon- tale sykdomspanorama er annerledes enn for bare 50–100 år siden. Marginal periodontitt utgjør imidlertid fremdeles en helseutfordring i de nordiske land. Etiologi og patogenese ved periodontal sykdom var lenge uklar. Det var først i siste halvdel av det 20. århundre at en del vesentlige årsakssammenhenger ble klarlagt, blant annet ved epokegjørende nordisk forskning. Periodontal terapi har endret seg fra å være empirisk til å bli evidensbasert i løpet av de siste 50 år. Også ved utviklingen av moderne periodontal behandling har periodontister fra de nordiske land bidratt i høy grad. Men tross alle nyvin- ninger, vi benytter oss fremdeles også av metoder som ble brukt for 100 år siden. En rikholdig litteratur inngår i den nordiske innsatsen for forståelsen av periodontal sykdom. liten norsk-svensk ordlista Ernæring föda Infisert infekterad Lapp lambå Mangel brist Rammet drabbad Skjørbuk skörbjugg Svært väldigt Sær öm Vedlikeholdsopplægg stödbehandlingsprogram Viet ägnat Ytt bidragit med Ånde andedräkt referentgranskad. accepterad för publicering 15 september 2003 22 tandläkartidningen årg 96 nr 1 2004 Periodontiens historie eriodontale sykdommer har fulgt menneske- Nekrotiserende gingivitt (ng) er en periodontal ne fra førhistorisk tid. Paleopatologiske stu- lidelse som har fått mye oppmerksomhet i littera- Pdier av neanderthalerkjever påviser spor etter turen. Sykdommen er beskrevet allerede i det 4. marginal periodontitt på mennesker som levde for århundre f. kr. av Xeneophon som nevner at de over 100 000 år siden [1]. Humant skallemateriale greske soldater fikk ”sår munn og dårlig ånde”. er velegnet for paleopatologiske studier av dentale John Hunter beskrev i 1778 de kliniske karakteris- sykdommer fordi periodontitt og karies etterlater tika ved nekrotiserende gingivitt med differensial- irreversible skader. Tenner og kjeveben er også diagnose fra skjørbuk og kronisk periodontitt. relativt resistente for nedbrytning post mortem. På 1800-tallet forekom ng i akutt form (ang) Selv om en tar i betraktning muligheter for feil- epidemisk blant franske soldater. Den franske for- tolkning av årsaker til nedbrytning av alveolært skeren HJ Vincent begynte sine bakteriologiske ben [2] viser mange studier spor etter periodontitt undersøkelser av ang mens han var militærlege i fra førhistorisk og historisk tid på skallemateriale 1888. Han beskrev på slutten av 1800-tallet både fra flere verdensdeler [3 ]. På nordisk skallemateri- den spesielle fusospiroketiske blandingsflora og de ale er det også funnet tidlige spor etter marginal kliniske funn ved sykdommen som etterhvert ble periodontitt [4, 5] muligens også spor etter skjør- benevnt Vincents angina, Vincents stomatitt eller buk [6]. Vincents gingivitt etter utbredelse i tonsiller og Historiske nedtegnelser om medisinske emner munnhule [for oversikter se 8, 9]. indikerer en tidlig oppmerksomhet på periodontale Andre benevnelser har også vært brukt særlig sykdommer. I egyptiske papyrusnedtegnelser er det akutt nekrotiserende ulcerativ gingivitt (anug). flere referanser til gingival og periodontal sykdom Under den første verdenskrigen var ang så vanlig (Eberus og Edwin Smith papyrus nedtegnet 1650– blant soldatene i skyttergravene i Frankrike og 1550 f. kr., tildels fra kilder så langt tilbake som 3 700 Belgia at sykdommen ble kalt ”trench mouth”. år f. kr.). Vi finner også beskrivelser av periodontal Forekomsten ble satt i sammenheng med fysisk og sykdom i kilder fra de gamle kulturene i Kina, India, psykisk stress og mangel på søvn og mat i fravær av Hellas, Rom og fra den arabiske verden. munnhygiene. Dette svekket kroppens forsvars- Skjørbuk var vanlig blant sjøfolk noe som er evne slik at den orale fusospiroketiske flora kunne kjent blant annet fra Pierre Fauchards nedtegnel- angripe periodontiet. ser av observasjoner fra tjenesten som legeassis- Under og etter siste verdenskrig var ang for- tent i den franske marine på slutten av 1600-tallet. holdsvis vanlig, også i de nordiske land. JJ Pindborg Han beskrev også marginal periodontitt som i en utførte på den tiden omfattende undersøkelser av periode ble benevnt ”Fauchards sykdom” [for tannhelsen på danske rekrutter og fant at så mange oversikter, se 7–9]. som 14 prosent hadde akutt nekrotiserende gingi- Fra Norden har vi mange historiske referanser vitt. På periodontiavdelingen ved Det odontologi- til periodontal sykdom og spesielt til skjørbuk. ske fakultet i Bergen registrerte vi på 1960-tallet ofte Skjørbuk skyldes som kjent vitamin C-mangel og ang hos marinegaster fra den nærliggende orlogs- kan blant annet føre til gingivitt, rask lommefor- stasjonen, særlig blant mannskapene som tjeneste- dypelse og tannfelling. Dette var en meget vanlig gjorde på undervannsbåter. Forekomsten av nek- sykdom i hele Norden fra 1500-tallet til slutten av rotiserende gingivitt har avtatt i de industriali- 1700-tallet. I den svenske Eriks-krönikan (ca. 1330) serte land og forekommer nå nesten ikke i Norden beskrives det hvordan tennene på svenske soldater unntatt hos hiv-infiserte hvor sykdommen rap- falt ut mens de spiste. Skjørbuk omtales også i porteres noe oftere [for oversikter se 11, 12]. nordiske sagafortellinger, særlig i forbindelse med langvarige sjøreiser mellom Danmark, Norge og Epidemiologi Island. På 1800-tallet var denne sykdommen et Utviklingen av epidemiologisk metodikk med hen- problem først og fremst ved polarekspedisjoner og siktsmessige periodontale indekssystemer i siste for fangstfolk i arktiske strøk. halvdel av det forrige århundre muliggjorde viten- Det er forståelig at skjørbuk ble utbredt i Nor- skapelige undersøkelser av forekomst av periodont- den med våre lange vintre uten tilgang til vitamin ale sykdommer. Nordiske forskere har ytt viktige C-holdig diett. Historiske kilder viser at man var bidrag til utviklingen av moderne periodontal epi- klar over sammenhengen mellom diett og syk- demiologi. Sigurd Ramfjord var den første som dommen, noe også flere plantenavn viser for ek- introduserte festetapsmålinger for presis registre- sempel skjørbuksurt (Cochlearia). ring av de irreversible periodontale skader i Peri- I vår tid opptrer periodontale lidelser på grunn odontal Disease Indeks fra 1959 [13]. Omtrent sam- av skjørbuk praktisk talt ikke fordi vi har et til- tidig utviklet Jens Wærhaug og hans forskergruppe fredstillende vitamin C-innhold i dietten [for i Oslo en gjennomsiktig linjal for måling av bentap oversikt se 10]. på røntgenbilder (Schei ruler) [14]. Harald Løe og tandläkartidningen årg 96 nr 1 2004 23 knut meyer John Silness laget sine nøyaktige indekser for regist- Etiologien avklares og blir kompleks rering av plakk og gingivitt 1963–64. (Plaque Index Fra gamle historiske nedtegnelser ser vi at sam- og Gingival Index) [15, 16]. Det var utviklingen av menheng mellom periodontal sykdom og tann- disse to indeksene som gjorde det mulig å utføre de stein ble observert. Underliggende systemiske syk- senere epokegjørende, eksperimentelle studier av dommer ble også tillagt betydning. Mange tidlige sammenhengen mellom plakk og gingivitt i Århus historiske skrifter viser til betydningen av munn- [17]. I samarbeid med Bjørby konstruerte Løe også hygiene for å holde tannkjøttet friskt. Hippokrates en indeks for registrering av plakkretensjon ved (ca. 460–335 f. kr.) diskuterte etiologien og patoge- kariøse lesjoner, restaureringer og tannstein (Re- nesen ved forskjellige former for periodontal syk- tention Index) [18]. Bruk av periodontale indekser dom. Skriftene til den berømte arabiske kirurgen ble betydelig forenklet ved innføringen av dikotom Albucasis (936–1031 e. kr.) fra Cordoba, viser at han registrering (ja/nei, uten ytterligere gradering) av hadde en klar forståelse av tannsteinens etiologi- Jukka Ainamo og Inger Bay 1975 i deres plakk- og ske betydning. gingivittindekser (Visible Plaque Index, Gingival Det var først etter oppfinnelsen av mikroskopet Bleeding Index) [19]. at den orale bakterielle flora kunne studeres. Den På 1970-tallet var det interesse for å kartlegge hollandske optiker og selvlærte forsker, Anton van periodontalt behandlingsbehov. I Oslo utviklet Jan Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), studerte blant annet Johansen, Per Gjermo og Hamilton Bellini i 1973 et sitt eget orale plakk med egenproduserte mikro- system for registrering av behandlings- og ressurs- skoper. Han beskrev både spiroketer, basiller og behov i tid for tannpleier og tannlege, The Peri- andre orale mikroorganismer og ble derved den odontal Treatment Need System (ptns) [20]. Sene- første oralmikrobiolog. Forbedringer av mikro- re ble systemet videreutviklet etter initiativ fra Ver- skopet og mikrobiologisk metode på 1800-tallet dens helseorganisasjon (who) til The Community muliggjorde de epokegjørende oppdagelser av den Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (cpitn) av bakterielle etiologi ved mange viktige infeksjons- Jukka Ainamo og flere andre (1982) [21]. Denne sykdommer. Kjente forskere som Pasteur, Koch indeksen har vært mye brukt over hele verden til og Lister sto i spissen for denne epokegjørende registrering av både behandlingsbehov og syk- mikrobiologiske
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