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Capitulo 4: Poesia

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Capitulo 4: Poesia 44 PoesíaPoesía Objetivos En este capítulo vas a: estudiar algunas fiestas hispanas o latinas; aprender lo que es la poesía; familiarizarte con algunas técnicas poéticas aprender el presente de los verbos regulares de la primera conjugación y los verbos ir, dar, estar; aprender las contracciones con a y de; familiarizarte con el uso de vosotros y vos leer dos Rimas de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer; Platero y yo de Juan Ramón Jiménez; La pedrada de Gabriel y Galán; El himno cotidiano de Gabriela Mistral escribir una poesía corta comparar como expresar posesión en inglés y en español; comparar el significado de las preposiciones españolas a y en con sus muchos significados en inglés 84 Sección 1 Vocabulario para la lectura Estudia las siguientes definiciones. la deuda dinero que se debe el puñado una cantidad pequeña; literalmente la porción que cabe en la mano cerrada, el puño anglosajón de habla inglesa feriado dícese del día en que están suspendidos o cerrados los negocios; festivo estallar ocurrir violentamente soler (ue) acostumbrar, hacer ordinariamente Un día feriado, Puerto Vallarta TIVIDA C D A 1 ¿Qué palabra necesito? Completa con una palabra apropiada. 1. Se ____ una guerra. 2. El ejército no está preparado a luchar porque había sólo un ____ de soldados. 3. Los ingleses son ____. 4. Ellos hacen ejercicios casi a diario. Los ____ hacer antes de salir para la escuela. 5. Hoy no tenemos que levantarnos temprano. No hay trabajo y no hay clases. Es un día ____. 6. Ella paga todo enseguida. No le gusta tener ____. 86 ochenta y seis CAPÍTULO 4 Estrategia de lectura Usando lo ya conocido Antes Fiestas latinas de empezar a leer algo es aconsejable mirar el título y pasar Días laborables y días feriados un ratito pensando en lo que ya En Estados Unidos no hay clases los sábados. sabes sobre el tópico o tema. Pero, ¿te sorprende aprender que en muchos países Antes de leer esta selección, latinoamericanos y en España los alumnos tienen clases piensa en algunas fiestas que te los sábados por la mañana? Pues sí, las tienen porque el son conocidas. Piensa también en concepto del fin de semana o weekend es más bien la diferencia entre un día laborable y un día festivo. anglosajón que hispano. Es verdad que los alumnos y los trabajadores no suelen tener sus dos días de descanso a la semana. Pero tienen muchos días de fiesta. Y en los días festivos o feriados no hay clases ni trabajo. Festival en la Calle Ocho, Miami Día de los Muertos, Ciudad de México POESÍA ochenta y siete 87 Sección 1 El 16 de septiembre Los mexicanos celebran el Día de la Independencia el 16 de septiembre. A las once de la noche del 15 de septiembre, en todas las plazas de México se repite «el grito» para conmemorar el grito que dio el humilde sacerdote Miguel Hidalgo. El padre Hidalgo se sublevó contra los españoles y con un puñado de indígenas dio «el Grito de Dolores», en el pueblecito de Dolores: «Viva Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe y mueran los gachupines1». Con este grito estalló la Guerra de la Independencia contra España en 1810. El día 16 de septiembre, y sólo ese día, suena la campana de la iglesia parroquial del buen padre Hidalgo. 1 gachupines sobrenombre despectivo dado a los españoles que se Miguel Hidalgo establecieron en las Américas Dolores Hidalgo, México Día de la Independencia en el Zócalo 88 ochenta y ocho CAPÍTULO 4 Sección 1 El Cinco de Mayo Si el día 16 de septiembre es el Día de la Independencia de México, también es importante el 5 de mayo. Las celebraciones del Cinco de Mayo conmemoran la victoria de las tropas mexicanas contra las tropas francesas en Puebla en el año 1862. Napoleón III quería restaurar el prestigio francés en las Américas. Varios años de revolución y guerra en México habían costado caro y el gobierno del presidente Benito Juárez se vio obligado a suspender los pagos de deudas extranjeras. Napoleón se aprovechó del momento y envió tropas a México donde estableció una monarquía bajo el mando del archiduque Maximiliano de Austria. La oposición del pueblo mexicano y las protestas del gobierno de Estados Unidos resultaron Maximiliano de Austria en el retiro de las tropas francesas. El Cinco de Mayo se celebra también en Tejas. Hay música, bailes, buena comida y otros eventos culturales de índole mexicana. Muchos tejanos creen erróneamente que están celebrando la independencia de México, pero no es Cinco de Mayo, Calle Olvera, Los Ángeles el caso. El Día de la Independencia, como sabemos, se celebra en México el 16 de septiembre. Castillo de Chapultepec, Ciudad de México 89 ochenta y nueve POESÍA Sección 1 El Día de San Juan Bautista En San Juan de Puerto Rico celebran el Día de San Juan. Claro que San Juan es el santo patrón de la capital puertorriqueña que lleva su nombre. La fiesta de San Juan es una fiesta móvil. Se celebra generalmente el día 20 o 21 de junio. Es siempre el día más largo del año. ¿Y dónde tienen lugar las festividades? Tienen lugar en la playa misma. A la medianoche los sanjuaneros caminan hacia atrás al agua para que sigan teniendo buena suerte durante el año próximo. Lo hacen tres veces. El puerto de San Juan Empieza la fiesta de San Juan 90 noventa CAPÍTULO 4 Sección 1 El Día de la Raza En Estados Unidos se celebra Columbus Day el 12 de octubre para conmemorar la llegada de Cristóbal Colón a tierra americana. Entre los latinos o los hispanos el 12 de octubre se llama «el Día de la Raza» o sea el día en que las dos etnias—la europea y la indígena—se unieron. Es un día feriado o festivo en todo Latinoamérica y entre la población latina en Estados Unidos. La Raza, sobre todo entre los mexicanoamericanos, tiene el significado de «el pueblo». Durante la fiesta hay desfiles con flotillas que Desfile para el representan el descubrimiento y la conquista de Día de la Raza, las Américas. Nueva York A Haciendo comparaciones Compara la semana laborable anglosajona con la semana laborable en la mayoría de los países hispanos. B Buscando información Contesta. 1. ¿Cuál es la fecha de la independencia de México? 2. ¿A qué se refiere «el grito»? 3. ¿Qué conmemora el 5 de mayo? 4. ¿Quién mandó tropas a México para establecer una monarquía en el país? 5. ¿Quién es el santo patrón de San Juan de Puerto Rico? Una celebración mexicanoamericana, 6. ¿Por qué es móvil la fecha de esta fiesta? Chicago 7. ¿Qué hacen los sanjuaneros para celebrar esta fiesta? 8. ¿Qué conmemora el Día de la Raza y cuándo se celebra? C Fiestas Da una breve descripción de una fiesta importante o popular que celebra la gente donde tú vives. Desfile para el Día de los Puertorriqueños, Nueva York POESÍA noventa y uno 91 Sección 2 Conexión con la literatura Al comentar un texto literario, además de analizar los personajes, el argumento, el tema, la estructura y el estilo debemos saber identificar el género literario al cual pertenece la obra. Géneros literarios Las obras literarias pueden dividirse en tres grandes géneros. La lírica En una obra lírica el autor expresa sus sentimientos. A este género pertenecen casi todas las obras en verso y algunas en prosa. La narrativa En una obra narrativa el autor relata unos hechos. Intercala los hechos con descripciones y diálogos o conversaciones entre sus personajes. La narrativa puede ser escrita en prosa o en verso. El teatro En una obra teatral el medio de expresión es el diálogo entre los personajes. ¿Qué es poesía? Nadie ha podido dar una definición definitiva de la poesía. ¿Qué es lo que hace que un escrito sea poesía y no prosa? Es difícil contestar. Pero se puede decir que lo que establece la mayor diferencia entre la prosa y la poesía es el ritmo—o sea la musicalidad de una línea de una poesía. De este ritmo musical surge el verso como contrario de la prosa. El verso es una forma de emplear el lenguaje y la prosa es otra. La poesía es la expresión de la belleza por medio del lenguaje artístico. No hay duda que la mayoría de la poesía está escrita en verso pero prosa también puede ser poesía. Vamos a citar un ejemplo de cada una. Aquí tenemos un ejemplo de poesía en verso. ¿Qué es poesía?—dices mientras clavas En mi pupila tu pupila azul; ¿Qué es poesía? ¿Y tú me lo preguntas? Poesía... eres tú. Para más información sobre la literatura en el Rimas de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer mundo hispano, visita el sitio Web de Glencoe Spanish: spanish.glencoe.com. 92 noventa y dos CAPÍTULO 4 Sección 2 Y aquí tenemos un ejemplo de poesía en prosa. 1 Platero es pequeño, peludo, suave: tan blando por fuera, que se diría de algodón, que no lleva huesos. Sólo los espejos de azabache1 de sus ojos son duros cual dos escarabajos2 de 5 cristal negro. Lo dejo suelto, y se va al prado, acaricia tibiamente con su hocico3, rozándoles4 apenas las florecillas rosas, celestes y gualdas5... Yo lo llamo dulcemente: ¡Platero!... y viene a mí 10 con un trotecillo alegre. El poeta español Juan Ramón Jiménez en Santurce, Puerto Rico Platero y yo de Juan Ramón Jiménez 1 azabache variedad de lignito de color negro brillante 2 escarabajo tipo de insecto 3 hocico boca y narices de un animal 4 rozándoles tocando la superficie ligeramente 5 gualdas amarillas Un señor con su burrito, Villa de Leyva, Colombia POESÍA noventa y tres 93 Sección 2 Lee el trozo del siguiente poema La pedrada de Gabriel y Galán.
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