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DERECHOS HUMANOS, PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA, Y SOCIEDAD CIVIL Latin American Program

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DERECHOS HUMANOS, PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA, Y SOCIEDAD CIVIL Latin American Program LA “NUEVA IZQUIERDA” EN AMÉRICA LATINA: DERECHOS HUMANOS, PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA, Y SOCIEDAD CIVIL Latin American Program LA “NUEVA IZQUIERDA” EN AMÉRICA LATINA: DERECHOS HUMANOS, PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA, Y SOCIEDAD CIVIL Compilado por Cynthia J. Arnson Ariel C. Armony Catalina Smulovitz Gastón Chillier Enrique Peruzzotti con Giselle Cohen Enero 2009 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by pro- viding a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publi- cations and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advi- sory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, dialogue radio and television, and the monthly news-letter “Centerpoint.” For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. Lee H. Hamilton, President and Director Board of Trustees Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chair Sander R. Gerber, Vice Chair Disponible en el Programa Latinoamericano Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Public members: James H. Billington, The Librarian of Congress; One Woodrow Wilson Plaza G. Wayne Clough, The Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Bruce 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Cole, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities; Michael Washington, DC 20004-3027 O. Leavitt, The Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Condoleezza Rice, The Secretary, U.S. Department of State; www.wilsoncenter.org/lap Margaret Spellings, The Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the United States © 2009 Latin American Program Private Citizen Members: Charles Cobb, Robin Cook, Charles ISBN 1-933549-49-1 L. Glazer, Carlos M. Gutierrez, Susan Hutchison, Barry S. Jackson, Ignacio E. Sanchez Cover photo: AFP/Getty Images© ÍNDICE Agradecimientos 5 Introducción Ariel C. Armony y Cynthia J. Arnson 7 “Accountability” por las violaciones del pasado Legado de las violaciones de derechos humanos: políticas de verdad, justicia, reparación y memoria en Chile, 1990-2007 Elizabeth Lira 29 La rendición de cuentas por las violaciones del pasado en Uruguay Juan Faroppa Fontana 46 El largo recorrido por Verdad y Justicia en Argentina Horacio Verbitsky 53 Los nuevos desafios en la promoción de los derechos humanos Los nuevos derechos humanos en la Argentina reciente Gustavo Maurino 66 Uruguay y los nuevos desafíos en la promoción de los derechos humanos Felipe Michelini 79 | 1 | La izquierda chilena y los desafíos en la promoción Sociedad civil y políticas sociales de los derechos humanos Marcela Ríos Tobar 90 Sociedad civil y políticas sociales en Chile Gonzalo Delamaza 211 Derechos humanos y la “nueva izquierda” en Brasil Oscar Vilhena Vieira 96 Sociedad civil y políticas sociales: El caso argentino en los años recientes Guillermo Alonso 237 Participación política y relaciones Estado-sociedad civil La participación irrelevante: una evaluación del Bolivia gobierno de Lula Sociedad civil y Estado bajo un populismo Cláudio Gonçalves Couto 247 plebiscitario y autoritario René Antonio Mayorga 106 La relación entre Estado y sociedad civil en el área de las políticas sociales en el primer gobierno de izquierda en Representación, participación y democratización Uruguay: ¿de la emergencia a un nuevo régimen de bienestar? en las relaciones Estado- sociedad civil en Bolivia Gustavo De Armas 271 Luis Tapia 115 Biografías de los autores 293 Venezuela La esencia social de la revolución bolivariana en Venezuela: una mirada preliminar sobre sus fortalezas y debilidades Ana María Sanjuán 129 Nuevas formas de participación Participación ciudadana en Argentina: entre la retórica política y la impotencia social Carlos March 163 La nueva izquierda, la crisis de representación y la participación social en América Latina Leonardo Avritzer 177 El Frente Amplio y la participación ciudadana (Uruguay 2005-2007) Juan Pablo Luna 193 | 2 | | 3 | AGRADECIMIENTOS os compiladores quieren agradecer a la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella en Buenos Aires, Argentina, por haber sido sede de la Lconferencia en los primeros días de diciembre del 2007. En par- ticular, queremos reconocer a Mariela Giacoponello, del Departamento de Ciencia Política y Estudios Internacionales, y a Adam Stubits, del Wilson Center, su magnifica labor en la organización y realización del seminario. De igual manera, agradecemos a nuestros colegas José Natanson, de Nueva Sociedad, Isidoro Cheresky, de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, y Rosalía Cortés, de FLACSO-Argentina, por haber contribuido con su experiencia en la moderación de los diversos paneles. Finalmente, agradecemos a la Fundación Ford y al Open Society Institute, cuyo generoso apoyo hizo posible la confe- rencia y este libro. —Los editores | 4 | | 5 | INTRODUCCIÓN ARIEL C. ARMONY Y CYNTHI A J. ARNSON sta publicación se propone explorar el fenómeno de los gobiernos de la nueva izquierda en América Latina desde la perspectiva de Elos derechos humanos y la participación ciudadana. En primer lugar, creemos que es importante entender en qué medida estos gobier- nos redefinen la política de derechos humanos, tanto aquellos ligados al terrorismo de Estado como aquellos propios de la democracia, especial- mente los “nuevos derechos” impulsados por los movimientos sociales de las últimas dos décadas. A su vez, este libro tiene como objetivo investi- gar y debatir el tema de la participación política y las relaciones entre la sociedad civil y el Estado bajo los gobiernos de la nueva izquierda. Esta agenda se propone identificar nuevas iniciativas, políticas y/o modalida- des de interacción bajo estos gobiernos y su impacto en la calidad de la democracia en los distintos países. Admitimos desde el principio que no hay unidad o acuerdo en cuanto a la definición de “la izquierda” en América Latina. Las manifestacio- nes llamadas “populistas” tal como Venezuela, Bolivia y Ecuador tienen orígenes y maneras de gobernar distintas de las manifestaciones de corte social demócrata como las de Chile, Uruguay o Brasil; y la definición de la izquierda en América Latina en décadas anteriores—estrechamente li- gada al Partido Comunista—tiene poco o nada que ver con su programa y comportamiento actual. No obstante, creemos que sí es posible afir- mar que existe una “nueva izquierda” en América Latina cuya definición tiene dos ejes centrales:1 por un lado, una crítica a las reformas econó- micas neoliberales impulsadas en los años ochenta y noventa y conocidas en su conjunto como el Consenso de Washington, y como respuesta, un énfasis en el papel del Estado como regulador de los mercados y ga- rante del bienestar social; y, por otro lado, una crítica a los procesos de transición y consolidación democrática, que, si bien habían acabado con | 7 | Ariel C. Armony y Cynthia J. Arnson Introducción las dictaduras militares del pasado, no han podido superar los “déficits lo suficientemente consensuada. Pese a la relevancia de este tema para la democráticos” de la institucionalidad frágil y poco transparente y la de- construcción democrática, uno de los asuntos menos tratados en el de- bilidad de los mecanismos de representación y participación política.2 bate reciente sobre la nueva izquierda es la política de derechos humanos Nuestro universo de casos no incluye todos los gobiernos considera- de estos gobiernos. dos como parte de la “nueva izquierda” en América Latina. Los casos que Existen varias razones por las cuales es importante explorar de qué se discuten en esta publicación son Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Uruguay, forma los gobiernos de la nueva izquierda han enfrentado la demanda de Bolivia y Venezuela. Para los primeros cuatro países hemos propuesto accountability (rendición de cuentas) por las violaciones del pasado. Si bien temas comunes: los derechos humanos, las nuevas formas de partici- la literatura sobre las transiciones a la democracia reconocía los límites pación ciudadana y el vínculo entre sociedad civil y políticas sociales. que los gobiernos civiles enfrentaban en cuanto a la política de derechos Decidimos explorar los casos de Bolivia y Venezuela en forma separada, humanos, siempre hubo un consenso claro acerca de las consecuencias dada su particular complejidad y su carácter altamente polémico. Nuestro negativas de la impunidad para la construcción de un Estado de derecho. enfoque para estos países se centra en las tensiones entre representación Una vez que las democracias en la región llegaron a un grado tal de ma- política y gobernabilidad y en la definición misma de la llamada “demo- durez que los militares dejaron de representar un peligro a la estabilidad cracia participativa” como alternativa a la “democracia representativa”. del régimen político, el tema de los derechos humanos adquirió
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