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Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes”
minerals Editorial Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes” Pavel A. Serov Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] Magmatism, ore genesis and metamorphism are commonly associated processes that define fundamental features of the Earth’s crustal evolution from the earliest Precambrian to Phanerozoic. Basically, the need and importance of studying the role of metamorphic processes in formation and transformation of deposits is of great value when discussing the origin of deposits confined to varied geological settings. In synthesis, the signatures imprinted by metamorphic episodes during the evolution largely indicate complicated and multistage patterns of ore-forming processes, as well as the polygenic nature of the mineralization generated by magmatic, postmagmatic, and metamorphic processes. Rapid industrialization and expanding demand for various types of mineral raw ma- terials require increasing rates of mining operations. The current Special Issue is dedicated to the latest achievements in geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of ore and metamorphic complexes, their interrelation, and the potential for further prospecting. The issue contains six practical and theoretical studies that provide for a better understanding of the age and nature of metamorphic and metasomatic transformations, as well as their contribution to mineralization in various geological complexes. The first article, by Jiang et al. [1], reports results of the first mineralogical–geochemical Citation: Serov, P.A. Editorial for studies of gem-quality nephrite from the major Yinggelike deposit (Xinjiang, NW China). Special Issue “Ore Genesis and The authors used a set of advanced analytical techniques, that is, electron probe microanaly- Metamorphism: Geochemistry, sis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mineralogy, and Isotopes”. -
Metamorphic Rocks (Lab )
Figure 3.12 Igneous Rocks (Lab ) The RockSedimentary Cycle Rocks (Lab ) Metamorphic Rocks (Lab ) Areas of regional metamorphism Compressive Compressive Stress Stress Products of Regional Metamorphism Products of Contact Metamorphism Foliated texture forms Non-foliated texture forms during compression during static pressure Texture Minerals Other Diagnostic Metamorphic Protolith Features Rock Name Non-foliated calcite, dolomite cleavage faces of Marble Limestone calcite usually visible quartz quartz grains are Quartzite Quartz Sandstone intergrown Foliated clay looks like shale but Slate Shale breaks into layers muscovite, biotite very fine-grained, but Phyllite Shale has a sheen like satin muscovite, biotite, minerals are large Schist Shale may have garnet enough to see easily, muscovite and biotite grains are parallel to each other feldspar, biotite, has layers of different Gneiss Any protolith muscovite, quartz, minerals garnet amphibole layered black Amphibolite Basalt or Andesite amphibole grains Texture Minerals Other Diagnostic Metamorphic Protolith Features Rock Name Non-foliated calcite, dolomite cleavage faces of Marble Limestone calcite usually visible quartz quartz grains are Quartzite Quartz Sandstone intergrown Foliated clay looks like shale but Slate Shale breaks into layers muscovite, biotite very fine-grained, but Phyllite Shale has a sheen like satin muscovite, biotite, minerals are large Schist Shale may have garnet enough to see easily, muscovite and biotite grains are parallel to each other feldspar, biotite, has layers of different Gneiss Any protolith muscovite, quartz, minerals garnet amphibole layered black Amphibolite Basalt or Andesite amphibole grains Identification of Metamorphic Rocks 12 samples 7 are metamorphic 5 are igneous or sedimentary Protoliths and Geologic History For 2 of the metamorphic rocks: Match the metamorphic rock to its protolith (both from Part One) Write a short geologic history of the sample 1. -
Facies and Mafic
Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks l V.M. Goldschmidt (1911, 1912a), contact Metamorphic Facies and metamorphosed pelitic, calcareous, and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks psammitic hornfelses in the Oslo region l Relatively simple mineral assemblages Reading: Winter Chapter 25. (< 6 major minerals) in the inner zones of the aureoles around granitoid intrusives l Equilibrium mineral assemblage related to Xbulk Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies l Pentii Eskola (1914, 1915) Orijärvi, S. l Certain mineral pairs (e.g. anorthite + hypersthene) Finland were consistently present in rocks of appropriate l Rocks with K-feldspar + cordierite at Oslo composition, whereas the compositionally contained the compositionally equivalent pair equivalent pair (diopside + andalusite) was not biotite + muscovite at Orijärvi l If two alternative assemblages are X-equivalent, l Eskola: difference must reflect differing we must be able to relate them by a reaction physical conditions l In this case the reaction is simple: l Finnish rocks (more hydrous and lower MgSiO3 + CaAl2Si2O8 = CaMgSi2O6 + Al2SiO5 volume assemblage) equilibrated at lower En An Di Als temperatures and higher pressures than the Norwegian ones Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies Oslo: Ksp + Cord l Eskola (1915) developed the concept of Orijärvi: Bi + Mu metamorphic facies: Reaction: “In any rock or metamorphic formation which has 2 KMg3AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 6 KAl2AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 15 SiO2 arrived at a chemical equilibrium through Bt Ms Qtz metamorphism at constant temperature and = -
MSA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Metamorphism and the Evolution of Subduction on Earth
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1065–1082, 2019 MSA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Metamorphism and the evolution of subduction on Earth MICHAEL BROWN1,* AND TIM JOHNSON2,3 1Laboratory for Crustal Petrology, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A. Orcid 0000-0003-2187-616X 2School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, West Australia 6845, Australia. Orcid 0000-0001-8704-4396 3Center for Global Tectonics, State Key Laboratory for Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China ABSTRACT Subduction is a component of plate tectonics, which is widely accepted as having operated in a manner similar to the present-day back through the Phanerozoic Eon. However, whether Earth always had plate tectonics or, if not, when and how a globally linked network of narrow plate boundaries emerged are mat- ters of ongoing debate. Earth’s mantle may have been as much as 200–300 °C warmer in the Mesoarchean compared to the present day, which potentially required an alternative tectonic regime during part or all of the Archean Eon. Here we use a data set of the pressure (P), temperature (T), and age of metamorphic rocks from 564 localities that vary in age from the Paleoarchean to the Cenozoic to evaluate the petrogenesis and secular change of metamorphic rocks associated with subduction and collisional orogenesis at convergent plate boundaries. Based on the thermobaric ratio (T/P), metamorphic rocks are classified into three natural groups: high T/P type (T/P > 775 °C/GPa, mean T/P ~1105 °C/GPa), intermediate T/P type (T/P between 775 and 375 °C/GPa, mean T/P ~575 °C/GPa), and low T/P type (T/P < 375 °C/GPa, mean T/P ~255 °C/GPa). -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
The Metamorphosis of Metamorphic Petrology
Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on May 16, 2016 The Geological Society of America Special Paper 523 The metamorphosis of metamorphic petrology Frank S. Spear Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, JRSC 1W19, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180-3590, USA David R.M. Pattison Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada John T. Cheney Department of Geology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA ABSTRACT The past half-century has seen an explosion in the breadth and depth of studies of metamorphic terranes and of the processes that shaped them. These developments have come from a number of different disciplines and have culminated in an unprece- dented understanding of the phase equilibria of natural systems, the mechanisms and rates of metamorphic processes, the relationship between lithospheric tecton- ics and metamorphism, and the evolution of Earth’s crust and lithospheric mantle. Experimental petrologists have experienced a golden age of systematic investigations of metamorphic mineral stabilities and reactions. This work has provided the basis for the quantifi cation of the pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions associated with various metamorphic facies and eventually led to the development of internally con- sistent databases of thermodynamic data on nearly all important crustal minerals. In parallel, the development of the thermodynamic theory of multicomponent, multi- phase complex systems underpinned development of the major methods of quantita- tive phase equilibrium analysis and P-T estimation used today: geothermobarometry, petrogenetic grids, and, most recently, isochemical phase diagrams. New analytical capabilities, in particular, the development of the electron micro- probe, played an enabling role by providing the means of analyzing small volumes of materials in different textural settings in intact rock samples. -
Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks
Petrology of the metamorphic rocks Second Edition Roger Mason London UNWIN HYMAN Boston Sydney Wellington © R. Mason, 1990 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. Published by the Academic Division of Unwin Hyman Ltd 15/17 Broadwick Street, London WIV IFP, UK Unwin Hyman Inc. 955 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Allen & Unwin (Australia) Ltd 8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia Allen & Unwin (New Zealand) Ltd in association with the Port Nicholson Press Ltd Compusales Building, 75 Ghuznee Street, Wellington I, New Zealand First published in 1990 British Library Cataioguing in Publication Data Mason, Roger 1941- Petrology of the metamorphic rocks. - 2nd ed. I. Metamorphic rocks. Petrology I. Title 552.4 ISBN 978-0-04-552028-2 ISBN 978-94-010-9603-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-9603-4 Library of Congress Cataioging-in-Publication Data Mason, Roger, 1941- Petrology of the metamorphic rocks/Roger Mason. - 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Rocks, Metamorphic. I. Title. QE475.A2M394 1990 552·.~c20 90-35106 CIP Typeset in 10 on 12 point Times by Computape (Pickering) Ltd, North Yorkshire Preface There has been a great advance in the understanding of processes of meta morphism and of metamorphic rocks since the last edition of this book appeared. Methods for determining temperatures and pressures have become almost routine, and there is a wide appreciation that there is not a single temperature and pressure of metamorphism, but that rocks may preserve, in their minerals, chemistry and textures, traces of their history of burial, heating, deformation and permeation by fluids. -
Finding of Prehnite-Pumpellyite Facies Metabasites from the Kurosegawa Belt in Yatsushiro Area, Kyushu, Japan
Journal ofPrehnite Mineralogical-pumpellyite and Petrological facies metabasites Sciences, in Yatsushiro Volume 107, area, page Kyushu 99─ 104, 2012 99 LETTER Finding of prehnite-pumpellyite facies metabasites from the Kurosegawa belt in Yatsushiro area, Kyushu, Japan * * ** Kenichiro KAMIMURA , Takao HIRAJIMA and Yoshiyuki FUJIMOTO *Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan ** Nittetsu-Kogyo Co., Ltd, 2-3-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8377, Japan. Common occurrence of prehnite and pumpellyite is newly identified from metabasites of Tobiishi sub-unit in the Kurosegawa belt, Yatsushiro area, Kyushu, where Ueta (1961) had mapped as a greenschist facies area. Prehnite and pumpellyite are closely associated with chlorite, calcite and quartz, and they mainly occur in white colored veins or in amygdules in metabasites of the relevant area, but actinolite and epidote are rare in them. Pumpellyite is characterized by iron-rich composition (7.2-20.0 wt% as total iron as FeO) and its range almost overlaps with those in prehnite-pumpellyite facies metabasites of Ishizuka (1991). These facts suggest that the metabasites of the Tobiishi sub-unit suffered the prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphism, instead of the greenschist facies. Keywords: Prehnite-pumpellyite facies, Lawsonite-blueschist facies, Kurosegawa belt INTRODUCTION 1961; Kato et al., 1984; Maruyama et al., 1984; Tsujimori and Itaya, 1999; Tomiyoshi and Takasu, 2009). Until now, The subduction zone has an essential role for the global there is neither clear geological nor petrological evidence circulation of solid, fluid and volatile materials between suggesting what type of metamorphic rocks occupied the the surface and inside of the Earth at present. -
The Origin of Formation of the Amphibolite- Granulite Transition
The Origin of Formation of the Amphibolite- Granulite Transition Facies by Gregory o. Carpenter Advisor: Dr. M. Barton May 28, 1987 Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT . 1 QUESTION OF THE TRANSITION FACIES ORIGIN • . 2 DEFINING THE FACIES INVOLVED • • • • • • • • • • 3 Amphibolite Facies • • • • • • • • • • 3 Granulite Facies • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Amphibolite-Granulite Transition Facies 6 CONDITIONS OF FORMATION FOR THE FACIES INVOLVED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Amphibolite Facies • • • • • • • • 9 Granulite Facies • • • • • • • • • •• 11 Amphibolite-Granulite Transition Facies •• 13 ACTIVITIES OF C02 AND H20 . • • • • • • 1 7 HYPOTHESES OF FORMATION • • • • • • • • •• 19 Deep Crust Model • • • • • • • • • 20 Orogeny Model • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 The Earth • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Plate Tectonics ••••••••••• 21 Orogenic Events ••••••••• 22 Continent-Continent Collision •••• 22 Continent-Ocean Collision • • • • 24 CONCLUSION • . • 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • . • • • • 26 List of Illustrations Figure 1. Precambrian shields, platform sediments and Phanerozoic fold mountain belts 2. Metamorphic facies placement 3. Temperature and pressure conditions for metamorphic facies 4. Temperature and pressure conditions for metamorphic facies 5. Transformation processes with depth 6. Temperature versus depth of a descending continental plate 7. Cross-section of the earth 8. Cross-section of the earth 9. Collision zones 10. Convection currents Table 1. Metamorphic facies ABSTRACT The origin of formation of the amphibolite granulite transition -
Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation Rules for Lithology Merge Information Entry
State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Vicki S. McConnell, State Geologist OREGON GEOLOGIC DIGITAL COMPILATION RULES FOR LITHOLOGY MERGE INFORMATION ENTRY G E O L O G Y F A N O D T N M I E N M E T R R A A L P I E N D D U N S O T G R E I R E S O 1937 2006 Revisions: Feburary 2, 2005 January 1, 2006 NOTICE The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries is publishing this paper because the infor- mation furthers the mission of the Department. To facilitate timely distribution of the information, this report is published as received from the authors and has not been edited to our usual standards. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation Published in conformance with ORS 516.030 For copies of this publication or other information about Oregon’s geology and natural resources, contact: Nature of the Northwest Information Center 800 NE Oregon Street #5 Portland, Oregon 97232 (971) 673-1555 http://www.naturenw.org Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries - Oregon Geologic Digital Compilation i RULES FOR LITHOLOGY MERGE INFORMATION ENTRY The lithology merge unit contains 5 parts, separated by periods: Major characteristic.Lithology.Layering.Crystals/Grains.Engineering Lithology Merge Unit label (Lith_Mrg_U field in GIS polygon file): major_characteristic.LITHOLOGY.Layering.Crystals/Grains.Engineering major characteristic - lower case, places the unit into a general category .LITHOLOGY - in upper case, generally the compositional/common chemical lithologic name(s) -
A Systematic Nomenclature for Metamorphic Rocks
A systematic nomenclature for metamorphic rocks: 1. HOW TO NAME A METAMORPHIC ROCK Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 1/4/04. Rolf Schmid1, Douglas Fettes2, Ben Harte3, Eleutheria Davis4, Jacqueline Desmons5, Hans- Joachim Meyer-Marsilius† and Jaakko Siivola6 1 Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie, ETH-Centre, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland, [email protected] 2 British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, [email protected] 3 Grant Institute of Geology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, [email protected] 4 Patission 339A, 11144 Athens, Greece 5 3, rue de Houdemont 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France, [email protected] 6 Tasakalliontie 12c, 02760 Espoo, Finland ABSTRACT The usage of some common terms in metamorphic petrology has developed differently in different countries and a range of specialised rock names have been applied locally. The Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (SCMR) aims to provide systematic schemes for terminology and rock definitions that are widely acceptable and suitable for international use. This first paper explains the basic classification scheme for common metamorphic rocks proposed by the SCMR, and lays out the general principles which were used by the SCMR when defining terms for metamorphic rocks, their features, conditions of formation and processes. Subsequent papers discuss and present more detailed terminology for particular metamorphic rock groups and processes. The SCMR recognises the very wide usage of some rock names (for example, amphibolite, marble, hornfels) and the existence of many name sets related to specific types of metamorphism (for example, high P/T rocks, migmatites, impactites). -
Sequence Stratigraphy and Geochemistry of The
Report of Investigations 2007-1 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE UPPER LOWER THROUGH UPPER TRIASSIC OF NORTHERN ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOREDOX HISTORY, SOURCE ROCK ACCUMULATION, AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY by Landon N. Kelly, Michael T. Whalen, Christopher A. McRoberts, Emily Hopkin, and Carla Susanne Tomsich ASK AL A G N S E Y O E L O V G R U IC S A L L A A N SIC D GEOPHY Published by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS 2007 Report of Investigations 2007-1 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE UPPER LOWER THROUGH UPPER TRIASSIC OF NORTHERN ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOREDOX HISTORY, SOURCE ROCK ACCUMULATION, AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY by Landon N. Kelly, Michael T. Whalen, Christopher A. McRoberts, Emily Hopkin, and Carla Susanne Tomsich 2007 This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. It has received technical review and may be cited as an agency publication. STATE OF ALASKA Sarah Palin, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Tom Irwin, Commissioner DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Robert F. Swenson, State Geologist and Acting Director Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys publications can be inspected at the following locations. Address mail orders to the Fairbanks office. Alaska Division of Geological University of Alaska Anchorage Library & Geophysical Surveys 3211 Providence Drive 3354 College Road Anchorage, Alaska 99508 Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3707 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Alaska Resource Library University of Alaska Fairbanks 3150 C Street, Suite 100 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1005 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Alaska State Library State Office Building, 8th Floor 333 Willoughby Avenue Juneau, Alaska 99811-0571 This publication released by the Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys was produced and printed in Fairbanks, Alaska at a cost of $5.00 per copy.