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Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family

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Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Plant: mostly herbs in N.A., often with an acrid milky sap, but also shrubs and trees in the tropics Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly simple, some compound, alternate, opposite or sometimes whorled; stipules often present, some reduced to glands, or none Flowers: mostly imperfect (monoecious or dioecious); (4)5(-7) or part calyx and corolla, usually small, or 1 or both absent; stamens 1 to several or absent; ovary superior, 1 pistil, 2(3) styles, carpels 2-4, usually 3 Fruit: capsule-like, 3-lobed, and several other types Other: very large family, many are poisonous or very irritating; Dicotyledons Group Genera: ~ 300-400+ genera; locally – Acalypha (3-seeded mercury), Croton, Euphorbia (spurge), and others WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Cyanthium structure (cup-like inflorescence) in the Euphorbia and Chamaesyce genera Ovary of female (pistillate) flower on extended pedicel from the cyanthium Pedicel Cyanthium Staminate flowers Male or staminate flower Nectar glands Appendage of nectar gland Bracts (cyanthium is underneath) (no sepals or petals present) Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Examples of some common genera Common Threeseed Mercury Missouri Maidenbush Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Vente Conmigo [Sand or Tropic Croton] Leptopus phyllanthoides (Nutt.) G.L. Webster Croton glandulosus L. var. (Andrachne phyllanthoides) septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Prairie Sandmat Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Betonyleaf Noseburn Tinted Woodland [Wood] Spurge Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; Spurge Nettle] Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts Chinese Tallow [Popcorn] Tree Snow-On-The-Mountain Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Introduced) Euphorbia marginata Pursh EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Slender Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi Pineland Threeseed Mercury [Roughpod Copperleaf]; Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Common Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Virginia Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha virginica L. Creeping [Prostrate] Spurge [Spotted Sandmat]; Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbia maculata) Prairie Sandmat; Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Eyebane [Nodding Spurge]; Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Matted Sandmat [Broomspurge]; Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; Spurge Nettle]; Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts [Wolly Croton] Hogwort; Croton capitatus Michx. Vente Conmigo [Sand or Tropic Croton]; Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Prairie Tea [One-Seeded Croton]; Croton monanthogynus Michx. Common Rushfoil; Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster Tinted Woodland [Wood] Spurge; Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray Flowering Spurge; Euphorbia corollata L. Fire on the Mountain [Painted-leaf; Wild Poinsettia; Painted Spurge]; Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. (Introduced) Cypress Spurge; Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Introduced) Toothed Spurge; Euphorbia dentata Michx. [Poinsettia dentata] Leafy Spurge; Euphorbia esula L. (Introduced) Snow-On-The-Mountain; Euphorbia marginata Pursh Missouri Maidenbush; Leptopus phyllanthoides (Nutt.) G.L. Webster (Andrachne phyllanthoides) Castorbean; Ricinus communis L. (Introduced) Betonyleaf Noseburn; Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Branched Noseburn; Tragia ramosa Torr. Chinese Tallow [Popcorn] Tree; Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Introduced) (Sapium sebifera) Slender Threeseed Mercury USDA Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: monoecious; flowers in leaf axils, tips extend well beyond bracts; bracts with 8-18 mostly triangular lobes, hairy; Leaves short-stalked, lanceolate to somewhat linear, entire or with some teeth; stem hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Pineland Threeseed Mercury USDA [Roughpod Copperleaf] Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: monoecious; pistillate flowers in terminal spike, staminate flowers in leaf axils; pistillate bracts with many (13-17) linear lobes; Leaves medium to long petiolate, ovate to somewhat cordate, base usually cordate, fine sharp teeth, paler and slightly hairy below; stem moderately short hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Common Threeseed Mercury USDA Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: monoecious; flowers on spikes in leaf axils, only slightly extended beyond bract or not; bract with 5-11 mostly lanceolate lobes, somewhat hairy; leaf with long petiole, ovate to lanceolate, sharp tip, base well-angled (broad-angled), with somewhat rounded teeth; stem hairy or not; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Virginia Threeseed Mercury [Virginia USDA Copperleaf] Acalypha virginica L. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: flowers in spike in leaf axils, spike usually extend beyond bract; 9-15 bract lobes, lanceolate to oblong; leaf with petiole no more than half the length of leaf but longer than flower spike and bracts, ovate to lanceolate, mostly angled at base, some shallow teeth; stem densely hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Creeping [Prostrate] Spurge USDA [Spotted Sandmat] Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbia maculata) Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Waterville, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower in a cyathium with white to pink (petal-like) appendages, involucre cut about 25% of its length on one side, 4 glands, capsule and ovary hairy (somewhat appressed); leaves longer than wide, widest toward base; stem very hairy, with milky juice; prostrate plant; early summer to fall (ID tentative) [V Max Brown, 2007] Prairie Sandmat USDA Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Roaring River State Park, Barry County, Missouri Notes: flower in a cyathium with mostly white to somewhat pink (petal-like) appendages, 4-5 lobed; leaves mostly short petiolate to sessile, oblong, often with sharp minute point, base only somewhat offset; stem mostly glabrous; erect and branched plant; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Eyebane [Nodding Spurge] USDA Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Waterville area, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower in a cyathium with white to pink (petal- like) appendages, 4 glands, ovary glabrous; leaves longer than wide, base somewhat offset, slightly to shallowly toothed, pale beneath; stem with some hairs early, older stem mostly glabrous, with milky juice; erect plant; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Matted Sandmat [Broomspurge] USDA Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Grand Rapids, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower small, in a cyathium with white (petal-like) appendages, 4 glands; leaves oval, not much longer than wide, usually glabrous, entire, stipules joined and fringed (see white arrow, lower right); stem reddish, mostly glabrous; prostrate leafy plant (growing from wall below); wet areas, particularly stream banks; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; USDA Spurge Nettle] Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Tybee Island, Georgia Notes: 5 sepaled flower, white (no petals), trumpet shaped male flowers, female flowers in lower forks of clusters; leaves long stalked, deeply 3-5 lobed; fruit an oblong capsule; plant covered with stinging hairs; southern coastal plains; summer [V Max Brown, 2006] [Wolly Croton] Hogwort USDA Croton capitatus Michx. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: flowers in dense clusters, monoecious; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate to somewhat ovate, rounded to cordate at base, sharp to somewhat rounded tip, with petioles, no large glands on petiole; whole plant densely hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Vente Conmigo [Sand or USDA Tropic Croton] Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: flowers in dense clusters, monoecious, staminate flowers white, pistillate flowers with 3 styles (each 2-lobed); leaves lanceolate to somewhat ovate, with short petioles, with teeth, base tapered; stem and leaves densely stellate hairy; summer to fall (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2011] Prairie Tea [One-Seeded USDA Croton] Croton monanthogynus Michx. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: monoecious, flowers in clusters, pistillate flowers with 2 styles (each forked), staminate flowers white; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate elliptical, rounded at base, rounded to sharp tip, with petioles, no large glands on petiole, paler beneath; plant densely hairy, often with stellate hairs; one-seeded; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Common Rushfoil USDA Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Near Heber Springs, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: monoecious, flowers in axils, pistillate flowers small with no petals, staminate flowers with small white petals; leaves alternate, lanceolate elliptical, rounded at base, rounded to sharp tip, with short petioles, no large glands on petiole, paler beneath; plant densely
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