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Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family

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EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Plant: mostly herbs in N.A., often with an acrid milky sap, but also shrubs and trees in the tropics Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly simple, some compound, alternate, opposite or sometimes whorled; stipules often present, some reduced to glands, or none Flowers: mostly imperfect (monoecious or dioecious); (4)5(-7) or part calyx and corolla, usually small, or 1 or both absent; stamens 1 to several or absent; ovary superior, 1 pistil, 2(3) styles, carpels 2-4, usually 3 Fruit: capsule-like, 3-lobed, and several other types Other: very large family, many are poisonous or very irritating; Dicotyledons Group Genera: ~ 300-400+ genera; locally – Acalypha (3-seeded mercury), Croton, Euphorbia (spurge), and others WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Cyanthium structure (cup-like inflorescence) in the Euphorbia and Chamaesyce genera Ovary of female (pistillate) flower on extended pedicel from the cyanthium Pedicel Cyanthium Staminate flowers Male or staminate flower Nectar glands Appendage of nectar gland Bracts (cyanthium is underneath) (no sepals or petals present) Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Examples of some common genera Common Threeseed Mercury Missouri Maidenbush Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Vente Conmigo [Sand or Tropic Croton] Leptopus phyllanthoides (Nutt.) G.L. Webster Croton glandulosus L. var. (Andrachne phyllanthoides) septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Prairie Sandmat Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Betonyleaf Noseburn Tinted Woodland [Wood] Spurge Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; Spurge Nettle] Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts Chinese Tallow [Popcorn] Tree Snow-On-The-Mountain Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Introduced) Euphorbia marginata Pursh EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Slender Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi Pineland Threeseed Mercury [Roughpod Copperleaf]; Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Common Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Virginia Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha virginica L. Creeping [Prostrate] Spurge [Spotted Sandmat]; Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbia maculata) Prairie Sandmat; Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Eyebane [Nodding Spurge]; Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Matted Sandmat [Broomspurge]; Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; Spurge Nettle]; Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts [Wolly Croton] Hogwort; Croton capitatus Michx. Vente Conmigo [Sand or Tropic Croton]; Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Prairie Tea [One-Seeded Croton]; Croton monanthogynus Michx. Common Rushfoil; Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster Tinted Woodland [Wood] Spurge; Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray Flowering Spurge; Euphorbia corollata L. Fire on the Mountain [Painted-leaf; Wild Poinsettia; Painted Spurge]; Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. (Introduced) Cypress Spurge; Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Introduced) Toothed Spurge; Euphorbia dentata Michx. [Poinsettia dentata] Leafy Spurge; Euphorbia esula L. (Introduced) Snow-On-The-Mountain; Euphorbia marginata Pursh Missouri Maidenbush; Leptopus phyllanthoides (Nutt.) G.L. Webster (Andrachne phyllanthoides) Castorbean; Ricinus communis L. (Introduced) Betonyleaf Noseburn; Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Branched Noseburn; Tragia ramosa Torr. Chinese Tallow [Popcorn] Tree; Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Introduced) (Sapium sebifera) Slender Threeseed Mercury USDA Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: monoecious; flowers in leaf axils, tips extend well beyond bracts; bracts with 8-18 mostly triangular lobes, hairy; Leaves short-stalked, lanceolate to somewhat linear, entire or with some teeth; stem hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Pineland Threeseed Mercury USDA [Roughpod Copperleaf] Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: monoecious; pistillate flowers in terminal spike, staminate flowers in leaf axils; pistillate bracts with many (13-17) linear lobes; Leaves medium to long petiolate, ovate to somewhat cordate, base usually cordate, fine sharp teeth, paler and slightly hairy below; stem moderately short hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Common Threeseed Mercury USDA Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: monoecious; flowers on spikes in leaf axils, only slightly extended beyond bract or not; bract with 5-11 mostly lanceolate lobes, somewhat hairy; leaf with long petiole, ovate to lanceolate, sharp tip, base well-angled (broad-angled), with somewhat rounded teeth; stem hairy or not; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Virginia Threeseed Mercury [Virginia USDA Copperleaf] Acalypha virginica L. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: flowers in spike in leaf axils, spike usually extend beyond bract; 9-15 bract lobes, lanceolate to oblong; leaf with petiole no more than half the length of leaf but longer than flower spike and bracts, ovate to lanceolate, mostly angled at base, some shallow teeth; stem densely hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Creeping [Prostrate] Spurge USDA [Spotted Sandmat] Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbia maculata) Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Waterville, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower in a cyathium with white to pink (petal-like) appendages, involucre cut about 25% of its length on one side, 4 glands, capsule and ovary hairy (somewhat appressed); leaves longer than wide, widest toward base; stem very hairy, with milky juice; prostrate plant; early summer to fall (ID tentative) [V Max Brown, 2007] Prairie Sandmat USDA Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Roaring River State Park, Barry County, Missouri Notes: flower in a cyathium with mostly white to somewhat pink (petal-like) appendages, 4-5 lobed; leaves mostly short petiolate to sessile, oblong, often with sharp minute point, base only somewhat offset; stem mostly glabrous; erect and branched plant; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Eyebane [Nodding Spurge] USDA Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Waterville area, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower in a cyathium with white to pink (petal- like) appendages, 4 glands, ovary glabrous; leaves longer than wide, base somewhat offset, slightly to shallowly toothed, pale beneath; stem with some hairs early, older stem mostly glabrous, with milky juice; erect plant; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Matted Sandmat [Broomspurge] USDA Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Grand Rapids, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower small, in a cyathium with white (petal-like) appendages, 4 glands; leaves oval, not much longer than wide, usually glabrous, entire, stipules joined and fringed (see white arrow, lower right); stem reddish, mostly glabrous; prostrate leafy plant (growing from wall below); wet areas, particularly stream banks; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; USDA Spurge Nettle] Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Tybee Island, Georgia Notes: 5 sepaled flower, white (no petals), trumpet shaped male flowers, female flowers in lower forks of clusters; leaves long stalked, deeply 3-5 lobed; fruit an oblong capsule; plant covered with stinging hairs; southern coastal plains; summer [V Max Brown, 2006] [Wolly Croton] Hogwort USDA Croton capitatus Michx. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: flowers in dense clusters, monoecious; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate to somewhat ovate, rounded to cordate at base, sharp to somewhat rounded tip, with petioles, no large glands on petiole; whole plant densely hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Vente Conmigo [Sand or USDA Tropic Croton] Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: flowers in dense clusters, monoecious, staminate flowers white, pistillate flowers with 3 styles (each 2-lobed); leaves lanceolate to somewhat ovate, with short petioles, with teeth, base tapered; stem and leaves densely stellate hairy; summer to fall (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2011] Prairie Tea [One-Seeded USDA Croton] Croton monanthogynus Michx. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: monoecious, flowers in clusters, pistillate flowers with 2 styles (each forked), staminate flowers white; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate elliptical, rounded at base, rounded to sharp tip, with petioles, no large glands on petiole, paler beneath; plant densely hairy, often with stellate hairs; one-seeded; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Common Rushfoil USDA Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Near Heber Springs, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: monoecious, flowers in axils, pistillate flowers small with no petals, staminate flowers with small white petals; leaves alternate, lanceolate elliptical, rounded at base, rounded to sharp tip, with short petioles, no large glands on petiole, paler beneath; plant densely
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  • First Record of Cnidoscolus Obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) for Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil

    First Record of Cnidoscolus Obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) for Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil

    Acta Brasiliensis 4(3): 187-190, 2020 Note http://revistas.ufcg.edu.br/ActaBra http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338378 First record of Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) for Paraíba State, northeastern Brazil a i b i Maiara Bezerra Ramos h , Maria Gracielle Rodrigues Maciel h , José Iranildo Miranda de c i a,c i Melo h , Sérgio de Faria Lopes a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. *[email protected] b Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. Received: April 29, 2020 / Acepted: June 26, 2020/ Published online: September 28, 2020 Abstract Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae), species so far known from Minas Gerais, Bahia, Alagoas and Pernambuco States in Brazil is reported for the first time for the State of Paraíba, in the northeastern region of the country. Specimens of this taxon were collected in a fragmented area considered a Caatinga vegetation relict, where total annual precipitation is 700 mm on average and elevation of 644 m a.s.l. The records were made in September and October 2019, when the species was in fertile stage as it bore flowers and fruits. Here we provide a description of its morphology along with taxonomic comments, data on the geographical range and detailed images of the species. Keywords: Caatinga; diversity; floristics; Malpighiales. Primeiro registro de Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) no estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil Resumo Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) espécie até então conhecida para os Estados de Minas Gerais (Sudeste), Bahia, Alagoas e Pernambuco (Nordeste), Brasil, está sendo registrada pela primeira vez no Estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil.
  • Synopsis of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

    Synopsis of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

    Phytotaxa 181 (4): 193–215 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.4.1 Synopsis of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil OTÁVIO LUIS MARQUES DA SILVA1,3, INÊS CORDEIRO1 & MARIA BEATRIZ ROSSI CARUZO2 ¹Instituto de Botânica, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Cx. Postal 3005, 01061-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ²Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil 3Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected] Abstract Euphorbia is the largest genus of Euphorbiaceae and is among the giant genera of Angiosperms. In the state of São Paulo, the genus is represented by 23 species occurring in savannas, high altitude fields, and anthropic areas. This work includes an identification key, photographs, and comments on morphology, habitat, and geographical distribution. We reestablish Euphorbia chrysophylla and recognize Leptopus brasiliensis as a synonym of Euphorbia sciadophila. Six new records for the state of São Paulo are presented: Euphorbia adenoptera, E. bahiensis, E. chrysophylla, E. cordeiroae, E. foliolosa and E. ophthalmica. Eight lectotypes are designated. Key words: Neotropical flora, nomenclatural notes, taxonomy Resumo Euphorbia é o maior gênero de Euphorbiaceae e está entre os maiores de Angiospermas. No Estado de São Paulo, está rep- resentado por 23 espécies ocorrendo no cerrado, campos de altitude e áreas antrópicas. Este trabalho inclui uma chave de identificação, comentários sobre morfologia, habitat e distribuição geográfica. Reestabelecemos Euphorbia chrysophylla e reconhecemos Leptopus brasiliensis como sinônimo de Euphorbia sciadophila. Seis novas ocorrências para o Estado de São Paulo são apresentadas: Euphorbia adenoptera, E.
  • Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988

    Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988

    - Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !.