Journal of Applied Communications

Volume 93 Issue 3 Nos. 3 & 4 Article 3

Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Selection: Implications for Coverage of Agricultural Crises

Judith McIntosh White

Tracy Rutherford

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Recommended Citation White, Judith McIntosh and Rutherford, Tracy (2009) "Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Selection: Implications for Coverage of Agricultural Crises," Journal of Applied Communications: Vol. 93: Iss. 3. https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1197

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Abstract This study examined coverage of the December 2003 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) event to discover impact of reporters’ work role identities on news story source choices and to explore implications of results for agricultural crisis coverage. Content analysis was performed on 62 stories from U.S. newspapers in the Lexis Nexis database, selected through keyword search December 23, 2003 through October 31, 2004. These stories were divided into two equal groups based on reporters’ work-role identity (dichotomized between science-specialty beat reporters and non-specialty reporters) and analyzed by length, number of sources, and source variety. ANOVA and bivariate correlation statistics were used. Results indicated no statistically significant differences in mean story length or mean number of sources for stories written by science-specialty beat reporters and those written by non-specialty reporters. However, while mean overall source variety did not differ between the two reporter groups, work-role identify correlated with use of scientists and agricultural scientists as sources: science- specialty beat reporters used more such sources than did non-specialty reporters. Although this study was limited by small sample size and restriction to the first U.S. BSE event, the above findings may prove useful to agricultural public information officers and mediaelations r practitioners in “pitching” stories and sources for similar agriculture-based crises. In particular, this study addresses priorities stated in the National Research Agenda - the desire of agricultural communicators to “aid the public in effectively participating in decision-making related to agriculture,” through providing information on which such decisions can be based (RPA2, 2007-2010, p. 4).

Keywords Agricultural Crises, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), News Story, reporter, impact, Lexis Nexis database, priorities, public, explore

This research is available in Journal of Applied Communications: https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 1 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 15 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Judith McIntosh White and Tracy Rutherford Tracy White and Judith McIntosh White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

In December 2003, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy — known as BSE or BSE as known — case bovineof first spongiformthe encephalopathy 2003, December In abilities to identify and successfully use appropriate news reporters’ In covering such stories, Introduction and Review of Relevant Literature of Relevant and Review Introduction That the state. Washington in — in the United States in a cow was discovered disease” cow “mad fran- McDonald’s meat to be used by into hamburger sick been destined to be processed had cow newspaper of coverage U.S. to a fascinating and potentiallychises impact added frightening story. various reporters as consulted types to of sources this story unfolded the course of the next year, over of this scenariohelp them explain the facts to their readers. stories Complex like the December 2003 news reliable coverage. paramount to effective, are sources their BSE event lie outside the everyday beyond knowledge experienceof most reporters and require scrupulous and the sources attribution of knowledgeable The identification of expertise. usual areas crucialof the information they are to the accurate telling provide stories; of such science-intensive - to explain such matters to their read sources “right” identify and accuratelyreporters must report the Abstract to spongiformof bovine event 2003 (BSE) December studythe This examined encephalopathy coverage work on news role identities explore story implications ofdiscover and to impact of source choices reporters’ newspa - performedwas analysis Content resultsfor agricultural fromU.S. 62 stories on crisis coverage. 31, 2003 through through October keyword selected 23, December search in the Lexis database, pers Nexis - two work-rolewere identity stories These into (dichoto groupsequal divided reporters’ on based 2004. num- mized and analyzed and non-specialty reporters) between by length, reporters science-specialty beat Results indicated correlation were and bivariate statistics used. ANOVA and source variety. ofber sources, signifno statistically icant differences in mean story of number length or mean sources for written stories mean while However, non-specialtyby written reporters. those and reporters science-specialtyby beat source varietyoverall differ did not between the two groups, work-role identify correlated reporter with sources used moreuse of such reporters science-specialty scientists and agricultural beat scientists as sources: size Althoughsample by small and restriction this study was limited did non-specialtythan reporters. to the f f the above BSE event, irst U.S. may prove useful indings agricultural to information public off icers and sources stories for similar agriculture-based In crises. “pitching” in and media relations practitioners Agenda-- the desire study Research this of addresses in the National agricul priorities stated - particular, agriculto in effectively the public related in decision-making - participating “aid to communicators tural 4). p. 2007-2010, through providing (RPA2, ture,” based decisions can information be such on which Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on on Identity Role Work of ReporterImpact Implications Story Selection: News Source Crises Agricultural of Coverage for Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 2 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 16 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

Several authors have posited that source choice may be driven by agenda-setting competition competition agenda-setting Several be driven choice by may source posited that have authors a particular it should think about as to how helps guide the public the other hand, on Framing, about theory set public perceptions Agenda-setting leaders that opinion the proposition accepts setting and framing reporter/editorAgenda of particular and be influenced by events both may choices of reporters coveringThose concerned with the source the December 2003 BSE event

ers (Albaek, Christiansen, & Togeby, 2003; Ashlock, Cartmell & Kelemen, 2006; Borchelt, 2008; 2008; Borchelt, 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, Ashlock, 2003; Togeby, & Christiansen, ers (Albaek, 2004). Lee, 2009; Irlbeck, ef- reflect may and/or reporters that influences themselves, wave” “news including the issues, among issues about which those It is generally help define leaders that opinion accepted fects framing. of 1994) and McQuail, 1976; & Shaw, McCombs 1996; think (Dearingthe public should & Rogers, Hol- 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, (Ashlock, such salience communicate agenda that the media helps plays importantan sources of part selection agenda in Reporters’ 2008). al., et Peters 2009; land, setting because story can in particular drive sources issue discussion directions. formation (DeFleurfor and discussion opinion context provides & Ball-Rokeach, Framing issue. - com of newsworthiness, concept A story a reporter’s frame is built around 1994). McQuail, 1989; the story’sof sense contextual reporter’s that as well as proximity, and prising conflict as such factors reporters help to construct developed issues schema by place to help the public Frames salience. Telg, Eubanks & Ruth, 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, (Ashlock, contexts into understood and shared the Reporters framing setting and of issues through susceptible to agenda themselves are 2005). 1955; as particularly of suchcoverage they media stories regard (Breed, by and credible prestigious and the news of arterial Agenda-setting waves ef- 2000). Eyck, Ten 1997; Havick, 1979; Dunwoody, frames via consulting others’ to adopt forced mean reporters are 1955) it generates may fects (Breed, the same or similar sources. theory Agenda-setting further that issues of public contends importantwhich issues are consider. to and relative content issue with media input helping to define salience comprise foraction, agenda of issues and their proponents be seen as a process may Agenda-setting 1994). importance (McQuail, and the as for of decision-makers as well the attention attention, and editors’ forcompeting reporters’ of this struggle of limited media time the context In for control 1996). public (Dearing & Rogers, as 2009), Irlbeck, 2006; Carmell & Kelemen, choice paramount becomes (Ashlock, source and space, - skewing pre agenda the particulara in drive discussion issue particulardirection, each may source a type Editors and reporters themselves also be influenced by may sented as important public. to the the tendency of wave,” “news (2000) and Havick Eyck (1997) called the Ten that of agenda-setting news outlets. prestigious media to deem important by those stories covered first in constructing and Source plays agenda media selection a major role newspaper characteristics. theorists the with agenda-setting based on maintaining that reporters choose their sources frames, contribute in 1996) and that sources their newspapersagenda (Dearing seek to advance & Rogers, Zoch 2009; Irlbeck, 2006; Cartmellmajor ways to constructing & Kelemen, story frames (Ashlock, with story, and frames evolve agenda may the course of an ongoing over Additionally, 1998). Turk, & Sumpter 2004; (Chyi & McCombs, changing to match as a storysources that evolution “matures” While this article news variables does not explore selection and 2003). Martin, 2002; & Braddock, it does use those theoretical ideas to help to framing per se, and agenda-setting their relationship select variables that should be studied. the quality on of such look and with the impact sources of information available to the public may agricultural of breaking that influence the sourcing the factors on body of research to an extensive includeThose factors newspaper of agriculture in general and of BSE in particular, coverage news.

Research

DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 3 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 17 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

The amount of coverage afforded agriculture by newspapers, both in numbers of stories in numbers of both in and newspapers, by agriculture afforded of coverage The amount a new and little-understood Into this climate to agricultural of inattention news burst BSE, the been devoted to investigating had research much however, the 2003 BSE event, before Even science-specialty-beat that by by noted that coverage reporters differs have from Researchers reporters’ relationships with their sources, and the relationships between science-specialty-beat between - re relationships the and sources, with their relationships reporters’ porters and their sources. largely- becauseof the increas has declined past several the over decades, column inches, extent of Other contributing to this decline factors include 1993). ingly of American urban nature life (Hays, indications not turn agricultural that scientists may to newspapers and as their preferred producers Bruening Martin, & 1991; Bruening, 1990; & Bowen, (Bouare medium of information exchange Ruth, Lundy, 2009; & Dudo, Brossard Dunwoody, 1992; & Rollings, Radhakrislma, Bruening, 1992; Radhakrislma, & Bruening, Rollings, 1989, & Gor, Reisenberg 1992; Oskam, 2006; & Irani, Telg Hag- newspaper1991) and that most levels reporters of agriculturallow possess literacy (Haygood, agriculturalof coverage Existing topics 2006). Cartmell & Sitton, King, 2005; & Keith, Akers, ins, & (Beaudoin little play stories with positive receiving and risk, controversy on has concentrated that news note Other- researchers 2000). Eyck, Ten 2005; Telg, Eubanks & Ruth, 2004; Thorson, coveringto agricultural conducive been not structures newshave newsrooms’ and routines workers’ 2001). (Logan, First emerging in the criteriamet the disease that and risk so prized of controversy journalists. by of emotionally-charged amount BSE generated a large coverage in the earlyUnited Kingdom 1990s, StatesUnited the and Japan in outbreaks subsequent with 2005), Washer, 2003; (Sturloni, Europe in geographic and cultural, social, because the potential economic, the press of from gaining attention Ruth 2006; Cartmell & Sitton, King, 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, of the disease (Ashlock, impacts criticized have Researchers - formedia the report to ac failing 2000). Eyck, Ten 2005; Eubanks, & 2003) Roche & Muskavitch, 2006; et al., curately other zoonotic about BSE and diseases (Peters & Setbon, Lukasiewicz, Fischler, and often its immediate risks exaggerating to humans (Raude, hurt in the short term, Such and, reports caused in beef consumption decreases 2004). Flahault, Ruth, 2006; Cartmell & Sitton, King, 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, beef industry (Ashlock, the U.S. Although several years 2004). & Prinyawiwatkul, O’Neil, Gillespie, Schupp, 2005; Telg, Eubanks & imported such in produce salmonella outbreak as the 2008 passed and other agriculturalhave crises, novelty to both it is precisely because of BSE’s media prominence, usurped have BSE’s Mexico, from agriculture that the country’s first U.S. on in 2003 and its impact reporters and media consumers U.S. BSE event was chosen as the focus of this study. other among Studies focused on, to all reporters. common a job function process, selection source of news the gatekeeping role - 1982); Gandy, 2008; of information (Borchelt, subsidies the role topics, report- by the part played 1989); Tichenor, & Olien, Donohue, 2005; paper editors (Schmierbach, Wrigley, & Kim, Eichholz, Shoemaker, 2004; characteristics personal (Armstrong, and editors’ ers’ Dun 2003; - & Illman, (Clark organizational routines and the contribution of newsworkers’ 2001); chief the among Perhaps 2009). & Scheufele, Nisbet 1997; & Reilly, Kitzinger 1980; 1979, woody, that cancomments about these studies is that (a) all be made such as studies identify these factors playing a part or the but (b) they do not often reporters the nature select sources in how on agree each of them. choice by of influence exerted source on degree Shoe - 1995; Long, 2004; (Craft and tone Wanta, & type, general assignment reporters in quantity, between Other relationships studies concentrating on 2001). Wrigley, Kim & Eichholz, maker, specialty-beat foundsuch that reporters reportersand their sources often - con use the same sources Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 4 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 18 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

This study examined source choices for of the December 2003 bovine coverage This study examined source spongiformen- BSE event of the December 2003 Coverage in the United States was selected for examination of stories writtenThe mean length in words about the December 2003 BSE Hypothesis 1: science specialty-bestevent by the mean length of such reporters will stories differwrit from - reporters with other beat assignments. ten by in stories of sources writtenThe mean number about the December 2003 Hypothesis 2: science specialty-best BSE event by the mean number of sources reporters will differ from used in stories written reporters with other beat assignments. by The mean variety of types used in stories of sources writtenHypothesis about the Decem- 3: science-specialty-beatber 2003 BSE event by reporters will differ the mean variety of types used in storiesof sources written reporters with other beat assignments. by forData supporting further these hypotheses was in turn directions research suggest used to (1) Thus, newspaper coverage of agriculture and the impact of various reporter, editor, and newspa- editor, newspaper of various impact of agriculture and the coverage reporter, Thus, of choice and its implications for source and reification given attention despite the However,

Objectives reporters use when covering disease) event the sources to discover cow (BSE or mad cephalopathy in beat as- as reflected identities, role work agriculturalbreaking news of reporters’ and the impact of such coverage issues. on signments, reporters required and significant to the public and newsworthy, timely, because this event was novel, as to whether report- answers This study sought information. science-intensive to explain complex, affected beat assignments the length of their stories about the event the number and variety and ers’ used in such storiesof sources and to generate data in support of the following hypotheses: their ability identities might impact crises science-intensive role to cover work reporters’ into how choices for implications their source such for and (2) suggest coverage the work news by as reflected “pitch” as they seek to professionals of agricultural and media relations public information officers to inform results news media storiesexpert and their research about agricultural sources crises. tinually, building strong bonds with them (Chermak, 1995; Dunwoody, 1979; Gandy, 1982; Hol- 1982; Gandy, 1979; Dunwoody, 1995; them (Chermak, with bonds strong building tinually, 2000) and often focusing almost exclusively representatives institutional on Eyck, Ten 2009; land, Sumpter & 1993; Chan, & Baranek, furnishto information upon (Ericson, depended be may who called have Other extent for to an even to concentrate media researchers greater 2002). Braddock, 2009; Holland, 2009; & Dudo, Brossard stories for complex (Dunwoody, as sources scientists on ability effectivelydeal to suchwith expert sources they reporter’s although a that note 1999), Ramsey, & Briers, Vestal 2004; science training (Grantham & Irani, depend heavilymay that reporter’s upon 2003). & Dunsford, Rutherford, Wingenbach, 1999; researchers. from attention significant garnered choiceper characteristics have source on in journalism, relevant literature of the search an exhaustive theories, communication prominent iden- work-role reporters’ and agricultural found no studies addressing communications agriculture, education in of agricultural to their coverage reporters’ news by tities with regard or the part played decisions. their source-choice

Research

DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 5 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 19 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

To evaluate the study’s hypotheses about coverage and source use in U.S. newspaper stories about U.S. use in and source about coverage hypotheses evaluate the study’s To of in a census those represented The newspapers included were of interest population in the analysisContent a census of all stories written to compare in the population was applied by based ini- to a codebook according Each story trained two coders, reviewed was and coded by each story according its face was labeled on example, For Certain unambiguous. variables were established for classify were - not present) Fifteen variables vs. dichotomous nominal (present Study design, population of interest, and sample interest, population of Study design, newspapers was analysis a content of stories U.S. in selected major event, 2003 BSE the December analyses content Results of been have 1996). Dyer, 2001; Stemler, 2003; (Macnamara, conducted numerous although 1991), & Boone, Miller, forused to guide planning (Dyer, crisis communication cannot caution their results reliably that be used to analyzeresearchers issues newsroom complex thus limiting framing constructs such analyses based on impact, issues of audience or to address 2005). Lavie and Lehman-Wilzig, 2004; Heinrichs & Peters, 2005; & Egger, Sterne, (Bartlett, 2003 (when the Lexis-Nexis stories 23, December from for BSE period the eleven-month on from of the occurrence before month 2004 (the end of the October 31, through BSE event occurred) first 2005 22, Lexis-Nexis of the August A search on conducted database was BSE event). U.S. second “agriculture”) AND “production” AND cow” “mad “Major Papers,” “General News,” terms(search minimize in news potential differences - To newspapers. U.S. 190 of them from yielded 296 stories, only newspapers from politics and culture, in national and practices and policies, organization, room analysis. includedthe United States were in this study’s science-specialty beat reporters (31) with an equal-sized random sample of stories written non- by or by identity credit byline Reporter was established by work-role science-specialty-beat reporters. 2004 edition. Directory, Newspaper the reporter in Bacon’s referencing Data coding and analysis Initial coder four iterations of coder training. through tially and refined the variables on of interest these analysistraining using content was conducted of 10 randomly dataset; the selected storiesfrom of the stories selection which the dataset before form the basis of this eliminated from stories were kept in the cen- which were for storiesstudy (except any written science-specialty-beat by reporters, themes coverage additional Duringsus of such for stories coder training, later analysis). and recoded instructed in accurate recognition and coders were for use in analysis identified were of the dataset, Coding variations 1998). & Fico, Lacy, of all themes/content-analysis Riffe, categories (Holsti 1969; reliability at the p < .01 Intercoder resolved. and all were differences and addressed, identified were for variablespair of each coefficients (Field, correlation intercoder indicatedas by levelachieved, was 2000). Whether to its length (interval or not the writer level data) and its newspaper of origin (nominal). of each story was a science-specialty-beat could be ascertained a byline reporter (nominal) either by identity (job title) as printed the story work-role on Bacon’s consulting or by the reporter’s containing (interval)The number of sources included in each story was deter- NewspaperDirectory (2004). only once. counting each unique source mined by Togeby, & Christiansen, (Albaek, the literature extrapolation from on based into types, ing sources Stempel 1995; Salwen, 1999; Ramsey, 1993; & Chan, Baranek, Ericson, 2004; Armstrong, 2003; & Rakow, Mazzarella, Jones, Fritzler, Whitney, 2002; Sumpter & Braddock, 1984; & Culbertson, Methods Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 6 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 20 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

Sixty-two stories were studied, 31 written science-specialty-beat by reporters and 31 written by Sixty-two studied, stories were those writtenStories written non-science-specialty-beat 1,021.48 words; reporters by averaged An “undefined” category was included because many sources were unnamed (Beall & Hayes, category (Beall unnamed was included & Hayes, were because“undefined” sources many An All sci- interval additional Three those which been coded. calculated had variables from were the simplest At analyzedAll coded data were to determine statisticallyrelationships. significant The data analyzed for this article of part for study conducted completion of a larger represent

Findings means and role-specific Overall regardless of reporter work-role Overall, not science-specialty-beatreporters reporters. who were 220 to 2,749 story for compiled stories: the following descriptive length, statistics were identity, 1 to 18 (mean=8.20 per story); source distinct per story, number of sources (mean=1,086.25); words used per number of scientist sources 1 to 9 (mean source-variety score=4.59); types used per story, 0 to 4 (mean=.77). 0 to 5 (mean=1.07) and number of agricultural used per story, scientists story, Non-science-specialty-beat reporters used a 1,172.36 words. science-specialty-beatby reporters, Non-science-specialty-beat science-specialty-beat reporters used a mean 8.36. mean 8.23 sources; reporters used a mean 4.52 types in each story; of sources science-specialty-beat reporters 4.81. used 1989; Zoch & Turk, 1998). These categories comprised government representatives, government government These categories comprised representatives, government 1998). Turk, Zoch & 1989; agricultural (farmers and ranchers), producers business scientists, representatives, business scientists, Extension all other university scientists, university agricultural scientists, university representatives, - representa group consumer representatives, trade association scientists, Extension representatives, used as a source individual Each named and undefined. (general public), consumers media, tives, appropriate category into the was placed affiliation his or her institutional/organizational based on was SecretaryVenneman Ann of Agriculture example, For in the storyas identified being coded. was market meat a of owner named the while category, representative government the in placed to classify was made decision The veterinarians as category. representative in the business placed of their particular organizations. employing scientists rather than merely as representatives categoryThis was was applied to all organizations for which representative no individual 1992). and similarly cited sources. “consumers,” “industry such as experts,” named and to all generic sources, “collective which entirely excluded Such a category other studies, some those used by varies from An 543). p. 2002, (Sumpter & Braddock, officials’” ‘government or ‘voters’ like anonymous sources all citations was named; forfor was made media outlets which no individual representative exception because it was deemed desirable to “undefined” rather than as “media” coded as of media outlets were etc. sites, Web books, track of other newspapers, all sourcing Extension university agricultural scientists, university scientists, entist categories scientists, (business and all agricultural variables scientist scientists,” “total summed to yield variable the scientists) were ag- “total yield to summed variablethe were scientists) Extension (universityagricultural scientists, all summed to yield 15 original categories the variable source were Finally, ricultural scientists.” variety.” “source (science-specialty-beat reporter each of the two groups means of the same variable vs. from level, statistically determine to any of existence compared dif- significant non-science-specialty-beat)were analyzed were Both reporter groups simultaneously using bivariate correlation 2001). (Field, ferences ANOVA. rho) and one-way (Spearman’s doctoral work. author’s the first

Research

DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 7

- .849* No. Ag Scientists

- - No. Scientists

Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 21 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. - - - .461* .386*

.644* .302* .279* Source Variety

< .05 < .05 p - - - - Story Length

statistic. * statistic. - .653* .640* .090 .076 - No. Sources - - -

White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

Spearman rho used as test .

le 1 - “sci simplyOnly identified as of the science-specialty-beat two were reporters in the population storyOnlythan one non-science-specialty-beat two more reporters produced about BSE (- Jona The number of sources used in stories used in with both story positively was of sources The number correlated source length and and the number of agriculturalcited as sources the total number of scientists scientists Similarly,

No. Sources Length Story Source Variety No. Scientists No. Ag Scientists

Note Tab Intercorreclations Between Number of Sources, Story Length, Source Variety, Number of Scientist Sources Scientist Sources Agricultural of Number and Work-role identity summary statistics Work-role designated for of expertiseThirteen the 20 other science-specialty- areas were different ence writer.” environment, biotechnology, includingagribusiness, storiesthe studied, reporters beat producing either as staff reporters known non-science-specialty-beat Most reporters were or health. medicine, was used to verify that these untitled reporters Bacon’s (6) or staff writers no title (12). (9) or had and designated as business reporters, reporters were Three not science-specialty-beat reporters. were as a business writer. one, but seven stories), two Today, USA and Sue Kirchhoff, stories, two Times, Seattle than Martin, Pittsburg Sandra science-specialty-beat stories: Blakeslee, reporters wrote or co-wrote multiple 4; Herald, World Omaha Kawar, Mark 2; Herald, World Omaha Chris Clayton, 2; Post-Gazette, and Joe 3; Oregonian, Hill, Richard 7; Oregonian, Dworkin, Andy 2; Oregonian, Michelle Cole, storiesBSE of the one-half Almost writtenscience-specialty-beat by 2. Oregonian, Rojas-Burke, Oregonian. the Portland newspaper, published in just one reporters (14/31) were Non-science-specialty-beat reporters used a mean .81 scientist sources and .55 agricultural and reportersNon-science-specialty-beat sources scientist mean .81 used a scientist science-specialty-beat reportersand 1.00 agricultural 1.36 scientists used a mean scientists. sources; correlations significant Statistically the the story, longer the with the other — that is, each of which correlated was variety (p < .05), source the the greater sources, the more the variety used and the greater used; sources of sources more 1. Table in as shown variety, variety with both source each is correlated and and story length (p < (p < .05), correlated used are agri since - categoriesthese two of is not surprising, sources of scientist the correlation Again, .05). variety and both contribute source to (Ott & cultural contribute scientists numbers, to total scientist 1. Table in as shown 2001), Longnecker, Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 8

No. Ag Scientists

e e F F P Rol - .015 .015 .903 3.978 3.978 .051* No. Scientist

1 1 1 1 1 60 1.306 .258 60 60 .488 .487 60 60 3.413 .070 Df Source Variety Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 22 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos.

.046 .046 .062 .290* .272* Sources Number of < .05 < .05 p * Characteristics Based on Reporter Work Reporter on Based Characteristics Within groups Within groups Within groups Within groups Within groups

Between groups Between groups Between groups Between groups Between groups

Role Identity and Story Characteristics Story and Identity Role -

Story Length Story

Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal Source of variation .118

Role ID

- Spearman rho used as test statistic. Way ANOVA for Differences in Story

- Although none of the differences in individual source-type relationships proved statistically proved in individual source-type of the differences Although none relationships sig- As shown in Table 3, reporter work-role identitycertain of use with found was correlated be to reporter work-role 3, Table in shown As Analysis of data from this sample showed that stories that Analysis written sample showed this science-specialty-beat from of data by report- < .05 < .05 orrelations Among Reporter Work Reporter Among orrelations

Work Story length Story Number of Sources Source variety Number of scientist sources Number of ag scientist sources p Note: Table 3 C

* Table 2 One Source choice patterns with the largest identity choice patterns emerged, regardless of reporter of source work-role nificant, Government industry among (140). being selected from number of named sources representatives a close (44) were sec- while consumers used in equal numbers, were (46) and educational (46) sources (un- Undefined Reporters both types of chose a total of 27 media sources. groups. to these two ond 4. Table summarized are These results in included were in the 62 storiesnamed) sources 175 times. types of sources, specificallynumbers of agriculturaland the scientists of the numbers with both sci- typesof sources, as a science-specialty-beat designation reporter that is, in each storyentists used as sources (p < .05), and agricultural scientists than was designation was associated with using more scientists as sources as a non-specialty reporter. Science specialty-beat ropers great use of scientist/agricultural scientist sources scientist of scientist/agricultural use great ropers specialty-beat Science variety stories source or written from by sources, number of differers did not significantly length, in p < .05 level significant at the was ANOVA although one-way non-science-specialty-beat reporters, Science-specialty-beatreporters of agricultural in numbers for differences used as sources. scientists agricultural scientists and than did other typesused more as sources scientists of reporters.

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DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 9

Reporters 5 1 8 0 8 1 1 46 17 44 11 27 92 12 18 46 19 24 13 175 140 Stories Written by by Written Stories All Other No. of Unique Citations in Role Identity of Reporter of Identity Role -

Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 23 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Citations in 8 4 2 4 7 7 3 1 14 16 83 12 50 12 24 Beat Reporters consumer sources Total media sources Total industry sources Total university sources Total Total undefined sources Specialty- Total governmentsources Stories Written Science by No. of Unique No. of Unique

White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White Source Category

Few differences found between reportersFew science-specialty-beat and other reporters. Analysis of Comparison of means hypotheses posited in this study cannotThe nulls of the three be rejected. Consumer association reps Consumers Media Undefined representatives Business Business scientists Agricultural producers association reps Trade representatives University University agricultural scientists University scientists (not ag) representatives Extension Extension scientists Government scientists Government representatives

Table 4 Actual Number of Named Sources Each in Category, Grouped by Work Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations Conclusions, Discussion of results that reporters designated as science-specialty-beatdata in this sample showed reporters not (a) did variety or (c) use a greater than did reporters of sources sources, (b) use more write stories, longer have writers” “science Although these particular issues regarding identities. having other work-role stands it journalistic practice, long-standing on based literature, in the not been thoroughlyexplored and that the sources, more might contain stories might be longer, “in-depth” that more to reason the chance in the mix for the greater including kinds of sources different more used, sources more stories that The fact written to be the case that was not shown here. However, 1987). (MacDougall, those from no different were including agricultural reporters, science-specialty-beatby reporters, this sample, at least based on written other types by of reporters might be extrapolated to mean that, specialty-reporter of agriculturally coverage comprehensive to be more not prove relevant events may and utility interest to readers. nor of greater stories between written science-specialty-beat by reporters and those writ- ANOVA using one-way other typesten by no statistically to mean of reporters showed with regard significant differences although a and mean overall variety used, of sources used, number of sources mean story length, statistically in the mean number (p < .05) was found groups the two significant difference between of agricultural scientists used as sources. Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 10 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 24 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

Use of expertUse an important recognized been sources. dis- in play media that the long It has role Reporters try to choosesources the best to all reporters. Source common choice is a job function insti- of reporters’ the impact This study did address institutionalImpact of reporters’ work roles. CraftWanta by (2001) and and Wrigley and Kim, Eichholz, Shoemaker, by work By extension,

seminating science information to the public (Borchelt, 2008; Holland, 2009; Nisbet & Scheufele, & Scheufele, Nisbet 2009; Holland, 2008; science informationseminating public (Borchelt, to the of which much 2004), & Graham, Hebert, Ahmad, Dornan, Code, Wilson, 2008; al., et Peters 2009; - Pre 2000). Eyck, Ten 2005; Telg, & Eubanks in newspaperis associated stories with risks (Ruth, - es information in-depth for called has the public, more provide the media to upon vious research levels encouraging reporters increased to attain through pecially about topics involving science, Sitton, & Cartmell, such (King, coverage in-depth more literacy to provide of scientific in order to way information science expertsof one as accessing sources as recommend Researchers 2006). 1999; Ramsey, 2004; lackexpertise of such about (Heinrichs matters & Peters, counteract reporters’ and agricultural scientific literacy but increased the part on of reporters 2004), Tucker, Whaley & Whitaker & Dyer, 1999; & Briers, is almost surely needed to choose expert wisely sources (Vestal 2003). & Dunsford, Rutherford, Wingenbach, 2000; - or cooperative accessibility, knowledge, position, institutional storyfor a given the source’s based on has documented previous research However, of these characteristics. combination or some ness, causing gov- or social influence often political power unduly influences such choices, that a source’s pool (Whitney, in the source and corporateernment to be overrepresented officials spokespersons Cartmell and Kelemen (2006) Ashlock, example, For 1989). & Rakow, Mazzarella, Jones, Fritzler, stories for information in their sample about BSE cited by of the sources reported that 34.88 percent were but only 4.49 percent industry were and 23 percent representatives, officials government were and trade agricultural producers, business, representing sources Surprisingly, university scientists. 140) overwhelmingly governmental the the stories dominated our sample; in (industry, associations in in other studies were found to predominate sources (44) and consumer educational (46), (46), Such in source- factors that doubtless deserves a result further scrutiny. a decided minorityhere, Cartmell & Kelemen, or framing effects media agenda-setting (Ashlock, choice reflect also may the outside considerations 1995), Salwen, 1997; Reilly, & Kitzinger 2004; Lee, 2009; Irlbeck, 2006; framework of this study. important found to be more have than which other researchers choice, source on roles work tutional did not support findings This study’s characteristics personal such in making selections. reporters’ including their influence the ways in which job duties, their reporters fulfill the idea that work-roles 1979; 1978, Dunwoody, 2004; CraftWanta, & 2003; & Illman, choice (Clark of information sources - Wrig & Kim, Eichholz, Shoemaker, 2001; Logan, 1997; & Reilly, Kitzinger 2009; Holland, 1980; and agendas reporters’ influence on sources’ be derived from although such may impact 2001), ley, choices of science-specialty-beat source reporters (reporters cited, to the research According frames. just normal not reflect may stories of in coverage specializing components) science significant with such be influenced by but may and practices or individual reporter characteristics, routines newsroom the narrative and by their special training, by within the news special position organization, reporters’ this study found no evidence to However, demands of the subject matter covered. and expositional support such a conclusion. a science-specialty-beat employing way a long go reporter may that (a) a newspaper’s (2004) suggests newsof science-based of coverage its of unique position the and (b) determiningthe nature toward of science and tone type, a science-specialty-beat the quantity, could impact reporter in a newsroom reporter based on selection this study found in source no differences However, provided. coverage

Research

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Science reporter-sourcestoriesoften issues relationships. complex about Special sources demand noted a special affinityGandy (1982) has science-specialty-beat between reporters and their choice organiza reporters between with one in source This study focused the dichotomy - on might focus investigation Further Only identity source the sampled stories. was tracked across of BSE in the United States with Ruth in coverage and should be compared employed Frames work-role, perhaps reflecting that newspaper beat assignments may be made arbitrarily, with little little with arbitrarily, newspaperbe made that may perhaps assignments beat reflecting work-role, by as posited uniqueness positional any from detracting to reporter education expertise, or regard these researchers. experts by in science and technol requiring explanation - spokepersons, institutional the usual beyond laying a foun- Science-specialty-beat reporters often expert use the same continually, sources ogy. has noted research Previous relationships. for of special reporter-source dation the development reporter access control which in fact may focus educational sources, governmental on and reporters’ 1993; & Chan, Baranek, Ericson, 2006; Cartmell & Kelemen, (Ashlock, agendas to meet their own of work- regardless In fact, such study. of this focus not supported was the results by 1999); Miller, reporters study chose in this industry other over than 3-to-1 margin a greater by sources identity, role types.source the which to can be compared same sources, use of the repeated such evidenced writers’ by sources, Gandy cautions that such Chermak (1995). practices of police-beat reporters as documented by using reporters for or agenda-setting in sources result may contacts close and repeated relationships science-specialty-beat used by of the lists of sources Examination framing purposes own. of their that science-specialty-beat contentions reporters reporters in this sample supports often Gandy’s use but his conclusions of these about the impact industry sources), here, typesthe same source (albeit, and framing fall agenda-setting outside the scope of this study. practices on for further study limitations and recommendations Current research identity. — that of science-specialty-beat role other work-role reportertional — and those with any Although science-specialty-beat not found types to use different reporters than were of sources of this The nature scientists and agricultural they did use more as sources. scientists other reporters, over not followed particular reporters were for example, was not explored; time over relationship - lifespanthe eleven-month re use sampled event of the whether their patterns to discover of source storyto due changed or constant mained (Sumpter winnowing Braddock, & source to or maturation sources, “undefined” use of the extensive Additionally, Such could be fruitful. investigation 2002). has not been explored was named, for which no representative critics, advocates, experts, for example, termed part with sources exists dealing of the general public research although some in the literature, public under- of unnamed individuals upon of sourcing The impact 2002). (Sumpter & Braddock, storiesstanding of complex media credibility and upon should be explored. sto- sampled the in source each of 1984) (Stempel Culbertson, & prominence and dominance the on Additionally, determining characteristics whether these identity. varied with reporter work-role ries, BSE event is surprising and industry of reporters on the reliance U.S. in covering the first sources further. should be investigated - iden of such used in coverage in Canada, outbreaks that four frames (2005) findings were Eubanks’ and health risk by and to findings blame/responsibility, calamity, economic as industrytified crisis, of such frames with The relationship Cartmell and Kelemen (2006). Irlbeck (2009) and Ashlock, as frame as well shifting occur as a story that may (Chyi & matures used should be explored, sources 2004). McCombs, Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 12 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 26 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

This study examined source choice but did not investigate the role of information in subsidies role the choice investigate did not but source study examined This edu- and personal identity reporters’ and ignored work-role onlyThis study examined reporters’ parameters for population - this study dictated the comparison of a census of science-spe Finally, reporter/editor individual such as the news is that factors consensus wave, Although the research newspapers included in the LexisNexis database, its sample, This study is of course limited by

initial source identification and selection. Previous research has indicated such that subsidies as news research Previous and selection. identification initial source an important play may part choiceconferences agenda-setting and in in source and press releases 2009; Dudo, & Brossard, Dunwoody, 1980; Dunwoody, 2003; Day, 2008; framingand (Borchelt, Nisbet 2003; & Kreopsch, Brossard, Nisbet, 2003; Alexander, & Rutherford, Melgares, 2000; Kelley, & Able, Thompson, 2003; Skillman & Miller, 1993; & Duncan, Savonen, Rost, 2009; & Scheufele, of such of BSE events in coverage subsidies should be investigated. thus the role 2001); Maretzki, emphasizedhas the research previous that given 2004); cationalcharacteristics (Grantham Irani, & choice decisions, and source framing, agenda-setting, of such characteristicspossible role in reporters’ identity. work-role with in conjunction reporterstudies, characteristics in future examined be should Such seems particularly investigation important that science-specialty-beat the fact given reporters those of other reporters.and educational characteristics exhibit personal may from different Wiersma, Hinkle, 1972; & Sanders, Peckham, cialty-beat sample) (Glass, reporters and place (time this Thus, sample of other types 1982) with a random of reporters. Oliver & Hinkle, 1979; & Jurs, In the stricteststudy violated several methodological guidelines for performing analysis. a content of not generalizable time periods groups are to longer or to larger here presented results the sense, an in be to outcome the anticipate would match we what however, Theygenerally do, reporters. Dunwoody 1980; 1979, specialty where another (Dunwoody, reporters influence one environment decisions institutional-level 2001) and where Weigold, 1991; Shoemaker & Reese, 1984; & Shields, from could benefit research Future and the news wave. framing, agenda-setting, affected by are as other as well includingsampling populations numbers and wider varieties larger of newspapers, and includingenough numbers of science-specialty-beat media with large reporters types of media, to allow randomization. Contributions to the field and use of information subsidies may routines, newsworker organization, newsroom characteristics, importance of few which the relative to gauge guideposts exist by choices, source reporters’ impact research most source-choice Further, of sources. selection on factors the influence of these different work or ethnicity, of politicalcoverage focused has on crime or news reporter/editorgender, on or found applying were framingstudies published or theory agenda-setting Few explana- to routines. editor, of agricultural in coverage reporter, news of source-choice how tions or showing breaking study sought to the current Thus, or newspaper characteristics such impact coverage. newsroom, science-specialty-beat as designation reporters influenced their illuminate to what extent reporters’ use of experts event of the December 2003 BSE in their coverage in the United States. However, identity. reporter to work-role relative focusedonlysource-choice on design, its by and previ- transcends in that it questions these limitations of the field its contribution to the literature that in this study The fact stories. of science-intensive concerning coverage findings ous studies’ found science-specialty-beat between reporterstypes other were and coverage in differences no of Such questions both scholars and journalists. from questions trenchant reporters should provoke might include and whether science-specialty-beat comprehensive reporters indeed can more provide

Research

DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 13 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 27 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

Albaek, E., Christiansen, P. M., & Togeby, L. (2003). Experts in the mass media: Researchers Researchers Experts in the mass media: (2003). L. Togeby, & M., P. Christiansen, E., Albaek, newspaper in selection sto- source on reporterof The influence gender (2004). L. C. Armstrong, mad cow, BSE, reporters, sources, science reports sources, reporters, BSE, cow, mad This study addresses priorities stated in RPA2 - the desire of agricultural communicators to “aid “aid of agricultural to - the desire communicators prioritiesThis study addresses stated in RPA2 implications of this study and the support it does or does not offer research previous In particular, the reporters likely most Concentrating on use of will effective coverage facilitate to provide - its rep by of this study could be increased and impact believe the authors that the reach Overall, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 1961-2001. in Danish dailyas sources newspapers, 937-948. 80(4), 139-154. 81(1), Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, ries. Keywords References informative coverage of science-intensive stories and, if not, whether their failure lies in low-levels in low-levels lies failure their whether if not, storiesinformative of science-intensive coverage and, & Briers, training (Vestal inadequate in rooted 2006) Cartmell Sitton, & literacy science of (King, insti- 2003) or in newsroom & Dunsford, Rutherford, Wingenbach, 2000; Whitaker & Dyer, 1999; Dunwoody, 1995; skills and talents their (Chermak, of exercise the accommodate not do that tutions be extrapolated study may in the current explored relationships In addition, 1982). Gandy, 1980; flu Avian for example, news of other agricultural coverage to breaking crises, and tested with regard U.S. in the salmonella outbreaks or the 2008 outbreaks and for Communications Agricultural Agenda in the National Research Implications for officers public information practitioners relations and media agricultural providing through the public in effectively to agriculture,” participating making related in decisions 4). p. 2007-2010, Agenda, Research information which such can on decisions be based (National in their practitioners help agricultural (PIOs)may information relations public and media officers high about making decision public information relevant facilitates that . . . “disseminate effortsto “improve of agricultural coverage of mass media the effectiveness and to priority agricultural issues” understanding such professionals’ Improving 4). p. 2007-2010, Agenda, Research (National issues” more could help them influence coverage identities may work-role of the ways in which reporters’ effectively craftand subsidies their target to information their determineand subsidies how better likely if science-specialty-beat more to reporters are example, For pitch them to particular reporters. agricultural to agricultural crisisuse scientists or agricultural with regard news, scientists as sources these reporters with their information. should target communicators their chances for of important placement and improve practitioners by time and other resources and that proximity the knowledge In this instance (2003 BSE event), agricultural information. urban-location determined which on newspapers might have coverage influence agricultural media such It is to be hoped that studies as this attention. concentrate their would practitioners relations their ability increasing to will through one contribute of practitioners the effectiveness to enhancing journalists. receptive identify and target the application allowing of a lication for and other types other similar populations of crisis events, conclusions effective theory and more grounded data to develop stronger to the additional approach applications for agriculturalpractitioners. PIOs and media relations Research Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Research 14 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 28 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. (6th ed.). Stam - education in research ed.). (6th Introduction to Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 93, Iss. 3 [2009], Art. 3 Art. [2009], Iss. 3 93, Vol. Communications, Applied of Journal

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DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.1197 https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol93/iss3/3 Research 17 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. 3 & 4 • 31 Journal of Applied Communications, Volume 93, Nos. (2), 457- 62(2), Science and Medicine, Social White and Rutherford: Impact of Reporter Work Role Identity on News Story Source Select Source Story on News Identity Role Work Reporter of Impact Rutherford: and White

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