View and Future Directions (E27663) Sandersan Onie, Xun Li, Morgan Liang, Arcot Sowmya, Mark Larsen
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JMIR Mental Health Internet interventions, technologies and digital innovations for mental health and behaviour change Volume 8 (2021), Issue 5 ISSN: 2368-7959 Editor in Chief: John Torous, MD Contents Original Papers The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions (e27663) Sandersan Onie, Xun Li, Morgan Liang, Arcot Sowmya, Mark Larsen. 3 Assessing Suicide Reporting in Top Newspaper Social Media Accounts in China: Content Analysis Study (e26654) Kaisheng Lai, Dan Li, Huijuan Peng, Jingyuan Zhao, Lingnan He. 20 Intention to Use Behavioral Health Data From a Health Information Exchange: Mixed Methods Study (e26746) Randyl Cochran, Sue Feldman, Nataliya Ivankova, Allyson Hall, William Opoku-Agyeman. 33 Learning From Clinical Consensus Diagnosis in India to Facilitate Automatic Classification of Dementia: Machine Learning Study (e27113) Haomiao Jin, Sandy Chien, Erik Meijer, Pranali Khobragade, Jinkook Lee. 63 A Web-Based Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among University Students: Open-Label, Pragmatic Trial (e27400) Jason Bantjes, Alan Kazdin, Pim Cuijpers, Elsie Breet, Munita Dunn-Coetzee, Charl Davids, Dan Stein, Ronald Kessler. 75 Social Representations of e-Mental Health Among the Actors of the Health Care System: Free-Association Study (e25708) Margot Morgiève, Pierre Mesdjian, Olivier Las Vergnas, Patrick Bury, Vincent Demassiet, Jean-Luc Roelandt, Déborah Sebbane. 91 Problematic Social Media Use in Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults: Observational Study (e23688) Erin Vogel, Danielle Ramo, Judith Prochaska, Meredith Meacham, John Layton, Gary Humfleet. 103 Knowledge-Infused Abstractive Summarization of Clinical Diagnostic Interviews: Framework Development Study (e20865) Gaur Manas, Vamsi Aribandi, Ugur Kursuncu, Amanuel Alambo, Valerie Shalin, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Jonathan Beich, Meera Narasimhan, Amit Sheth. 115 JMIR Mental Health 2021 | vol. 8 | iss. 5 | p.1 XSL·FO RenderX Review Initial Training for Mental Health Peer Support Workers: Systematized Review and International Delphi Consultation (e25528) Ashleigh Charles, Rebecca Nixdorf, Nashwa Ibrahim, Lion Meir, Richard Mpango, Fileuka Ngakongwa, Hannah Nudds, Soumitra Pathare, Grace Ryan, Julie Repper, Heather Wharrad, Philip Wolf, Mike Slade, Candelaria Mahlke. 47 JMIR Mental Health 2021 | vol. 8 | iss. 5 | p.2 XSL·FO RenderX JMIR MENTAL HEALTH Onie et al Original Paper The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions Sandersan Onie1, PhD; Xun Li2, PhD; Morgan Liang2; Arcot Sowmya2, PhD; Mark Erik Larsen1, PhD 1Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia Corresponding Author: Sandersan Onie, PhD Black Dog Institute University of New South Wales, Sydney Hospital Road Sydney, 2031 Australia Phone: 61 432359134 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: Suicide is a recognized public health issue, with approximately 800,000 people dying by suicide each year. Among the different technologies used in suicide research, closed-circuit television (CCTV) and video have been used for a wide array of applications, including assessing crisis behaviors at metro stations, and using computer vision to identify a suicide attempt in progress. However, there has been no review of suicide research and interventions using CCTV and video. Objective: The objective of this study was to review the literature to understand how CCTV and video data have been used in understanding and preventing suicide. Furthermore, to more fully capture progress in the field, we report on an ongoing study to respond to an identified gap in the narrative review, by using a computer vision±based system to identify behaviors prior to a suicide attempt. Methods: We conducted a search using the keywords ªsuicide,º ªcctv,º and ªvideoº on PubMed, Inspec, and Web of Science. We included any studies which used CCTV or video footage to understand or prevent suicide. If a study fell into our area of interest, we included it regardless of the quality as our goal was to understand the scope of how CCTV and video had been used rather than quantify any specific effect size, but we noted the shortcomings in their design and analyses when discussing the studies. Results: The review found that CCTV and video have primarily been used in 3 ways: (1) to identify risk factors for suicide (eg, inferring depression from facial expressions), (2) understanding suicide after an attempt (eg, forensic applications), and (3) as part of an intervention (eg, using computer vision and automated systems to identify if a suicide attempt is in progress). Furthermore, work in progress demonstrates how we can identify behaviors prior to an attempt at a hotspot, an important gap identified by papers in the literature. Conclusions: Thus far, CCTV and video have been used in a wide array of applications, most notably in designing automated detection systems, with the field heading toward an automated detection system for early intervention. Despite many challenges, we show promising progress in developing an automated detection system for preattempt behaviors, which may allow for early intervention. (JMIR Ment Health 2021;8(5):e27663) doi:10.2196/27663 KEYWORDS suicide; suicide prevention; CCTV; video; computer vision; machine learning The use of different means of suicide can vary by geographic Introduction region, with public means such as jumping from a height being Suicide is a recognized public health priority, with more common in certain areas [2]. Data from reviews of coronial approximately 800,000 people dying by suicide each year [1]. records in the UK suggest approximately 30% of all suicide https://mental.jmir.org/2021/5/e27663 JMIR Ment Health 2021 | vol. 8 | iss. 5 | e27663 | p.3 (page number not for citation purposes) XSL·FO RenderX JMIR MENTAL HEALTH Onie et al deaths occur in public places [3]. Suicides in public places can to individuals. We excluded studies of video gaming (with no attract media attention, potentially introducing a degree of use of video data), video-based interventions (ie, showing a ªnotorietyº about a specific location, and thus increase its video to a person or group, or portrayal of suicide in video), or frequency of use [4]. Furthermore, these incidents can adversely video-based telehealth interventions, suicide bombing, music affect bystanders [5]. Thus, efforts to prevent suicide in public videos, video vignettes, nonhuman subjects, or EEG-CCTV. places are of particular importance. Furthermore, we excluded any commentaries and opinion pieces without data or studies described, or studies which were not A range of suicide prevention initiatives in public places have reported in English. been evaluated, with the use of CCTV cameras being proposed as a means to increase the likelihood of a third-party intervention Abstracts were independently screened for eligibility by 2 [6], for example, by initiating a police call-out after climbing a reviewers (SO and ML), with disagreements resolved by safety fence [7]. Studies from the metro/underground railway discussion until consensus was achieved. Eligible papers were settings have retrospectively analyzed behaviors which precede then downloaded for full-text review, and 1 reviewer (SO) a suicide attempt, with observable behaviors being identified extracted a narrative summary of the reported use of video data. [8,9]. These studies have further suggested that it may be possible to automatically detect behaviors prior to a suicide Results attempt, potentially allowing for earlier intervention and the interruption of a suicide attempt. Database Search and Review of Articles Retrieved This paper builds on these foundations by addressing 2 core Database searches identified 544 unique articles to screen, as aims. First, it provides a scoping review on the existing use of indicated in Figure 1. Following review of the title and abstracts, CCTV and other video data to understand and prevent suicide. 33 articles were downloaded for full-text review. Two studies Second, it reports progress on an ongoing study to respond to were excluded as they did not report relevant use of video or an identified gap in this literature, by using a computer CCTV data, and 1 was excluded as it was not available in vision±based system to identify behaviors prior to a suicide English. The remaining 30 articles were retained for the attempt. narrative synthesis. In the review, we identified 3 main categories of papers Methods corresponding to their temporal relationship with suicidal behavior. These are characterized as (1) studies that use CCTV Searches of the literature were performed using the PubMed, and video to understand risk factors for suicide (6 papers); (2) Inspec, and Web of Science databases, as pilot searches studies that describe and evaluate interventions using CCTV or indicated that these databases provided unique literature from video footage (16 papers); and (3) studies that use CCTV or medical and computer science publications. Searches were video footage to understand suicide after an attempt (8 papers). performed using the terms ª(video OR cctv) AND suicid*º on In this section, we discuss the findings of the review in these all fields. Searches were performed on August 26, 2020, and categories; however, we discuss the studies within the second included