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Population Development and Its Typology in the Czech Republic at the Level of Micro-Regions

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Population Development and Its Typology in the Czech Republic at the Level of Micro-Regions GeoScape 10(2) - 2016: 53–61 doi: 10.1515/geosc-2016-0005 Available online at www.degruyter.com Population Development and its Typology in the Czech Republic at the Level of Micro-regions 1* Miloslav Šašek 1 Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic *[email protected] Abstract: The contribution mainly focuses on monitoring of the population development in the Czech Republic, particularly at the micro-regional level. It monitors development of the natural population change, migration, and overall population development in two monitored periods, and conducts SO ORP typology based on this development with respect to the natural population change, migration, and overall increase. Today, the migration in the developed regions is the determinative element of the population development. To put it simply, the determinative division of the migration population development is into two units (east and west zone, Moravia and Bohemia), where Moravia has negative migration and Bohemia sees positive migration; however, there are significant differences in the middle of the units where Brno metropolitan area has highly positive migration, especially from the rest of Moravia and Silesia, and on the contrary, Karlovy Vary region sees significantly negative migration; over the last years, the negative migration has been relatively higher compared to Moravia-Silesia Region. The micro-regions at SO ORP level assist us in distinguishing of continuous territories with either positive or negative population development. Key words: public administration, migration, population development, Czech Republic Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Differences in the population development at the micro-regional level are shown. • The results show an increasing regional gap in the population development. • The connection of population development to public administration reform is discussed. Received: 7 Jun 2016 – Received in revised form: 20 Sep 2016 – Accepted: 5 Dec 2016 1. Introduction the core of the geographical research of the The population migration is a rather complex migration ( Hampl 2005 ). The study of migration process conditional on a broad spectrum of has successively become inter-disciplinary effects. Elsewhere in the world, and thereby in (Čermák 2009 ). In particular, attention is paid to the Czech Republic as well, the social and more general problems of the spatial behaviour economic conditions influence the character of of the population and root causes or motives of the migration. According to ( Hampl et al. 1987 ), the behaviour ( Šašek 2011, 2013 ). the population migration is the key mechanism of a concentration process. The migration is a 2. Methodological notes structural regional process and therefore, The population development and monitoring monitoring thereof is tightly related to the thereof is important fur further development regional development and regional policy. The chances of the regions. Specifically, the assessment of the spatial structure of the population changes in post-socialist countries, migration processes can legitimately be called as © Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 53 GeoScape 10(2) - 2016: 53–61 doi: 10.1515/geosc-2016-0005 Available online at www.degruyter.com such as the Czech Republic encountered delayed this region now as well ( Šašek 2011 ). The effects of global and macroregional population contribution tries to review and analyze the trends, which makes them important issue to be population development in the Czech Republic addressed by national and regional policy particularly at the micro-level, and to (Sobotka et al. 2003; Kačírek 2015 ). These days, demonstrate the impact of the migration on the the migration is determinative for the regional natural change of the micro-regions having population increase nationwide. The quantitative positive migration development since mid of the increase alone may not always be a plus for 1990s. The contribution is based on comparison further development of the regions, e.g. the analysis of the development trends as well as the migration structures in the 1970s and 1980s in typology of the micro-regional at the SO ORP the area of mining districts of former Northern level by migration, natural, and total population Bohemia Region, where the share of unqualified increase. The typology has been made based on and low qualified inhabitants, and emigration of comparison of the population development in university and GCSE graduates resulted in two periods of time, namely 2004–2007 and deterioration of the education structure and to a 2008–2011. There are five types selected for each certain extent, it is the phenomena that population development component into which significantly influences the social micro-climate in each SOP ORP is included. Table 1 – Typology of SO ORP by migration behaviour of inhabitants in 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 (source: Inhabitants migration database, ČSÚ 2012, own calculations) SO ORP type Region 1 2 3 4 5 ORP total Prague 1 0 0 0 0 1 Central Bohemia Region 17 6 3 0 0 26 Southern Bohemia Region 1 3 6 4 3 17 Plzeň Region 5 2 7 1 0 15 Karlovy Vary Region 0 1 2 2 2 7 Ústí Region 3 6 6 1 0 16 Liberec Region 2 1 3 1 3 10 Hradec Králové Region 1 1 4 6 3 15 Pardubice Region 3 1 4 2 5 15 Vysočina Region 0 1 2 7 5 15 Southern Moravia Region 6 2 8 2 3 21 Olomouc Region 0 0 3 3 7 13 Zlín Region 0 0 4 3 6 13 Moravia-Silesia Region 1 0 6 3 12 22 Total 37 21 58 40 50 206 © Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 54 GeoScape 10(2) - 2016: 53–61 doi: 10.1515/geosc-2016-0005 Available online at www.degruyter.com Fig. 1 – Typology of SO ORP by migration between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 (ČSÚ, own processing) Fig. 2 – Typology of SO ORP by natural increase between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 (ČSÚ, own processing) © Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem 55 GeoScape 10(2) - 2016: 53–61 doi: 10.1515/geosc-2016-0005 Available online at www.degruyter.com 3. Results: the public administration reform, The third type covers the most of the territorial micro-regions, and population development units (58 units). The number of the units with When looking at the territory at the different negative values in both periods in question, i.e. regional level we found out that the the fifth type, is high as well. The first two types differentiation increases with lower regional include 58 units, i.e. almost 30% of SO ORP has level. Monitoring of the population development achieved rather high migration balance for the at the micro-level is related to the reform of the periods in question. A higher share thereof (37, territorial public administration late in 2002. i.e. 18% of total SO ORPs) falls into the migration Following the district authorities were abolished most attractive units. Almost one half of the within the second phase of the reform of the migration most attractive units belong to the territorial public administration, Act No. closest neighbourhood of Prague (17 in Central 314/2002 Coll. defined the municipalities with a Bohemia Region); significant concentration of this delegated municipal competence and the SO ORP type can also be seen in the metropolitan municipalities with extended competences areas of Brno (6 units) and Plzeň (5 units). Over effectively from 1 January 2003. Roughly 80% of three quarters of the migration most attractive their competence is covered by 205 units comes under the metropolitan areas of municipalities with extended competences. three of four biggest Czech cities. With strong Owing to the reform we can monitor the micro- links to Prague and Central Bohemia area we can regions that correspond to the administrative see six migration most attractive SO ORPs, in districts of the municipalities with extended particular 3 in Pardubice Region along Pardubice competences (defined by Decree of the Ministry – Prague railway, then Liberec and Turnov – of Interior No. 388/2002 Coll. dated 15 August linking to highway to Prague, and Jičín in Hradec 2002, effective from 1 January 2003). The 205 SO Králové Region being linked with Prague properly ORP micro-regions largely equal to the territory as well. Far from said metropolitan areas there is of the districts existing from 1960. the one and only migration most attractive unit Frýdlant nad Ostravicí – the phenomena of Based on the migration behaviour of inhabitants Čeladná location where there is the space for between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 (Table 1, Fig. quality living in quality environment for the 1), the SO ORP typology has been made where Ostrava metropolitan area. five types were defined. The first type is the migration most attractive SO ORP and this type Prague being the specific SO ORP unit is the includes the units with annual average migration migration most attractive territory in the Czech balance exceeding 0.50 per mil or more in both Republic. It records the second best migration periods in question; the second type of very balance following Central Bohemia Region. Over attractive SO ORP includes the territorial units the eight-year period (2004–2011), the migration with migration balance over 0.50 in one of the increase has reached 91,814 inhabitants, which periods in question and positive, but with lower makes average annual balance of 0.95 per mil. value, in the other period in question. The third Central Bohemia Region is the only region of type (migration less attractive) of SO ORP thirteen remaining territorial units in the Czech includes the territorial units with positive Republic with all SO ORPs in positive migration migration balance under 0.50 per mill in both balance in both periods in question. The periods in question.
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