Hindawi e Scientific World Journal Volume 2018, Article ID 7958689, 18 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7958689

Review Article Conservation Status of the Family in Spain Based on European, National, and Regional Catalogues of Protected

Daniel de la Torre Llorente

Biotechnology- Biology Department, Higher Technical School of Agronomic, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politecnica´ de Madrid, 28140 Madrid, Spain

Correspondence should be addressed to Daniel de la Torre Llorente; [email protected]

Received 22 June 2017; Accepted 28 December 2017; Published 30 January 2018

Academic Editor: Antonio´ Amorim

Copyright © 2018 Daniel de la Torre Llorente. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Tis report reviews the European, National, and Regional catalogues of protected species, focusing specifcally on the Orchidaceae family to determine which species seem to be well-protected and where they are protected. Moreover, this examination highlights which species appear to be underprotected and therefore need to be included in some catalogues of protection or be catalogued under some category of protection. Te national and regional catalogues that should be implemented are shown, as well as what species should be included within them. Tis report should be a helpful guideline for environmental policies about orchid’s conservation in Spain, at least at the regional and national level. Around 76% of the Spanish orchid fora are listed with any fgure of protection or included in any red list, either nationally (about 12–17%) or regionally (72%).

1. Introduction 1970, herborization by numerous Spanish botanists has generated many studies, resulting in the development of Te family Orchidaceae is widely represented in Europe, abundant local, provincial, and regional catalogues of the with 35 known genera, of which 25 are present in the Iberian territory, which contain new information concerning Iberian Peninsula—26 including the —where representatives of the Orchidaceae family, such as Granada the representation of this family is one of the most extensive [6, 7], Navarre [8], Portugal [9, 10], Albacete [11], Andalusia ones, at least on an extratropical, equivalent level or only [12,13],BalearicIslands[14,15],Cuenca[16,17],Extremadura slightlylowerthaninothercountriesoftheMediterranean [18, 19], Jaen´ [20], Burgos [21–23], Catalonia [24–26], Alicante region. Taxonomic and foristic studies of this family in [27, 28], Malaga´ [29], Almer´ıa [30], Galicia [31, 32], La Rioja the Iberian Peninsula have been increasing slowly, though [33], the Basque Country [34], Murcia [35], and Aragon´ in a fragmented way over time. Te frst published quotes [36].Temostupdatedandcompletecorologicalworkthat regarding the Orchidaceae family date back to 1861 [1, 2], collects information on the distribution of Orchidaceae in the and the frst in-depth study of the family was conducted autonomous community of Madrid dates to 1994 [37]. Later in 1887 [3]. Later, in 1930, a doctoral thesis examining the workshavehelpedtosupplementsuchinformation[38]. species in Spanish territory was published [4], but it was Additional evidence of incipient interest in the Orchi- not until 1973 that a compendium comprising more or less daceae family is the publication of several European and all knowledge of Spanish orchids to date was published [5]. Mediterranean orchid guidelines [39–46]. All this research Since the 1960s, numerous French, Belgian, German, and work has generated an intense proliferation of names given English orchidologists have visited Spain and have extensively to members of the Orchidaceae family in Spanish territories. contributed, with the description of new taxa, to taxonomic However, recent works are helping to simplify the nomencla- and corological knowledge of this family. In addition, since ture complexity of existing synonymy for this family. Tese 2 Te Scientifc World Journal works include the entire family, certain subfamilies, tribes or (1) Andalusia [94, 95] subtribes [47–60], or more specifc works at the level of cer- (2) Aragon´ [96–98] tain genera like Serapias [61], Dactylorhiza [62, 63], Nigritella and Gymnadenia [64–66], Anacamptis, Orchis, and Neotinea (3) Asturias [99] [67–69], Limnorchis and [70], Chamorchis and (4) Balearic Islands [100] Traunsteinera [71], or Ophrys [72, 73]. (5) Basque Country [101–103] Te study of the taxa in this family, specifcally its conservation and stability in landscapes, is essential for the (6) Canary Islands [104, 105] stability of the vegetation and landscape [19]. Much of the (7) Cantabria [106] representatives of the family Orchidaceae appear in areas with minimal processing and a certain environmental stability, (8) Castilla-La Mancha [107, 108] although there may be human presence. Tis situation has (9) Castilla y Leon´ [109] facilitated the use of orchids as bioindicators in the envi- (10) Catalonia [110] ronmental management of the territory in dehesas [74] and deciduous forests [75] and in the conservation of habitats. (11) Comunidad Valenciana [111] (12) Extremadura [112] 2. Material and Methods (13) Galicia [113] Te nomenclature suggested by Flora iberica has been fol- (14) La Rioja [114] lowed in this work for the family Orchidaceae [76]. (15) Madrid [115] Te following catalogues and regulations have been (16) Murcia [116] checked. At the European level, the following have been consulted: (17) Navarre [117].

(i) Habitats Directive [77] Te data obtained from the aforementioned catalogues (ii) Berne Convention [78]. were analysed, and the results of this analysis are presented in the Results of this report. At the national level, the following have been consulted: Te taxa included in the CNEA were those species, subspecies, or populations of wild fora that require specifc (i) National Catalogue of Treatened Species (CNEA) [79] measures of protection. Te category in which those taxa and successive modifcations and updates that afect must be included is determined by considering threat factors the Orchidaceae family [80–82] facing the taxa throughout its natural distribution area inside (ii) Law on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity [83] the national territory, notwithstanding any potential mitigat- ing or aggravating local circumstances of that threat [79]. As (iii) Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [84] and successive a rule, a species, subspecies, or populations of wild fora that modifcations and updates: require specifc or special measures of protection and conser- (iv) 2008 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [85] vation must be included in regional catalogues. Besides, some (v) 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora, updated with regions include more specifc criteria for their catalogues. For the data of the Addendum 2010 to the Atlas and Red example, the RC of the Balearic Islands includes those taxa Book of the Vascular Treatened Flora [86] that require conservation measures because of their special interest or because the taxa are not included in the CNEA (vi) Atlas and Red Book of the Vascular Treatened Flora [100]; the RC of the Canary Islands includes those taxa that [86–89]. require specifc measures of protection or that are interesting At the regional level,thefollowinghavebeenconsulted: for Canarian ecosystems [105]; the RC of Extremadura, the RC of Galicia, and the RC of La Rioja include those taxa (i) Plan of Recovery of L.inAragon´ that require specifc measures of protection attending to [90]—the only regional plan for recovery of orchids in their rarity, singularity, representativeness, or exceptional Spain nature [112–114]. Te RC of Catalonia includes those taxa that arethreatenedinCataloniaandthatrequireconservation (ii) Plans for recovery and conservation of certain wild measures according to their ecological and environmental species and habitats protected in Andalusia [91] values [110]. Te RC of Castilla-La Mancha includes those (iii) RedListoftheVascularFloraofAndalusia[92] taxa that are native to Castilla-La Mancha and maintain stable (iv) RedListoftheVascularFloraofCAPV(Comunidad populations in the region, are subjected to threat factors, Autonoma´ del Pa´ısVasco),thereaferRedListofthe or are of special interest, thus requiring specifc measures Basque Country [93]. of protection [107]. Te RC of Andalusia includes those taxa that deserve special attention and protection due to Likewise, this study examined the seventeen correspond- their scientifc, ecological, or cultural value or due to their ing regional catalogues (RC) of each of the seventeen singularity, rarity, or degree of threat; it includes as well those autonomous Spanish communities: taxa that are protected in diferent appendixes of international Te Scientifc World Journal 3 directives and agreements ratifed by Spain [94]; the same Once the National Catalogue of Treatened Species [79] criteria are expressed in the Law on Natural Heritage and was revised, no orchid species were found; subsequent addi- Biodiversity [83]. tions and modifcations included H. metlesicsianum in the Danger of Extinction category (included as B. metlesicsiana) [80] and subsequently C. calceolus inthesamecategory[81]. 3. Results and Discussion In the recent update of the CNEA in 2011 [82], the two 3.1. At the European Level. Cypripedium calceolus L. and Spi- species listed frst (H. metlesicsianum and C. calceolus)have ranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. are the two only orchid species thesamecategoryofprotection,andtwomorespeciesare included in the Habitats Directive whose distribution area addedintheListofWildSpeciesinRegimeofSpecial includes Spain [77]. No orchid species whose distribution Protection, Orchis provincialis Balb. and S. aestivalis. area includes Spain appear in the Berne Convention [78]. O. provincialis presents a kind of Mediterranean distri- bution that restricts its presence mainly to the northern and western areas of the Iberian Peninsula. S. aestivalis is 3.2. At the National Level. Although this report follows dispersed throughout almost all of the Iberian Peninsula, the nomenclature suggested by Flora iberica [76], which though more commonly found in the north and west and in includes a total of 89 Iberian species belonging to 25 dif- specifchabitatsthatarevulnerabletotampering,suchaspeat ferent genera, this study also adds four species of Canarian bogs, quagmires, reed beds, and wet heaths [76]. orchid fora not present in the Iberian orchid fora (adding Te Law of Natural Heritage and Biodiversity [83] imple- the genus Habenaria,whichisnotpresentintheIberian ments the National Catalogue of Treatened Species [79], Peninsula): Habenaria tridactylites Lindl., Himantoglossum which includes two species of orchids, C. calceolus,within metlesicsianum (W. P. Teschner) P. Delforge, Orchis canarien- Appendix II (Animal and Plant Species of Community Inter- sis Lindl., and Serapias mascaensis H. & G. Kretschner & est Whose Conservation is Necessary to Designate Special Kreutz. Tere are also three species not listed in Flora iberica Areas of Conservation), and S. aestivalis, within Appendix V as individual species, but as a synonym of species already (Animal and Plant Species of Community Interest Requiring described above. However, the three species were identifed as a Strict Protection). individual species afer the publication of the corresponding Te categories of threat to species listed in Table 1 are volume of Flora iberica in which the family Orchidaceae is those described by the International Union for the Conser- described [76]. Tese three species are as follows: vation of Nature [120].

(i) Dactylorhiza cantabrica H.A. Pedersen: this species Treatened Species was named as Dactylorhiza insularis O.´ Sanchez´ & Herrero [76]; it was described as new species for Lugo CR: Critically Endangered in 2006 [118]. EN: Endangered (ii) Orchis robusta (Steph.) Golz¨ & H. R. Reinhard: VU: Vulnerable this species was described as Orchis laxifora subsp. robusta Lam. [52] or as Orchis palustris Jacq. var. Not Treatened Species robusta T. Steph. [76]. It is now considered endemic of La Albufera de Mallorca (Balearic Islands) as a NT: Near Treatened separate species according to several authors. Bate- LC: Least Concerned man and collaborators, in their molecular studies, treated it as a species next to Orchis palustris Jacq., but DD: Data Defcient independent of it; they even proposed a combination of O. robusta within Anacamptis robusta (T. Steph.) Outofthe96speciesoforchidspresentintheIberian Bateman [49]. Authors such as Delforge also consider Peninsula, Balearic Islands, and Canary Islands, 16 species are O. robusta a diferent species of all of them [44]. included in the Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) However, Tyteca and Klein combine O. robusta, A. [86], which were already included in the Red List of the robusta, and O. palustris in a diferent genus with Treatened Spanish Vascular Flora of 2008 [85]; fve of these the name Herorchis robusta (T. Stephenson) Tyteca & species are catalogued as not threatened species (i.e., NT, Klein [60]. LC, or DD categories), which means that around 12–17% (depending on whether those fve species are included) of (iii) Serapias occidentalis C. Venhuis & P. Venhuis: this theSpanishorchidforaarelistedwithsomedegreeof species was included within Serapias vomeracea threat nationwide, according to the 2010 Red List. Out of (Buro.´ Fil.) Briq. It has been proposed as a new these 16 species, there are only two Canarian species—H. species by hybridization of Serapias vomeracea subsp. metlesicsianum and O. canariensis. So, if these two Canarian vomeracea (Burm. fl.) Briq. xSerapiascordigeraL. at threatened species are omitted, there would be 14 species Badajoz (Extremadura) [119]. (or 9 species, if those fve species mentioned above are not considered) with some degree of threat out of a total of 92 Terefore, this work considers a total of 96 species present Iberian species (excluding the four species from the Canary inSpainbelongingtotheOrchidaceaefamily. Islands), that is, around 10–15% of the Iberian orchid fora. 4 Te Scientifc World Journal

Table 1: Te sixteen species included in 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (RL) [86] following IUCN threat categories [120]. It is shown if they are included in any regional catalogue (RC) and the threat category within them, as well as if they are included in any other catalogue of protected species.

Regional catalogues (RC) Treat category in RL Other catalogues and threat category RC of Aragon´ (Danger of ∗ Extinction) Corallorhiza trifda Chatel.ˆ CR (EN) RC of Catalonia (Danger of Extinction) CNEA (Danger of Extinction) Law Nat. Her. RC of Aragon´ (Danger of Biodiv. (Danger Extinction) Cypripedium calceolus L. EN of Extinction) RC of Catalonia (Danger Habitats Directive of Extinction) Aragon´ Recuperation Plan Dactylorhiza cantabrica H. VU A. Pedersen Dactylorhiza insularis RC of Extremadura (Som.) O. Sanchez´ & LC (Special Interest) Herrero RL Basque RC of Castilla y Leon´ Dactylorhiza sulphurea Country (CR) LC (Preferential Attention) (Link) Franco RL Andalusia (DD) phyllanthes G. E. RL Basque VU Sm. Country (CR) RC of Catalonia (Danger Sw. CR of Extinction) RC of Catalonia Gymnadenia odoratissima ∗ (Vulnerable) DD (VU) (L.) Rich RC of Castilla y Leon´ (Preferential Attention) Himantoglossum RC of Canary Islands CNEA (Danger of metlesicsianum (W. P. EN (Interest for Canarian Extinction) Teschner) P. Delforge Ecosystems) RC of Catalonia Nigritella gabasiana ∗ (Vulnerable) RL Basque LC (VU) Teppner & E. Klein RC of Castilla y Leon´ Country (CR) (Preferential Attention) Orchis canariensis Lindl. VU Orchis robusta (Steph.) CR Golz&H.R.Reinhard¨ Orchis spitzelii Saut.ex W. RC of Catalonia (Danger CR D. J. Koch of Extinction) RC of Balearic Islands Serapias nurrica Corrias VU (Vulnerable) Serapias occidentalis C. & P. VU Venhuis Serapias perez-chiscanoi ∗ RC of Extremadura NT (VU) Acedo (Danger of Extinction) ∗ Species included in 2000 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (VV.AA, 2000) with another threatened category. Te Scientifc World Journal 5

3.2.1. Treatened Species: Critically Endangered (CR). At the 3.2.2. Treatened Species: Endangered (EN). Tere are two national level, there are four species listed as Critically species classifed as Endangered (EN) according to the 2010 Endangered (CR), according to the 2010 Red List of Spanish Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [86]: C. calceolus and H. Vascular Flora: Corallorhiza trifda Chatel.ˆ ,Epipogiumaphyl- metlesicsianum. lum Sw.,O.robusta,and Orchis spitzelii Saut. ex. W.D. J. Koch (Table 1) [86]. C. calceolus. Tis species is most likely, among all species of orchids included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular C. trifda.Inthe2000RedListofTreatenedVascularFlora Flora, the species that is included in the most catalogues of of Spain, this species was listed as Endangered (EN), having protection, is the most studied, and has the most protection, gone to be classifed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the since the threat to this species in the Iberian Peninsula 2008RedListofTreatenedVascularFloraofSpain[85]; was detected more than twenty years ago, being, along with it went from having fve 10 × 10 Km UTM coordinates in S. aestivalis, the only two species protected in Spain that 2000 to only one 10 × 10 Km UTM in 2008. Tis species are included in the Habitats Directive [77]. In addition, C. is still included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular calceolus and H. metlesicsianum are the only two species Flora [86]. On the other hand, this species appears in of Spanish orchids included in the CNEA in the category the RC of Aragon´ (Danger of Extinction) (Table 1), where Danger of Extinction [82] and the only species, along with S. it currently holds the only recently confrmed population aestivalis,whichareincludedintheLawofNaturalHeritage (Ordesa, Huesca, Aragon)´ [87] and in the RC of Catalonia and Biodiversity [83]. C. calceolus is also included in the RC (Danger of Extinction) (Table 1), where it is probably extinct, of Aragon´ (Table 1) and the RC of Catalonia (Table 1) and since the four populations that correspond to four 10 × hasappearedintheAtlasandRedBookoftheTreatened 10 Km UTM coordinates have not been confrmed recently Vascular Flora of Spain since 2004 [87]. Tis is the only [87]. It should, therefore, be included in the CNEA and an orchid that has a Plan of Recovery in Spain [90]. Since the urgent plan to recover such an endangered orchid should be distribution of C. calceolus in Spain is restricted to Aragon´ developed. and Catalonia, it does not seem necessary to include this species in any other catalogue, neither regional nor national. E. aphyllum.Tisspeciesisincludedinthe2010SpanishRed List of Spanish Vascular Flora [86] and in the RC of Catalonia H. metlesicsianum. Tis is one of the two Canarian (Danger of Extinction) (Table 1), where its only population in species—along with O. canariensis (VU)—which are the Pallars Sobira` of Lleida has not been confrmed recently; included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora on the other hand, this species has two 10 × 10 Km UTM (Table 1) [86]. H. metlesicsianum,whosedistributionis more, one in Sierra Cebollera (La Rioja) and the other restricted to island (Canary Islands), has been one between Huesca and Navarre, in the Valley of Linza included in the Atlas and Red Book of the Treatened (Huesca, Aragon)´ and the Belagua Valley (Navarre) [87]; Vascular Flora of Spain since 2004 [87] and it is included in therefore, it is suggested that this species should be included theCNEA[80,82]andtheRCoftheCanaryIslands[104]; in the RC of Aragon,RCofNavarra,andRCofLaRioja,´ therefore, this species does not need to be included in any where it is currently not included, most likely because these other protection catalogue. catalogues are relatively old,datingbackto1995,1997,and 1998, respectively. Of course, this species should be included 3.2.3. Vulnerable Species (VU). Te vulnerable orchid species in the CNEA as well. include D. cantabrica, Epipactis phyllanthes G.E. Sm., O. canariensis, Serapias nurrica Corrias and S. occidentalis. O. robusta. Although its description dates from 1976 [121], this Tere are sixteen species included in the Red List of species has been recently discontinued as a subspecies [44, Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86], and four of them are not 49],meaningthatitisincludedonlyinthe2008and2010Red included in any other national or regional catalogue. Tree ListsofSpanishVascularFlora[85,86].Itisendemictothe of these species are the above-mentioned D. cantabrica, O. Balearic Islands and is found only in the Albufera of Mallorca canariensis and S. occidentalis.TefourthoneisO. robusta (Balearic Islands). Terefore, O. robusta should be included in (CR), which was discussed above. theCNEAaswellasintheRCofBaleares. Tese three species—O. robusta, D. cantabrica, and S. occidentalis—mostlikelyareintheRedListandnoother O. spitzelli. Although this species is relatively widely dis- catalogue because they have recently been described as tributed, with twenty-one 10 × 10 Km UTM coordinates, separate species [49, 118, 119]; O. canariensis has not been itcurrentlyonlyhasasingle10 × 10 Km UTM recently described so recently but shows a relatively restricted dis- confrmed in the Sierra del Cad´ı (Lleida, Catalonia). For this tribution ( and ; Canary Islands). reason, this species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) Undoubtedly, the most troubling case is O. robusta,which [85, 86] and it is only listed in the RC of Catalonia (Danger of is classifed as Critically Endangered (CR); the other species, Extinction) (Table 1), while it does not appear in the CNEA. recent description or not, are not urgent in the short term, Terefore, it is strongly suggested that this species be included since they are classifed as vulnerable (VU). in the CNEA. Nevertheless, and with the exception of S. nurrica and E. Tese four species of orchids listed as Critically Endan- phyllanthes, none of the other three listed species as VU are gered in Spain (CR) should have specifc plans of recovery. found in any catalogue of protection; the recommendation 6 Te Scientifc World Journal wouldbetoincludethosefvespecieswithintheCNEA;in N. gabasiana. At the national level, this species was included addition, D. cantabrica, which has been cited in O’Couto and as Vulnerable (VU) in the 2000 Red List of Treatened Caurel (Lugo, Galicia), should be included in the RC of Gali- Vascular Flora of Spain [84], listed as Least Concern (LC) in cia; E. phyllanthes, cited in Liencres (Santander, Cantabria) the 2008 Red List of Treatened Vascular Flora of Spain [85], and Gorliz (Vizcaya, Basque Country), should be included and remains so catalogued [86]. Additionally, it is classifed in the RC of Cantabria and the RC of the Basque Country as a Rare species in the RC of the Basque Country [102], and (although it is already included in the Red List of the Basque it is also included in the Red List of the Basque Country as Country [93]); O. canariensis, endemic to the Canary Islands Critically Endangered (CR) [93]; this fact does suggest that (LanzaroteandFuerteventura)shouldbeincludedinthe the status of this species in the RC of Basque Country as Rare RC of the Canary Islands; S. occidentalis,citedinCampo shouldbechangedtoCriticallyEndangered(CR).Itisalso Lugar, Obanco, and Aljucen´ (Caceres,´ Extremadura), should listed as Preferential Attention in the RC of Castilla y Leon,´ be included in the RC of Extremadura. since, without meeting the conditions to be attached to any of the categories of greatest threat (Endangered, Vulnerable, 3.2.4. Other Categories, Not Treatened Species: Near Treat- Sensitive to Alteration of Teir Habitat, and Of Special ened (NT), Least Concern (LC), and Data Defcient (DD). As Attention), the species is scarce in Castilla y Leon,´ showing species catalogued as Near Treatened (NT), nationally, only threatened or reduced populations and that they could be Serapias perez-chiscanoi Acedo is included in the 2010 Red afected by diferent disturbances or are linked to habitats in List of Spanish Vascular Flora [86] (Table 1); this species, regression [109]. inthe2000RedListofTreatenedVascularFloraofSpain Finally, Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) Rich is classifed [84], had been classifed as Vulnerable (VU), but the recent at the national level as Data Defcient (DD) according to the discovery of new populations of this species has led to its 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora[86].Attheregional cataloguing as NT since 2008 [19, 85, 122]. Tis species level, this species is listed as Preferential Attention in the RC of Castilla y Leon,´ since, without meeting the conditions is endemic to Portugal and Spain and more specifcally to to be attached to any of the categories of greatest threat Extremadura (in Spain). Tis species is included in the RC (Endangered, Vulnerable, Sensitive to Alteration of Teir of Extremadura as a species in Danger of Extinction [112]. Habitat, and Of Special Attention), it is scarce in Castilla y Given that this regional catalogue is nine years older than the Leon,´ presenting threatened or reduced populations and that Spanish Red List, it explains that it seems not to be updated. they could be afected by diferent disturbances or are linked A second group of species under no threat at the national to habitats in regression [109]. Tis species is catalogued as level but included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Vulnerable according to RC of Catalonia [110]. Flora [86] are classifed as Least Concerned (LC); in this group are D. insularis, Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco, 3.3. At the Regional Level. At the regional level, from the and Nigritella gabasiana Teppner & E. Klein. review of the corresponding seventeen regional catalogues of each autonomous Spanish community and the two existing D. insularis.TisspeciesisalsoincludedintheRCof regional red lists for Andalusia and the Basque Country Extremadura [112] as a species of Special Concern, since, [92, 93], the following results emerge. without being regulated in any of the categories of greatest Outofthe96speciesoforchidsexistinginSpain,up threat (Endangered, Sensitive to Alteration of Teir Habitat, toatotalof69areincludedinanycatalogueofregional Vulnerable), it is worthy of particular attention on the basis of protection or regional red list (including 12 of 16 protected its scientifc, ecological, and cultural value or by its singularity species nationwide), that is, around 72%. Only four out of [112]. the sixteen species included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora are not included in any regional catalogue nor D. sulphurea. Tis species is included in the RC of Castilla any regional red list (D. cantabrica, O. canariensis, O. robusta, yLeon´ [109] as one of Preferential Attention, since, without and S. occidentalis)(Table1)[86].Ifboth,thespeciesincluded meeting the conditions to be attached to any of the cate- in the national and regional catalogues are considered, that gories of greatest threat (Endangered, Vulnerable, Sensitive is, also including these four species, and then 73 species are to Alteration of Teir Habitat, and Of Special Attention), the included in some catalogue of protection, which means that species is scarce in Castilla y Leon,´ presenting threatened 76% of the Spanish orchid fora are listed with some fgure of or reduced populations, which could be afected by diferent legal protection. disturbancesorthatarelinkedtohabitatsinregression[109]. In Tables 2–20 are the species of orchids included in each Additionally, the species is classifed as Vulnerable in the RC of the regional catalogues and the cataloguing as protected oftheBasqueCountry(includedasDactylorhiza markusii species for each autonomous community, indicating the piece (Tineo) H. Baumann & Kunkele)¨ [102]. It has also been of legislation that regulates it. Tese tables are as follows. recently included in the Red List of the Basque Country as Table 2 specifes the species included in the regional Critically Endangered (CR) [93], which suggests that its status catalogue that lists endangered species of Andalusia [94, 95]; in the RC of the Basque Country as Vulnerable should be Table 3 specifes those species that are included in the Red changedtoCriticallyEndangered(CR).Itwasalsoincluded List of the Vascular Flora of Andalusia [92]; Table 4 is for in the Red List of the Vascular Flora of Andalusia in the Aragon´ [96, 98]; Table 5 is for Asturias [99]; Table 6 is for category of Data Defcient (DD) [92]. the Balearic Islands [100]; Table 7 is for the Basque Country Te Scientifc World Journal 7

Table 2: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Andalu- Table 6: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Balearic sia (DEC 23/2012). Islands (DEC. 65/1995).

RC of Andalusia (LAW 8/2003; DEC. 23/2012) RC of Balearic Islands (DEC. 75/2005) Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich Vulnerable (L.) Rich. Vulnerable Gymnadenia conopsea (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Vulnerable Ophrys atlantica Munby Vulnerable Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. Vulnerable Ophrys speculum Link subsp. lusitanica Vulnerable (before as in Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita Vulnerable O. Danesch & E. Danesch Danger of Extinction) Orchis palustris Jacq. Vulnerable Wild species in ∗ spiralis (L.) Chevall. Serapias nurrica Corrias Vulnerable Protection Regime ∗ Species included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86].

Table 3: Species included in the Red List of the Vascular Flora of Table 7: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Basque Andalusia [92]. Country (ORD. 3471/1998). Red List of Andalusia RC of Basque Country (ORD. 3471/1998) Dactylorhiza markusii (Tineo) H. Baumann DD viride (L.) Hartm. Rare &Kunkele¨ = D. sulphurea (Link) Franco ∗ Dactylorhiza markusii (Tineo) H. Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco DD Baumann & Kunkele¨ =D. sulphurea Vulnerable ∗ Epipactis lusitanica D. Tyteca DD (Link) Franco Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw. DD (L.) Crantz Rare Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. VU (L.) Spreng. Special Interest Nigritella gabasiana Teppner Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. in W.T. ∗ Rare VU &E. Klein Aiton Orchis italica Poir. in Lam. Vulnerable Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. in W.T. Aiton DD ∗∗ Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich Rare Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich EN ∗Species ∗∗ included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86]. Ophrys atlanticaMunby DD Ophrys speculum Link subsp. lusitanica O. ∗∗ DD Table 8: Species included in the Red List of Basque Country [93]. Danesch & E. Danesch Orchis palustris Jacq. DD Red List of Basque Country ∗∗ Platanthera algeriensis Batt. & Trab. DD Barlia robertiana (R. J. Loisel) Greuter CR .∗∗ Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. VU (L.) Chevall DD ∗ ∗ Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco CR Species included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86]. ∗∗Species Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz VU included in the RC of Andalusia. ∗∗∗ Epipactis phyllanthes G. E. Sm. CR Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng NT Table 4: Species included in the regional catalogue (R.C.) of Aragon´ . ∗ (DEC. 49/1995; ORD. 2004/03/04). Nigritella gabasiana Teppner & E Klein CR Ophrys aveyronensis (J.J.Wood)P. ∗∗ VU RC of Aragon(DEC.49/1995;ORD.4/03/2004;DEC.181/2005)´ Delforge in P. Delforge & D. Tyteca ∗ ∗∗ Corallorhiza trifda Chatelˆ . In Danger of Extinction Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita CR .∗ Orchis italica Poir. in Lam. VU Cypripedium calceolus L In Danger of Extinction ∗∗ Orchis papilionacea L. DD Ophrys riojana C. E. Hermos. = O. Sensitive to Habitat Alteration Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich VU sphegodes Mill. ∗ Species included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) Orchis simia Lam. Vulnerable ∗∗Species ∗ [86]. not included in the RC of Basque Country. Species included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86]. Table 9: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Canary Table 5: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Asturias Islands (DEC. 151/2001; LAW 4/2010). (DEC. 65/1995). RC of Canary Islands (DEC. 151/2001; LAW 4/2010) RC of Asturias (DEC. 65/1995) Himantoglossum metlesicsianum Interest for Canary Ecosystems ∗ None (W. P. Tesch.) P. Delforge (before as in Danger of Extinction) ∗ Species included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86].

[101–103]; Table 8 specifes those species that are included Table 10: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of in the Red List of the Vascular Flora of the Basque Country Cantabria (DEC. 120/2008). [93];Table9isforCanaryIslands[104,105];Table10isfor Cantabria [106]; Table 11 is for Castilla-La Mancha [107, 108]; RC of Cantabria (DEC. 120/2008) Table 12 is for Castilla y Leon´ [109]; Table 13 is for Catalonia Epipactis palustris (L.) Krantz In Danger of Extinction 8 Te Scientifc World Journal

Table 11: Species included in the regional catalogue (R.C.) of Castilla-La Mancha (DEC. 33/1998; DEC. 200/2001).

R.C of Castilla-La Mancha (DEC. 33/1998; DEC. 200/2001) Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W. T. Aiton Special Interest Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Special Interest (L.) Soo´ Vulnerable Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soo´ Vulnerable Dactylorhiza spp. Special Interest Epipactis distans Arv.-Touv. Special Interest Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Special Interest Gymnadenia conopsea (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton SpecialInterest Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng. Special Interest Listera ovata (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Special Interest Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich Special Interest L. Vulnerable Platanthera spp. Special Interest Serapias cordigera L. Special Interest

Table 12: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Castilla y Leon´ (DEC. 63/2007).

RC of Castilla y Leon´ (DEC. 63/2007) Barlia robertiana (R.J.Loisel) Greuter Preferential Attention ∗ Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco Preferential Attention Epipactis fageticola (C.E. Hermos.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers Preferential Attention Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh..) Sw. Preferential Attention Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Preferential Attention Epipactis tremolsii Pau Preferential Attention ∗ Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) Rich Preferential Attention ∗ Nigritella gabasiana Teppner & E. Klein Preferential Attention Ophrys insectifera L. Preferential Attention Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita Preferential Attention Orchis conica Willd. Preferential Attention L. Preferential Attention Orchis papilionacea L. Preferential Attention Orchis provincialis Balb. ex. Lam. & D.C Preferential Attention Platanthera algeriensis Batt. & Trab. Vulnerable Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. in Mossler¨ Preferential Attention Pseudorchis albida (L.) A.´ Love¨ & D. Love¨ Preferential Attention Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich Preferential Attention ∗ Species included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86].

[110]; Table 14 is for Comunidad Valenciana [111]; Table 15 is however, it would be convenient to include E. aphyllum,a for Extremadura [112]; Table 16 is for Galicia [113]; Table 17 is speciesincludedinthe2010RedListofSpanishVascular for La Rioja [114]; Table 18 is for Madrid [115]; Table 19 is for Flora as a Critically Endangered species (CR) (Table 1) [86]. Murcia [116]; Table 20 is for Navarre [117]. InthecaseofAsturias[99](Table5),despiteitsgreat Te Red List of Andalusia (Table 3; [94, 95]) is not an of- biodiversity of fora, including orchids, the RC of Asturias cial list with legislation but should serve as a basis for whether does not include any species of the Orchidaceae family. to include certain species in the RC of Andalusia (Table 2). In the RC of the Balearic Islands [100] (Table 6), the Andalusia’s RC has one notable absence, D. sulphurea.In presence of S. nurrica is notable, as it is also included in addition, Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. and Gymnadenia the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (VU) (Table 1) conopsea (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton,bothlistedasVUinthe [86]. Te inclusion of O. robusta in the regional catalogue RedListofAndalusia,shouldbeincludedaswellintheRC shouldbepressing,asitisalreadyincludedinthe2010Red of Andalusia [92]. List of Spanish Vascular Flora as Critically Endangered (CR) Te RC of Aragon´ [96], its update being relatively recent (Table 1) [86]. [97, 98] (Table 4), seems to collect the most endangered Te Red List of the Basque Country [93] (Table 8) species in this region, some of them clearly nationally includes the seven species of the RC of the Basque Country, threatened, such as C. trifda and C. calceolus (Table 1) [86]; generally with degrees of threat greater than those designated Te Scientifc World Journal 9

Table 13: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of is an extensive list, with eighteen species, three of which Catalonia (DEC. 172/2008). areincludedinthe2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora: G. odoratissima (DD), D. sulphurea (LC), and N. gabasiana RC of Catalonia (DEC. 172/2008) (LC) (Table 1) [86]; however, O. spitzelii is not included and Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Strictly Protected perhaps it should be due to the few populations of this species ∗ Corallorhiza trifda Chatel.ˆ In Danger of Extinction in this region [22]; this species is included in the 2010 Red ∗ Cypripedium calceolus L. In Danger of Extinction List of Spanish Vascular Flora as Critically Endangered (CR) ∗ Epipogium aphyllum Sw. In Danger of Extinction (Table 1) [86]. ∗ Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) Rich Vulnerable Table 13 specifes those species included in the regional catalogue of endangered species in Catalonia [110]. Although Ophrys catalaunica (O. Danesch & E. Danesch.) Soca =O.bertolonii it is not a very extensive listing, as it includes only a total Strictly Protected Moretti subsp.catalaunica(O. of nine species, it is the regional catalogue that includes a Danesch & E. Danesch.) Soca greaternumberofspeciesthatareincludedinthe2010Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86], with fve species, Orchis palustris Jacq. Vulnerable ∗ most of them as Critically Endangered (CR: C. trifda, E. Orchis spitzelii Saut.exW.D.J.Koch In Danger of Extinction aphyllum,andO. spitzelii)orEndangered(EN:C. calceolus) Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich Vulnerable at the national level, all of them catalogued as in Danger ∗ Species included in the 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFlora(Table 1) [86]. of Extinction according to the RC of Catalonia; only G. odoratissima (DD) is not threatened according to the Spanish Red List, classifed as Vulnerable according to the RC of in the RC of the Basque Country: both D. sulphurea and N. Catalonia. Terefore, and considering that it is one of the gabasiana are listed as CR, and the other species listed as Rare most recent catalogues, the regional catalogue of Catalonia in the RC of the Basque Country (C. viride, E. palustris, and S. seemstobeveryuptodate.Itshouldbenotedthatitisthe spiralis) are catalogued in the Red List of the Basque Country only regional catalogue to include O. spitzelii,anendangered as VU, as well as Orchis italic Por in Lam., which is still species according to the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular listed as VU. Te seventh species, Himantoglossum hircinum Flora (Table 1) [86], which is also exceptionally present in (L.) Spreng., is catalogued as Special Interest in the RC of other autonomous communities such as Castilla y Leon´ or theBasqueCountrywhereasintheRedListoftheBasque Aragon´ (not confrmed in Aragon).´ CountryitiscataloguedasNearTreatened.TeRedListof Table 14 specifes the species included in the regional the Basque Country adds to these seven species fve more: E. catalogue of endangered species of Comunidad Valenciana phyllanthes, which is listed as CR in the Basque Country and [111]. Tis is one of the most recent regional catalogues of as VU at the national level according to the 2010 Red List of endangered species of Spain; evidence of this recentness is Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86]; Barlia robertiana (R. its thoroughness, with a total of 41 species included (39 if J. Loisel) Greuter and Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita, both listed synonyms are taken into account), although only D. insularis as CR; Ophrys aveyronensis (J.J.Wood)P.DelforgeinP. is included nationally in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Delforge & D. Tyteca as VU; and Orchis papilionacea L., which Flora(LC)(Table1)[86].Tiscatalogueappearstobe is classifed as DD [93]. It would be advisable, therefore, to updatedasitisoneofthemostrecentregionalcatalogues, include at least E. phyllanthes within the RC of the Basque and it lists a large number of species. Country, a species cited in this community only at Gorliz Te Regional Catalogue of Extremadura [112] (Table 15) (Bilbao). It would also be advisable to include the other four containstwoofthespeciesincludedinthe2010RedList species, especially the two species listed as CR (B. robertiana of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86]—D. insularis and and O. cazorlensis) and to a lesser extent O. aveyronensis (VU) S. perez-chiscanoi; in the case of the latter, catalogued for and O. papilionacea (DD). Extremadura as Endangered and however listed nationally Te RC of the Canary Islands [104, 105] (Table 9), which as Near Treatened (NT) according to the 2010 Red List of includes H. metlesicsianum (included as B. metlesicsiana.in Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86], it seems clear that its the category Extinction Danger) [104], should be expanded status should change regionally to a degree of minor threat. It with O. canariensis,includedinthe2010RedListofSpanish would be useful to include in this catalogue S. occidentalis, a Vascular Flora as Vulnerable (VU) (Table 1) [86]. species highly located in Extremadura, specifcally at Campo Te RC of Cantabria [106] (Table 10) includes only one Lugar, Obanco, and Aljucen´ (Caceres).´ It should be listed as species, Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz; however, it seems clear VU according to the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora that E. phyllanthes shouldbeincludedaswell,asitisincluded (Table 1) [86]. in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora as a vulnerable In the case of the Regional Catalogue of Galicia [113] species (VU) (Table 1) [86], cited only at Liencres (Santander, (Table 16), with only one species, S. aestivalis (Vu), it should Cantabria). at least include D. cantabrica, catalogued nationally as VU Table 11 shows the species included in the regional according to the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora catalogue of endangered species of Castilla-La Mancha [107, (Table 1) [86] and cited only at O’Couto (Caurel, Lugo). 108]. Te Regional Catalogue of La Rioja [113] (Table 17) Table 12 shows the species included in the regional does not collect any species of the Orchidaceae family; catalogue of endangered species in Castilla y Leon´ [109]. It it is recommended to include, at least, E. aphyllum,with 10 Te Scientifc World Journal

Table 14: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Comunidad Valenciana (DEC. 70/2009).

RC of Comunidad Valenciana (DEC. 70/2009) Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W. T. Aiton Watched species Barlia robertiana (R. J. Loisel) Greuter Protected species not catalogued (Mill.) Druce Watched species Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Vulnerable Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soo´ Watched species Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soo´ Vulnerable ∗ Dactylorhiza insularis (Som.) O. Sanchez´ & Herrero Vulnerable Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soo´ Protected species not catalogued Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soo´ Watched species Epipactis atrorubens Hofm. ex Besser Watched species Epipactis distans Watched species Epipactis fageticola Vulnerable Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Protected species not catalogued Epipactis rhodanensis Gevaudar´ & Robatsch Watched species Epipactis tremolsii Pau Watched species Goodyera repens (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Watchedspecies Gymnadenia conopsea (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Watchedspecies Limodorum trabutianum Batt. Watched species Listera ovata (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Protectedspeciesnotcatalogued Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich Protected species not catalogued Ophrys castellana Devillers-Tesch. & Devillers =O.sphegodesMill. Protected species not catalogued Ophrys incubacea Bianca =O.sphegodesMill. Protected species not catalogued Ophrys sphegodes Mill. Watched species Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita Protected species not catalogued Orchis collina Banks & Sol. ex. Russell Vulnerable Orchis conica Willd. Vulnerable Orchis coriophora L. subsp. martrinii (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman Watched species Orchis fragrans (Pollini) K. Richt. = O. coriophora L. subsp.fragrans(Pollini) K. Richt. Protected species not catalogued Orchis italica Poir. in Lam. Watched species Orchis langei K. Richt. Watched species Orchis papilionacea L. In Danger of Extinction Orchis picta (Loisl.) K. Richt. = O. morio L. subsp. picta (Loisl.) K. Richt. Watched species Huds. Vulnerable Orchis ustulata L. Protected species not catalogued (L.) Rich Protected species not catalogued Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. in Mossler¨ Protected species not catalogued Serapias lingua L. Vulnerable Serapias parvifora Parl. Protected species not catalogued Serapias strictifora Welw. ex Veiga Vulnerable Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich In Danger of Extinction Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Watched species ∗ Species included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86].

one population in Sierra Cebollera and listed nationally as species to be included is long, with very specifc or apparently Critically Endangered (CR) according to the 2010 Red List of extinct species in this autonomous community, as evidenced Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86]. by recent studies [38]. Tese species include Aceras anthro- Te Regional catalogue of the Comunidad de Madrid pophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton, (L.) Rich, is the most ancient of the many catalogues in Spain [115] Barlia robertiana (R. J. Loisel) Greuter, Cephalanthera rubra (Table 18), including only two species—Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich, D. insularis, Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soo´,G. (L.) Rich and Neottia nidus-avis (L.)Rich.Telistofpossible conopsea, H. hircinum, Limodorum trabutianum Batt.,Listera Te Scientifc World Journal 11

Table 15: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Extremadura (DEC. 37/2001).

RC of Extremadura (DEC. 37/2001) Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich Special Interest ∗ Dactylorhiza insularis (Som.) O. Sanchez´ & Herrero Special Interest Limodorum trabutianum Batt. Vulnerable Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich Vulnerable Ophrys dyris (Maire) SooinG.KellerSchltr.&So´ o´ =O. fusca Linksubsp.dyris(Maire) SooinG.KellerSchltr.´ Special Interest &Soo´ Orchis italica Poir. in Lam. Special Interest Orchis langei K. Richt. Special Interest Orchis papilionacea´ L. Special Interest ∗ Serapias perez-chiscanoi Acedo In Danger of Extinction Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich Special Interest ∗ Species included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (Table 1) [86].

Table 16: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Galicia Table 19: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Murcia (DEC. 88/2007). (DEC. 50/2003).

RC of Galicia (DEC. 88/2007) RC of Murcia (DEC. 50/2003) Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich Vulnerable Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton Vulnerable Barlia robertiana (R.J.Loisel) Greuter Vulnerable Table 17: Species included in the regional catalogue (R.C.) of La Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich Vulnerable Rioja (DEC. 59/1998). Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) SooV´ ulnerable R.C. of La Rioja (DEC. 59/1998) Epipactis cardina Benito & C.E. Special None Hermos. Interest Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng. Vulnerable Table 18: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Madrid Listera ovata (L.)R.Br.inW.T.Aiton Vulnerable (DEC. 18/1992). Ophrys incubacea Bianca = O. Special RC of Madrid (DEC. 18/1992) sphegodes Mill. Interest Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich Vulnerable Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita Vulnerable Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich Vulnerable Orchis purpurea Huds. Vulnerable Serapias lingua L. Vulnerable Serapias parvifora Parl. Vulnerable ovata (L.) R. Br. in W.T. Aiton,Neotineamaculata(Desf.) Stearn.,OphrysfuscaLink, Orchis papilionacea L.,Serapias cordigera L. and Spiranthjes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Table20: Species included in the regional catalogue (RC) of Navarre Murcia’sRC[116](Table19)seemstobeuptodate,since (DEC.94/1997). itisquiterecent,datingfromtheyear2003,anditincludes RC of Navarre (DEC. Foral 94/1997) twelve species. Orchis papilionacea L. Sensitive to Habitat Alteration Opposite to Murcia’s RC in terms of timeliness is that of Navarre’s RC [117] (Table 20), which includes only one species, Orchis papilionacea. Tis catalogue should be specifes the number of species for each genus at the national reviewed, and it should include at least E. aphyllum,with level following Flora iberica [76]. one population at the Belagua Valley and that appears in the Figure 1 represents the genera whose species mostly have 2010RedListofSpanishVascularFloraasaspeciesincritical been included in the set of 17 regional catalogues. Te genera Danger of Extinction (CR) (Table 1) [86]. that include large numbers of species and are therefore most likely to be present in many autonomous communities are 3.4. Statistical Analysis. Afer conducting a joint analysis of also those that are included in a larger number of regional the diferent regional catalogues, the following observations catalogues, stressing above all the genus Orchis,with28 canbemade. inclusions of diferent species in the regional catalogues, Table 21 refers to the main genera that have been included whichpreciselyshowsthegreaternumberofspeciesatthe in regional catalogues of protected species the most, indicat- national level (21 species) (Table 21; Figure 1) [76]. In fact, if a ing the number of times that each genus has been included in correlation is made between the number of species that those a regional catalogue and the number of species of this genus genera have at the nationallevel and the number of times that that have been included in a regional catalogue. Te table also those genera have been included in any regional catalogue 12 Te Scientifc World Journal

Table 21: Number of species by genus in Spain [76], number of times that they are included in regional catalogues (RC) by genus, and number of species included in regional catalogues (RC) by genus.

Number of spp./genus Number of times in RC/genus Number of spp. included in RC/genus Orchis 21 28 16 Epipactis 14 15 8 Ophrys 12 11 9 Dactylorhiza 910 8 Serapias 88 6 Spiranthes 29 2 Neottia 16 1

30 30 25 25 20 20 15 R2 =0,79 10 15

5 10 0 5 Orchis Ophrys Neottia 0 Serapias Epipactis

Spiranthes 0 5 10152025 Dactylorhiza Figure 2: Relationship of regression between the number of species Number of RC per genus and the number of regional catalogues (RC) in which each genus is included. Figure 1: Genera mostly represented in regional catalogues (RC).

20 18 (represented by any kind of species that belong to that genus), (�2 = 0.79) 16 the correlation is quite high (Figure 2). 14 Attheoppositeend,therearethegeneraNeottia,single 12 grazing (Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich), and Spiranthes,with 10 two species (S. aestivalis and S. spiralis), which are included 8 in six and nine regional catalogues, respectively. 6 In a complementary manner, in Figure 3 there are the gen- 4 era with a larger number of species included in the regional 2 catalogues, showing similar results to those in Figure 1 but 0 excluding Neottia and Spiranthes, as they are only represented by one and two species, respectively. Orchis

For Figure 3, the results are more homogenous, and, Ophrys Serapias except for Orchis, which remains standing with 16 species Epipactis included in various regional catalogues, the other genera Dactylorhiza are represented through six to nine species in the diferent Number of spp. in RC regional catalogues. Tis drop in the number of species is Number of spp. in RC or RL because several species are repeated in several catalogues, but there are really not so many diferent species, especially in the Figure 3: Genera with the highest number of species included in case of Orchis and Epipactis, featuring 28 and 15 appointments the regional catalogues. At the same time, the numbers of species in diferent regional catalogues (Figure 1) corresponding to 16 included in regional catalogues and regional red lists are included. and 8 species, respectively (Figure 3, Table 21). Te correlation between the number of species per genus and the number 2 of species that are included in regional catalogue per genus catalogues, the correlation is quite high (� =0.92; fgure not 2 continues to present a high determination coefcient (� = shown), as expected. 0.88; fgure not shown). Likewise, if the number of times that Similarly, Figure 4 represents the species that are included a genus is included in any regional catalogue is correlated inthegreatestnumberofregionalcatalogues,highlightingS. with the number of species of that genus included in regional aestivalis and N. nidus-avis, found in seven and six regional Te Scientifc World Journal 13

Table 22: Number of species included in each regional catalogue, indicating in each case the most recent legislation that regulates it, as well as the need of an urgent modifcation, the minimum species to include in it, and their fgure of protection—if it exists—according to the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [86] (Table 1).

Regional Number Needs Species to include catalogue of spp. modifcation? Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco (LC) Andalusia Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. 4YES (DEC. 23/2012) Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. in W.T. Aiton Aragon´ (DEC. Epipogium aphyllum Sw. (CR) 4YES 185/2005) Asturias (DEC. 0 YES Undetermined 65/1995) Balearic Islands Orchis robusta (Steph.) Golz¨ & H.R. 6YES (DEC. 75/2005) Reinhard (CR) Barlia robertiana (Lois.) Greuter (CR) Basque Country Epipactis phyllanthes G.E. Sm. (VU) (ORD. Orchis cazorlensis Lacaita 7YES 3471/1998; ORD. Orchis papilionacea L. 3901/2003) Ophrys aveyronensis (J.J.Wood)P.Delforge in P. Delforge & D. Tyteca Canary Islands 1YES Orchis canariensis (VU) (LEY 4/2010) Cantabria 1YES Epipactis phyllanthes G.E. Sm. (VU) (DEC. 120/2008) Castilla-La NO — Mancha (DEC. 33/1998; DEC. 200/2001) Castilla y Leon´ 18 YES Orchis spitzelii Saut ex.W.D.J.Koch (CR) (DEC. 63/2007) Catalonia 9NO — (DEC. 172/2008) Com. Valenciana 41 NO — (DEC. 70/2009) Extremadura Serapias occidentalis C. & P. Venhuis (VU) 10 YES (DEC. 37/2001) Serapias perez-chiscanoi Acedo (NT) Galicia (DEC. 1YESDactylorhiza cantabrica H.A.Peders. (VU) 88/2007) La Rioja (DEC. 0YES Epipogium aphyllum Sw. (CR) 59/1998) Madrid (DEC. 2 YES Undetermined 18/1992) Murcia (DEC. 12 NO — 50/2003) Navarre (DEC. 1YES Epipogium aphyllum Sw. (CR) F. 94/1997)

catalogues, respectively. None of the six most cited species indicates, for each one of these regions, the law by which its in regional catalogues (four to seven cites) are included in regional catalogue was created or its most recent modifcation the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [86], which is (and therefore the year), the number of listed species, and if, indicative of their wide national distribution, although in based on the results mentioned above, an urgent modifcation certain autonomous communities they are scarce; however, is considered; it also includes the species most urgent to S. aestivalis is included in the CNEA [82]. include in each catalogue and its conservation status if it Table 22 constitutes a compendium of the results afer exists, according to the Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora analysing the global set of 17 regional catalogues. Te table [86] (Table 1). 14 Te Scientifc World Journal

8 and Cantabrian and Pyrenean (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, 7 6 Basque Country, Navarre, and Catalonia) and the mountain- 5 ous regions of the Centre-North (Castilla y Leon,´ Madrid) 4 or South (Andalusia), where on average there are more than 3 16 genera of orchids, as opposed to other regions with a low 2 diversity of orchids (Murcia, Aragon)´ [123]. 1 0 4. Conclusions Tere are no orchid species whose distribution area includes Spain that are included in the Berne Convention [78], and Barlia robertiana Barlia

Orchis cazorlensis Orchis there are only two species included in the Habitats Directive Epipactis palustris Epipactis Neottia nidus-avis Neottia Orchis papilionacea Spiranthes aestivalis [77]: C. calceolus, which is the species that is best protected at Number of times in RC a legal level, and S. aestivalis. Outofthe96speciesoftheSpanishorchidforacon- Figure 4: Species mostly included in regional catalogues (RC). sidered in this review, up to 73 species are included in any catalogue of protection; 16 are in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora (fve of them not endangered) [86], As evident in Table 22, there is no clear relationship and 69 are included in any catalogue of regional protection between how recent each regional catalogue is and the or regional red list (including 12 of the 16 species included 2 number of protected species included in it (� = 0.1;fgure in the aforementioned red list); that is, around 76% of the not shown); nevertheless, it is quite obvious for some regional Spanish orchid fora are listed with any fgure of protection catalogues that seem obsolete, as in the cases of Madrid or included in any red list, either nationally (about 12–17%) [115], Asturias [99], Navarre [117], La Rioja [114], and Basque or regionally (72%). Only four out of the sixteen species Country [103], with antiquities from 11 to 21 years, with no included in the 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora are update since then. Tese regional catalogues clearly require not included in any regional catalogue although they should updating,andtheymustincludesomespeciestoprotect,as be (Table 1, [86]). inthecaseofE. aphyllum in Aragon,´ La Rioja, and Navarre, Te National Catalogue of Treatened Species (CNEA) or multiple species that appear necessary to include in the listsatotaloffourspecies:H. metlesicsianum (Endangered) catalogue of Madrid according to De la Torre & Gamarra [80, 82], C. calceolus (Endangered) [81, 82], and O. provincialis [38], which in fact is the oldest regional catalogue of Spain; and S. aestivalis (both as Wild Species in Regime of Special however, there are also quite recent catalogues that need to be Protection) [82]. It is suggested that, in successive revisions of updated in a broad way, such as the cases of Andalusia [94], the CNEA, the other 14 species included in the 2010 Red List the Canary Islands [105], Cantabria [106], and Galicia [113]. of Spanish Vascular Flora should be included—except for C. However, if the correlation is made between the antiquity calceolus (EN) and H. metlesicsianum (EN), which are already of the catalogue and the number of species suggested to included [86] (Table 1). Moreover, it is strongly suggested to include, in this case, an acceptable correlation is obtained 2 2 include those species listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (� = 0.38; fgure not shown), amounting to � = 0.57 and Vulnerable (VU) and to a lesser extent the other species if the curious case of Andalusia mentioned above is not listed as Near Treatened (NT) and as Least Concern (LC) taken into account (fgure not shown). Although this regional and those listed as Data Defcient (DD). In addition, the catalogue dates from 2012, it is suggested to include at least elaboration of specifc plans of recovery for those species four more species based on the Red List of the Vascular Flora listed as Critically Endangered (CR) is suggested. of Andalusia [92]. For this regression, ten species are taken as Te genera mostly included in regional catalogues and the number of species to be included in the regional catalogue whichhaveagreaternumberofspeciesinregionalcata- of Madrid, according to De la Torre and Gamarra [38]; in logues are precisely those genera that have a higher number thecaseofAsturias,consideringthattheregionhasamore of species at the national level: Orchis, Epipactis, Ophrys, recent catalogue, six species have been taken as the number of species to be included in that regional catalogue. Tese Dactylorhiza, and Serapias;moreover,Spiranthes and Neottia, results indicate that there is a direct correlation between the despite being bispecifc and single grazing, respectively, are antiquity of the regional catalogue and the number of species within the genera most included in regional catalogues. to be included. Tese latter two genera represent the two species most ofen A fact that must be considered when making such included in regional catalogues: S. aestivalis and N. nidus- correlations is that not all the Spanish regions have the same avis,whichappearinsevenandsixregionalcatalogues, foristic richness and that, logically, those regions with more respectively. variable and more sensitive habitats tend to house vulnerable Only three out of the seventeen regional catalogues of species and will be more likely to protect a greater number of endangered species do not seem to need an immediate species. Such is the case of the regions hosting the country’s update: the RC of Catalonia [110], the RC of Comunidad major mountain ranges, such as regions of Northern Spain Valenciana [111], and the RC of Murcia [116]. Te Scientifc World Journal 15

It is remarkable that the RC of Catalonia [110] is the one [2] M. Willkomm, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 1, Stuttgart, Ger- that lists the most species that are included in the Red List of many, 1861. Spanish Vascular Flora [86], a total of fve species: C. trifda [3] J. D’Ascenc¸ao˜ Guimaraes,˜ “Orchideographia portugueza,” (CR), E. aphyllum (CR), O. spitzelii (CR), C. calceolus (EN), Boletin Sociedad Broteroana,vol.5,pp.17–84,1887. and G. odoratissima (DD). [4] S. Rivas Goday, Revision´ de las orqu´ıdeas de Espana˜ , Universi- Te other fourteen regional catalogues would need to dad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, 1930. be modifed to a greater or lesser extent, highlighting the [5] A. Ceballos, “Las orqu´ıdeas espanolas,”˜ Bol. Estac. Centr. Escol, RC of Madrid [115], which is the oldest of them all and vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 29–39, 1973. probably the most obsolete; it is believed that at least ten [6] J. Molero Mesa, F. A. Perez´ Raya, and J. M. Mart´ınez Parras, species would need to be included [38]. Te RC of Asturias Mart´ınez Parras JM. 1981. Relacion´ de las Orchidaceae de la isalsoquiteold[99]anddoesnotfeatureanyorchidspecies. provincia de Granada, vol. 37, Anales del Jardin Botanico´ de Te regional catalogues of Andalusia [94] and the Basque Madrid, 2nd edition, 1981. Country [102], mainly thanks to the red lists of these two [7] F. Perez´ Raya and J. Molero Mesa, Orqu´ıdeas silvestres de la autonomous communities [92, 93], need to be incorporate at provincia de Granada, Universidad de Granada, 1990. least four and fve additional species, respectively (Table 22). [8] M. Van der Sluys and J. Gonzalez´ Atarbe, Orqu´ıdeas de Navarra, Several regional catalogues should also be highlighted for Diputacion´ Foral de Navarra. Instituto Pr´ıncipe de Viana, 1982. their remarkable absences: Te RC of Aragon´ [98] should be [9] D. 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