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Conservation Status of the Family Orchidaceae in Spain Based on European, National, and Regional Catalogues of Protected Species

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Conservation Status of the Family Orchidaceae in Spain Based on European, National, and Regional Catalogues of Protected Species Hindawi e Scientific World Journal Volume 2018, Article ID 7958689, 18 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7958689 Review Article Conservation Status of the Family Orchidaceae in Spain Based on European, National, and Regional Catalogues of Protected Species Daniel de la Torre Llorente Biotechnology-Plant Biology Department, Higher Technical School of Agronomic, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politecnica´ de Madrid, 28140 Madrid, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to Daniel de la Torre Llorente; [email protected] Received 22 June 2017; Accepted 28 December 2017; Published 30 January 2018 Academic Editor: Antonio´ Amorim Copyright © 2018 Daniel de la Torre Llorente. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tis report reviews the European, National, and Regional catalogues of protected species, focusing specifcally on the Orchidaceae family to determine which species seem to be well-protected and where they are protected. Moreover, this examination highlights which species appear to be underprotected and therefore need to be included in some catalogues of protection or be catalogued under some category of protection. Te national and regional catalogues that should be implemented are shown, as well as what species should be included within them. Tis report should be a helpful guideline for environmental policies about orchid’s conservation in Spain, at least at the regional and national level. Around 76% of the Spanish orchid fora are listed with any fgure of protection or included in any red list, either nationally (about 12–17%) or regionally (72%). 1. Introduction 1970, herborization by numerous Spanish botanists has generated many studies, resulting in the development of Te family Orchidaceae is widely represented in Europe, abundant local, provincial, and regional catalogues of the with 35 known genera, of which 25 are present in the Iberian territory, which contain new information concerning Iberian Peninsula—26 including the Canary Islands—where representatives of the Orchidaceae family, such as Granada the representation of this family is one of the most extensive [6, 7], Navarre [8], Portugal [9, 10], Albacete [11], Andalusia ones, at least on an extratropical, equivalent level or only [12,13],BalearicIslands[14,15],Cuenca[16,17],Extremadura slightlylowerthaninothercountriesoftheMediterranean [18, 19], Jaen´ [20], Burgos [21–23], Catalonia [24–26], Alicante region. Taxonomic and foristic studies of this family in [27, 28], Malaga´ [29], Almer´ıa [30], Galicia [31, 32], La Rioja the Iberian Peninsula have been increasing slowly, though [33], the Basque Country [34], Murcia [35], and Aragon´ in a fragmented way over time. Te frst published quotes [36].Temostupdatedandcompletecorologicalworkthat regarding the Orchidaceae family date back to 1861 [1, 2], collects information on the distribution of Orchidaceae in the and the frst in-depth study of the family was conducted autonomous community of Madrid dates to 1994 [37]. Later in 1887 [3]. Later, in 1930, a doctoral thesis examining the workshavehelpedtosupplementsuchinformation[38]. species in Spanish territory was published [4], but it was Additional evidence of incipient interest in the Orchi- not until 1973 that a compendium comprising more or less daceae family is the publication of several European and all knowledge of Spanish orchids to date was published [5]. Mediterranean orchid guidelines [39–46]. All this research Since the 1960s, numerous French, Belgian, German, and work has generated an intense proliferation of names given English orchidologists have visited Spain and have extensively to members of the Orchidaceae family in Spanish territories. contributed, with the description of new taxa, to taxonomic However, recent works are helping to simplify the nomencla- and corological knowledge of this family. In addition, since ture complexity of existing synonymy for this family. Tese 2 Te Scientifc World Journal works include the entire family, certain subfamilies, tribes or (1) Andalusia [94, 95] subtribes [47–60], or more specifc works at the level of cer- (2) Aragon´ [96–98] tain genera like Serapias [61], Dactylorhiza [62, 63], Nigritella and Gymnadenia [64–66], Anacamptis, Orchis, and Neotinea (3) Asturias [99] [67–69], Limnorchis and Platanthera [70], Chamorchis and (4) Balearic Islands [100] Traunsteinera [71], or Ophrys [72, 73]. (5) Basque Country [101–103] Te study of the taxa in this family, specifcally its conservation and stability in landscapes, is essential for the (6) Canary Islands [104, 105] stability of the vegetation and landscape [19]. Much of the (7) Cantabria [106] representatives of the family Orchidaceae appear in areas with minimal processing and a certain environmental stability, (8) Castilla-La Mancha [107, 108] although there may be human presence. Tis situation has (9) Castilla y Leon´ [109] facilitated the use of orchids as bioindicators in the envi- (10) Catalonia [110] ronmental management of the territory in dehesas [74] and deciduous forests [75] and in the conservation of habitats. (11) Comunidad Valenciana [111] (12) Extremadura [112] 2. Material and Methods (13) Galicia [113] Te nomenclature suggested by Flora iberica has been fol- (14) La Rioja [114] lowed in this work for the family Orchidaceae [76]. (15) Madrid [115] Te following catalogues and regulations have been (16) Murcia [116] checked. At the European level, the following have been consulted: (17) Navarre [117]. (i) Habitats Directive [77] Te data obtained from the aforementioned catalogues (ii) Berne Convention [78]. were analysed, and the results of this analysis are presented in the Results of this report. At the national level, the following have been consulted: Te taxa included in the CNEA were those species, subspecies, or populations of wild fora that require specifc (i) National Catalogue of Treatened Species (CNEA) [79] measures of protection. Te category in which those taxa and successive modifcations and updates that afect must be included is determined by considering threat factors the Orchidaceae family [80–82] facing the taxa throughout its natural distribution area inside (ii) Law on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity [83] the national territory, notwithstanding any potential mitigat- ing or aggravating local circumstances of that threat [79]. As (iii) Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [84] and successive a rule, a species, subspecies, or populations of wild fora that modifcations and updates: require specifc or special measures of protection and conser- (iv) 2008 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora [85] vation must be included in regional catalogues. Besides, some (v) 2010 Red List of Spanish Vascular Flora, updated with regions include more specifc criteria for their catalogues. For the data of the Addendum 2010 to the Atlas and Red example, the RC of the Balearic Islands includes those taxa Book of the Vascular Treatened Flora [86] that require conservation measures because of their special interest or because the taxa are not included in the CNEA (vi) Atlas and Red Book of the Vascular Treatened Flora [100]; the RC of the Canary Islands includes those taxa that [86–89]. require specifc measures of protection or that are interesting At the regional level,thefollowinghavebeenconsulted: for Canarian ecosystems [105]; the RC of Extremadura, the RC of Galicia, and the RC of La Rioja include those taxa (i) Plan of Recovery of Cypripedium calceolus L.inAragon´ that require specifc measures of protection attending to [90]—the only regional plan for recovery of orchids in their rarity, singularity, representativeness, or exceptional Spain nature [112–114]. Te RC of Catalonia includes those taxa that arethreatenedinCataloniaandthatrequireconservation (ii) Plans for recovery and conservation of certain wild measures according to their ecological and environmental species and habitats protected in Andalusia [91] values [110]. Te RC of Castilla-La Mancha includes those (iii) RedListoftheVascularFloraofAndalusia[92] taxa that are native to Castilla-La Mancha and maintain stable (iv) RedListoftheVascularFloraofCAPV(Comunidad populations in the region, are subjected to threat factors, Autonoma´ del Pa´ısVasco),thereaferRedListofthe or are of special interest, thus requiring specifc measures Basque Country [93]. of protection [107]. Te RC of Andalusia includes those taxa that deserve special attention and protection due to Likewise, this study examined the seventeen correspond- their scientifc, ecological, or cultural value or due to their ing regional catalogues (RC) of each of the seventeen singularity, rarity, or degree of threat; it includes as well those autonomous Spanish communities: taxa that are protected in diferent appendixes of international Te Scientifc World Journal 3 directives and agreements ratifed by Spain [94]; the same Once the National Catalogue of Treatened Species [79] criteria are expressed in the Law on Natural Heritage and was revised, no orchid species were found; subsequent addi- Biodiversity [83]. tions and modifcations included H. metlesicsianum in the Danger of Extinction category (included as B. metlesicsiana) [80] and subsequently C. calceolus inthesamecategory[81]. 3. Results and Discussion In the recent update of the CNEA in 2011 [82], the two 3.1. At the European Level. Cypripedium calceolus L. and Spi- species listed frst (H. metlesicsianum
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