Best Management Practices for Carolinas Golf Courses
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CAROLINAS GOLF COURSES Coordinating Authors L.B. (Bert) McCarty and James P. Kerns Clemson University, Clemson, SC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Published in 2016 by the Carolinas Golf Course Superintendents Association, Liberty, SC 29657. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CAROLINAS GOLF COURSES Construction, Watering, Fertilizing, Cultural Practices, and Pest Management Strategies for Sustainable Golf Course Turf Maintenance Coordinating Authors L.B. (Bert) McCarty and James P. Kerns Clemson University, Clemson, SC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC To those golf course superintendents who grow and maintain the best playing conditions and environmentally friendly courses in the world and to the students who should relentlessly pursue knowledge in turf management, personnel skills, and human relationships. CONTENTS Front matter Preface ...............................................................................................................................................VI Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................VIII Contributing Authors .....................................................................................................................IX About the Coordinating Authors .................................................................................................X Forewords .........................................................................................................................................XI 1. Turfgrasses L.B. McCarty Economic Impact of the Golf Industry ........................................................................................ 1 Adaptation .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Cultivars and Their Characteristics ............................................................................................. 2 2. Best Golf Course Environmental Protection Strategies L.B. McCarty and Charles Peacock Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Design ................................................24 Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Construction .....................................26 Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Management ....................................28 Wetlands and Riparian Zones ....................................................................................................33 3. Water Management and Conservation in Turf L.B. McCarty and Philip Brown Turfgrass Water Use .....................................................................................................................39 Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Rates ..........................................................................................43 Irrigation Strategies .......................................................................................................................45 Managing Irrigation Water Quality Problems ........................................................................49 Water Conservation ......................................................................................................................59 Hydrophobic Soils and Their Management ............................................................................63 BEST GOLF COURSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES III 4. Turf Fertilization Strategies L.B. McCarty and Grady Miller Nutrient Uptake by Roots ............................................................................................................69 Primary Nutrients and Fertilizers ...............................................................................................72 Liquid Fertilizers and Fertilization ..............................................................................................78 Secondary Plant Nutrients ..........................................................................................................82 Micronutrients ................................................................................................................................86 Developing Best Turf Fertilizer Programs ................................................................................88 General Nutritional Requirements ............................................................................................89 Soil Nutrient Analysis ...................................................................................................................92 Leaf Tissue Analysis ....................................................................................................................100 5. Cultural Practices for Golf Courses L.B. McCarty Mowing ..........................................................................................................................................105 Aerification ....................................................................................................................................108 Vertical Mowing ............................................................................................................................ 112 Topdressing ....................................................................................................................................114 Managing Putting Speeds ........................................................................................................... 117 Bunker Maintenance ...................................................................................................................120 Organic Golf Course Management .......................................................................................... 121 6. Integrated Pest Management L.B. McCarty and Jim Kerns Strategies of Integrated Pest Management .......................................................................... 125 Implementing an IPM Program ................................................................................................ 129 Additional Considerations ......................................................................................................... 132 Animal Pests ................................................................................................................................. 133 7. Turfgrass Diseases Jim Kerns, Bruce Martin, and L.B. McCarty What is a Disease? .......................................................................................................................141 Disease Control Strategies ........................................................................................................ 143 Chemical Control Practices .......................................................................................................148 Diagnostic Features And Management Of Specific Turfgrass Diseases .......................154 8. Turfgrass Nematodes Bruce Martin, Jim Kerns, and L.B. McCarty Nematode Description ................................................................................................................181 Turfgrass Nematodes ..................................................................................................................181 Diagnosis Of Nematode Problems ..........................................................................................184 Nematode Management............................................................................................................186 Biological Control.........................................................................................................................189 IV BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 9. Turfgrass Insects and Related Arthropods J.C. Chong, Rick Brandenburg, and L.B. McCarty Insect Biology ............................................................................................................................... 193 Detection And Identification ....................................................................................................194 Insect Control Strategies ........................................................................................................... 197 Surface- or Leaf-Feeding Insects ............................................................................................204 Subsurface- or Root-Feeding Insects ......................................................................................210 Additional Turfgrass Insects ..................................................................................................... 219 10. Turfgrass and Aquatic Weeds and Plant Growth Regulators L.B. McCarty and Fred Yelverton Developing a Weed Management Program ........................................................................ 229 Selective Weed Control .............................................................................................................235 Pre-emergence Herbicides ........................................................................................................235 Post-emergence Herbicides ......................................................................................................237 Special Weed Management Situations ................................................................................. 238 Aquatic Weed Management ................................................................................................... 246 Plant Growth Retardant Classification .................................................................................