INTERNATIONAL TURFGRASS SOCIETY RESEARCH JOURNAL VOLUME 10, PART 1

i INTERNATIONAL TURFGRASS SOCIETY RESEARCH JOURNAL VOLUME 10 2005

Editor-in-chief Daniel Thorogood

Editors W.A. Adams M.A. Fidanza F.S. Rossi D.E. Aldous R.E. Gaussoin R.E. Schmidt S.W. Baker R.J. Gibbs A.S. Schoeman J.B. Beard G.W. Griffith J. Scullion S.A. Bonos M.P. Kenna R.C. Shearman L.A. Brilman R.L. Mann J.M. van Huylenbroek R.N. Carrow P.A. Nektarios A.W. Vickers T.K. Danneberger A.J. Newell P. Vittum

Editorial Assistant J. A. Lovatt

PART ONE

RESEARCH PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL TURFGRASS RESEARCH CONFERENCE, LLANDUDNO, , U.K. 10-15 JULY 2005

iii The editors gratefully acknowledge the following scientists who served as reviewers for the papers published in this volume:

Trygve Aaamlid, Norway Tony Field, NZ Albrecht Koppenhoffer, Bridget Ruemmele, USA Bill Adams, UK Jack Fry, USA USA CH Scholtz, SA Ian Armstead, UK Alan Gange, UK Jeffrey Krans, USA John Scullion, UK Bruce Augustin, USA Richard Gibbs, NZ Peter Landschoot, USA Robert Shearman, USA Joost Baert, Belgium Michael Goatley, USA Soren Ugilt Larsen, USA Pam Sherratt, USA Nick Bailey, Ryan Goss, USA Rick Latin, USA Aileen Smith, UK Reed Barker, USA P Govender, SA David Lawson, UK David Smitley, USA Louise Barton, Australia Andy Gregory, UK Peter Leeds-Harrison, UK John Sorochan, USA Fred Baxendale, USA Gareth Griffiths, UK Bernd Leinauer, USA Gwen Stahnke, USA Greg Bell, USA Beth Guertal, USA Malcolm Leitch, UK John Stier, USA Ugur Bilgili, Turkey Karl Guillard, USA Deying Li, USA Larry Stowell, USA Daniel Bowman, USA David Han, USA Haibo Liu, USA Anne Streich, USA Rick Brandenburg, USA Mike Hann, USA Don Loch, Australia Michael Sullivan, USA Bruce Branham, USA Hanna, USA James MacDuff, UK Charles Taliafero, USA Dale Bremer, USA Ali Harivandi, USA Ruth Mann, UK Leon Terry, UK Art Bruneau, USA Jim Harris, UK Bruce Martin, USA Danny Thorogood, UK Graeme Buchan, NZ Stephen Hart, USA Alex Martin, USA Russ Tillman, NZ Hikmet Budak, USA Neil Heckman, USA Dennis Martin, USA Ned Tisserat, USA Suleiman Bughrara, USA John Hedger, UK Keith McAuliffe, NZ Lane Tredway, USA Philip Busey, USA David Held, USA Andrew McNitt, USA Lesley Turner, UK Mike Casler, USA Paul Heller, USA Peter McSweeney, Australia Bryan Unruh, USA David Casnoff, USA Brad Hillman, USA William Meyer, USA Johan Van Huylenbroeck, Nick Christians, USA Brian Horgan, USA Grady Miller, USA Belgium Chris Clegg, UK David Hornby, UK Eric Miltner, USA Alex Vickers, UK Brent Clothier, NZ Garald Horst, USA David Minner, USA Paul Vincelli, USA Philip Colbaugh, USA Tom Hsiang, Nathaniel Mitkowski, USA Pat Vittum, USA Geoff Connellan, Australia Will Hudson, USA James Murphy, USA Tom Voigt, USA Roger Cook, UK David Huff, USA Panayiotis Nektarios, Greece Scott Warnke, USA Richard Cooper, USA Richard Hull, USA John Neylan, Australia Eric Watkins, USA William Crow, USA Richard Hurley, USA Thomas Nikolai, USA James Welsh, USA Steve Cuttle, UK Gordon Jaaback, USA Jeff Nus, USA Stefaan Werbrouck, Belgium Lawrence Datnoff, USA Iain James, USA Mike O’Dougherty, UK Henry Wetzel, USA Jan De Riek, Belgium Bill Johnson, USA Mercy Olmstead, USA Richard White, USA Pierre Debergh, Belgium Paul Johnson, USA Andrew Owen, UK Donald White, USA Peter Dernoeden, USA Geunhwa Jung, USA Charles Peacock, USA Robert Wick, USA William Dest, USA John Kaminski, USA Martin Petrovic, USA David Williams, USA Dale Devitt, USA Brady Kappler, USA Daniel Potter, USA Chris Williamson, USA Iain Donnison, UK Doug Karcher, USA A.J. Powell, USA Terry Woodcock, Australia Marc Dresser, UK Steven Keeley, USA Rongda Qu, USA Martin Wrigley, NZ Richard Earl, USA Kevin King, USA JA Reinert, USA Jiang Zhongchun, USA Kate Entwistle, UK John Klug, SA Mike Richardson, USA Barbara Zilinskas, USA Kimberly Erusha, USA David Kopec, USA Craig Ross, NZ

iv All papers published in this volume of The International Turfgrass Society Research Journal have been refereed and subject to editing to adhere, as far as possible, to international standards of units, nomenclature and reference citation.

Papers in this Journal are published without liability for any loss or damage suffered as a result of their application or use. References to trade names and proprietary products are not to be construed as constituting an endorsement or criticism of the named products, nor is any criticism implied of similar products which are not mentioned. Opinions, statements, and conclusions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Turfgrass Society.

The International Turfgrass Society thank the Institute of Groundsmanship, Milton Keynes, UK. for its contribution to editorial costs.

Copyright © 2005 by International Turfgrass Society All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the International Turfgrass Society. Editor, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystywth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom.

v Table of Contents PART ONE

SECTION 1 INVITED PAPERS

Baker, S. W., and Woollacott, A. R. COMPARISON OF THE PLAYING PERFORMANCE OF THIRD GENERA- TION ARTIFICIAL GRASS WITH NATURAL TURF USED FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCCER ...... 15 McNitt, A.S. SYNTHETIC TURF IN THE USA - TRENDS AND ISSUES ...... 27 McCarty, L. B., and Tucker, B. J. PROSPECTS FOR MANAGING TURF WEEDS WITHOUT PROTECTIVE CHEMICALS ...... 34 Potter, D. A. PROSPECTS FOR MANAGING DESTRUCTIVE TURFGRASS WITHOUT PROTEC- TIVE CHEMICALS ...... 42 Petrovic, M., and Easton, Z. M. THE ROLE OF TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT IN THE WATER QUALITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS ...... 55

INVITED PLENARY PAPER Beard, J. B, and Beard, H. J. TURFGRASS CULTURE EVOLUTION AT THE ST. ANDREWS GOLF LINKS... 70

SECTION 2 CONSERVATION/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Kopp, K. L., and Guillard, K. CLIPPING CONTRIBUTIONS TO NITRATE LEACHING FROM CREEPING BENTGRASS UNDER VARYING IRRIGATION AND N RATES ...... 80 Boniak, R., and Chong, S.-K. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEACHING IN GOLF GREEN SAND ROOTZONE MIXES AMENDED WITH VARIOUS ORGANIC MATERIALS ...... 86 Henry, J. M., Wegulo, S. N., Gibeault, V. A., and Autio, R. TURFGRASS PERFORMANCE WITH REDUCED IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ...... 93 Holl, F.B., Aldous, D.E., and Neylan, J.J. EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON MICROBIAL COMMU- NITY ACTIVITY IN SAND-BASED GREENS ...... 102 Kostka, S. J., and Bially, P. T. SYNERGISTIC SURFACTANT INTERACTIONS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF HYDROPHILICITY IN WATER REPELLENT SOILS ...... 108 Park, D. M., Cisar, J. L., McDermitt, D. K., Williams, K. E., Haydu, J. J., and Miller, W. P. USING RED AND INFRARED REFLECTANCE AND VISUAL OBSERVATION TO MONITOR TURF QUALITY AND WATER STRESS IN SURFACTANT-TREATED BERMUDAGRASS UNDER REDUCED IRRIGATION ...... 115 Easton, Z. M., Petrovic, A. M., Lisk, D. J., and Larsson-Kovach, I.-M. HILLSLOPE POSITION EFFECT ON NUTRIENT AND PESTICIDE RUNOFF FROM TURFGRASS ...... 121 Rosen, C. J., and Horgan, B. P. REGULATION OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER APPLICATION TO TURF IN MINNESOTA: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ...... 130 Stier, J. C., Walston, A., and Williamson, R. C. HERBICIDE RUNOFF FROM SIMULATED LAWN AND DRIVEWAY SURFACES ...... 136 Cisar, J. L., Snyder, G. H., Haydu, J. J., Park, D. M., and Williams, K. E. AN EVALUATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON BERMUDAGRASS COLOR, CLIPPINGS, AND NITROGEN RELEASE ...... 144 vi SECTION 3 DISEASES (PLANT PATHOLOGY) Bransgrove, K. L. WARM-SEASON TURFGRASS DISEASES IN AUSTRALIA ...... 152 Brede, A. D. NECROTIC RING SPOT AND TURF QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS CULTIVAR AND SPECIES MIXTURES ...... 156 Burpee, L. L. SENSITIVITY OF COLLETOTRICHUM GRAMINICOLA TO PHOSPHONATE FUNGICIDES ...... 163 Colbaugh, P. F., Williams, E. A., McAfee, J. A., and Heitholt, J. J. USE OF SPHAGNUM PEAT MOSS TOPDRESSING TO CONTROL TAKE-ALL ROOT ROT OF ST. AUGUSTINEGRASS (STENOTAPHRUM SECUNDATUM) ...... 170 Datnoff, L., Brecht, M., Stiles, C., and Rutherford, B. THE ROLE OF SILICON IN SUPPRESSING FOLIAR DISEASES IN WARM-SEASON TURF ...... 175 Zhang, Q., Fry, J., and Tisserat, N. EVALUATION OF PLANT DEFENSE ACTIVATORS FOR DOLLAR SPOT AND BROWN PATCH CONTROL ON CREEPING BENTGRASS PUTTING GREENS ...... 180 Crouch, J. A., Clarke, B. B., and Hillman, B. I. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND FUNGICIDE SENSI- TIVITIES OF COLLETOTRICHUM GRAMINICOLA ISOLATES FROM TURFGRASS IN NORTH AMERICA ...... 186 Horvath, B., and Vargas Jr., J. ANALYSIS OF DOLLAR SPOT DISEASE SEVERITY USING DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS ...... 196 Huang, J., Zheng, L., and Hsiang, T. TURFGRASS DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL YANGTZE RIVER BASIN IN ...... 202 Ricard, T. S., and Johnston, W. J. CORRELATING FIELD AND CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT STUDIES OF PINK SNOW MOLD RESISTANCE IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST, USA, GREENS-TYPE POA ANNUA ...... 206 Kaminski, J. E., and Dernoeden, P. H. NITROGEN SOURCE IMPACT ON DEAD SPOT (OPHIOSPHAERELLA AGROSTIS) RECOVERY IN CREEPING BENTGRASS...... 214 Mann, R.L., and Newell, A.J. A SURVEY TO DETERMINE THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF PESTS AND DISEASES ON GOLF COURSE PUTTING GREENS IN ENGLAND, IRELAND, , AND WALES ...... 224 Li, J., Martin, S. B., Jeffers, S. N., Dean, R. A., and Camberato, J. J. GENETIC VARIATION AMONG RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI ISOLATES FROM WARM-SEASON TURFGRASSES ...... 230 Royals II, J. K., Martin, S. B., Camberato, J. J., and Jeffers, S. N. DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC FUNGICIDE PROGRAMS FOR CONTROL OF WARM WEATHER DISEASES IN CREEPING BENTGRASS ...... 237 Paplomatas, E.J., Kafka, A.L., and Nektarios, P.A. EVALUATION OF COMPOST TREATMENTS AS SUPPRES- SIVE AGENTS OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN ON TALL FESCUE AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS ....247 Terashima, Y., and Fujiie, A. DEVELOPMENT OF A FAIRY RING CAUSED BY LEPISTA SORDIDA ON ZOYSIAGRASS OVER AN EIGHT-YEAR PERIOD ...... 251 Iriarte, F. B., Wetzel III, H. C., Fry, J. D., Martin, D. L., Vincelli, P., Dixon, E. W., and Tisserat, N. A. AGGRESSIVE- NESS OF SPRING DEAD SPOT PATHOGENS TO BERMUDAGRASS...... 258 Settle, D. M., Todd, T. C., Fry, J. D., and Tisserat, N. A. INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON HOST SUITABILITY OF EIGHT TURFGRASS SPECIES TO THE LANCE NEMATODE (HOPLOLAIMUS GALEATUS)...... 265 Butler, E. L., and Tredway, L. P. COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF SPRING DEAD SPOT INCIDENCE IN HYBRID BERMUDAGRASS ...... 273 Williams D., Burrus P., King R., Nelson E. K., and Frelich J. COMPARISONS OF GLYPHOSATE-TOLERANT AND GLYPHOSATE-SUSCEPTIBLE CREEPING BENTGRASS GENOTYPES IN TILLER PRODUCTION FROM STOLON FRAGMENTS ...... 281

vii SECTION 4 ESTABLISHMENT & MAINTENANCE Beam, J. B., and Askew, S. D. PROHEXADIONE CALCIUM EFFECTS ON BERMUDAGRASS, KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS, PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, AND ZOYSIAGRASS ...... 286 Brede, A. D. SPRING RECOVERY OF SEEDED BERMUDAGRASS TURF AS AFFECTED BY ESTABLISH- MENT CULTURAL FACTORS ...... 296 Zuk, A. J., Bremer, D. J., and Fry, J. D. ESTABLISHMENT OF SEEDED ZOYSIAGRASS IN A PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SWARD: EFFECTS OF SOIL-SURFACE IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE ...... 302 Carroll, M. J., Ngo, T. Q., and Krouse, J. M. TALL FESCUE SEEDLING GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO PHOS- PHOROUS FERTILIZATION ...... 310 Aldous, D.E., Chivers, I.H., and Kerr, R. PLAYER PERCEPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE GRASS SURFACES ...... 318 Chivers, I.H., Aldous, D.E., and Orchard, J. W. THE RELATIONSHIP OF AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL GRASS SURFACES TO ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY ...... 327 Dant, L. A., Christians, N. E., and Fei, S.-Z. TIMING OF ROUNDUP© APPLICATION CRITICAL WHEN CONVERTING GOLF COURSE TURF TO ROUNDUP READY© CREEPING BENTGRASS ...... 333 Avison, P., Clarke, C., Lumsden, P., and Mann, R. EFFECTS OF TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL ON GAEUMANNOMYCES GRAMINIS INCIDENCE WHEN APPLIED TO CREEPING BENTGRASS ...... 339 Gibbs, R. J. A PRACTICAL MODEL OF ASSESSMENT OF SAND CARPET SPORTS FIELD CONDITION AND CONTROL OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION ...... 347 Phillips, S.E., Han, D.Y., and Guertal, E.A. FANS AND SYRINGING FOR MANAGING SUMMER STRESS ON CREEPING BENTGRASS GREENS IN THE HUMID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES ...... 357 Carson, T.D., Horgan, B.P., and White, D.B. MOWING INFLUENCE ON THE COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF CREEPING BLUEGRASS VERSUS A WILD ANNUAL BLUEGRASS ...... 363 Kraft, R.W., and Keeley, S.J. EVALUATION OF IMPROVED CULTIVARS FOR TRANSI- TION ZONE FAIRWAY USE ...... 368 Martin, D.L., Wehner, D.J., Throssell, C.S., and Fermanian, T.W. EVALUATION OF FOUR CROP WATER STRESS INDEX MODELS FOR IRRIGATION SCHEDULING DECISIONS ON PENNCROSS CREEPING BENTGRASS ...... 373 Minner, D.D., and Valverde, F.J. THE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC INTENSITY AND PERIODICITY ON POA PRATENSIS L. PERFORMANCE ...... 387 Minner, D.D., and Valverde, F.J. PERFORMANCE OF ESTABLISHED COOL-SEASON GRASS SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED TRAFFIC ...... 393 Minner, D.D., and Hudson, J. S. EVALUATING A REINFORCED NATURAL GRASS/SYNTHETIC TURF SYSTEM ...... 398 Murphy, J. A., Samaranayake, H., Lawson, T.J., Honig, J.A., and Hart, S. SEEDING DATE AND CULTIVAR IMPACT ON ESTABLISHMENT OF BENTGRASS IN SOIL CONTAINING ANNUAL BLUEGRASS SEED .. 410 Nektarios, P.A. CORRELATION OF SOD VERTICAL DETACHMENT FORCE WITH ROOT GROWTH AND SOIL MOISTURE IN TURF POLYSTANDS ...... 416 Rinehart, G.J., Miltner, E.D., and Stahnke, G.K. NITROGEN RATE AND MOWING HEIGHT EFFECTS ON TURFGRASS QUALITY AND THATCH DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL, VELVET, AND DRYLAND BENTGRASSES ...... 422 Snyder, G.H., and Cisar, J.L. POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION RESPONSES AS AFFECTED BY SODIUM ...... 428 Sorochan, J.C., Rogers III., J.N., Stier, J.C., and Karcher, D.E. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL MOWING HEIGHT FOR POA SUPINA SCHRAD. UNDER TRAFFIC CONDITIONS...... 436 Sorochan, J.C., Rogers III., J.N., Stier, J.C., and Karcher, D.E. DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN AND POTAS- SIUM FERTILIZATION FOR POA SUPINA SCHRAD. GROWN ON A NATIVE SOIL ATHLETIC FIELD. . 441 viii Streich, A. M., Gaussoin, R.E., Stroup, W.W., and Shearman, R.C. SURVEY OF MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRON- MENTAL INFLUENCES ON GOLF BALL ROLL DISTANCE ...... 446 Unruh, J. B., Davis, S.D., Colbaugh, P.F., Brecke, B.J., and Stephenson IV, D.O. IMPACT OF VARIOUS CHEMI- CAL AND NUTRIENT INPUTS AND CULTURAL TREATMENTS ON ‘TIFEAGLE’ BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON X C. TRANSVAALENSIS) ...... 455 Grossi, N., Lulli, F., Volterrani, M., and Miele, S. TIMING OF FALL NITROGEN APPLICATION ON TALL FESCUE TURF ...... 462 Magni, S., Ruga, L., Gaetani, M., Volterrani, M., and Miele, S. EFFECT OF DRAINAGE AND SOIL AMEND- MENT ON THE QUALITY OF HORSE RACECOURSE TURF UNDER SIMULATED USE ...... 466 Walmsley, W. H., and Stewart, A. V. THE RELATIVE DOMINANCE OF AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS AND POA ANNUA IN RELATION TO SOIL ANALYSIS OF GOLF GREENS IN NEW ZEALAND ...... 472

SECTION 5 GENETICS, BREEDING & VARIETY EVALUATION Altpeter, F., and Positano, M. EFFICIENT PLANT REGENERATION FROM MATURE SEED DERIVED EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS OF TURF-TYPE BAHIAGRASS (PASPALUM NOTATUM FLUGGE) ...... 479 Altpeter, F., and James, V.A. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF TURF-TYPE BAHIAGRASS (PASPALUM NOTATUM FLUGGE) BY BIOLISTIC GENE TRANSFER ...... 485 Barker, R.E., Warnke, S.E., and Brown, R.N. GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG HYBRID RYEGRASS SEED LOTS AND CULTIVARS DETECTED BY RAPD ANALYSIS ...... 490 Abraham, E., Aa, M., Honig, J., Kubik, C., and Bonos, S.A. THE USE OF SCAR MARKERS TO IDENTIFY TEXAS X KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS HYBRIDS ...... 495 Bonos, S.A., Rush, D., Hignight, K., Langlois, S., and Meyer, W.A. THE EFFECT OF SELECTION ON GRAY LEAF SPOT RESISTANCE IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS ...... 501 Brilman, L.A. TURFGRASS BREEDING IN THE UNITED STATES : PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, COOL AND WARM SEASON ...... 508 Brown, R.N., Barker, R.E., Warnke, S.E., Brilman, L.A., Rouf Mian, M.A., Jung, G., and Sim, S.-C. QTL ANALYSES FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS USEFUL IN DISTINGUISHING ANNUAL RYEGRASS AND TURF-TYPE PERENNIAL RYEGRASS ...... 516 Reynolds, W.C., Butler, E.L., Wetzel, H.C., Bruneau, A.H., and Tredway, L.P. PERFORMANCE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS-TALL FESCUE MIXTURES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES ...... 525 Cashel, R.H., Samaranayake, H., Lawson, T. J., Honig, J.A., and Murphy, J. A. TRAFFIC TOLERANCE OF BENTGRASS CULTIVARS GROWN ON A SAND-BASED ROOT ZONE ...... 531 Cereti, C.F., Rossini, F., and Nassetti, F. WEAR TOLERANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF 110 TURFGRASS VARIETIES ...... 538 Chen, Z., Kim, W., Newman, M., Wang, M., and Raymer, P. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE USDA SEASHORE PASPALUM GERMPLASM COLLECTION ...... 543 Fei, S., Riordan, T., Bishnoi, U., and Clemente, T. REGENERATION OF TRANSGENIC BUFFALOGRASS (BUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES) WITH GLYPHOSATE RESISTANCE USING PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT .. 550 Qin, C., Lu, S., Yang, J., Guo, Z., and Han, L. TISSUE CULTURE AND PLANTLET REGENERATION OF MANILAGRASS ...... 555 Huang, B., and Wang, Z. CULTIVAR VARIATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEAT TOLERANCE FOR KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS ...... 559 Poole, G. J., Johnston, W. J., and Johnson, R. C. REGIONAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST, USA, GREEN-TYPE POA ANNUA ...... 565 Kim, K.-N., Shim, S.-R., and Nam, S.-Y. DIFFERENCES OF COOL-SEASON GRASS ADAPTATION UNDER MULTI-LAYER, USGA AND MONO-LAYER SYSTEMS IN KOREA ...... 572

ix Lei, H., Li, D., Sun, Z., and Peng, Z. GENETIC VARIATIONS IN LEAF MORPHOLOGY AND ISOZYME LEVELS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS L.) PLANTS EXPOSED TO OUTER SPACE .....581 Liebao, H., Chunhui, Q., Xiaohong, L., Wenjuan, F., and Weifei, W. PLANT REGENERATION AND GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF ZOYSIAGRASS ...... 588 Loch, D.S., Simon, B.K., and Poulter, R.E. , DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF ZOYSIA MACRANTHA DESV., AN AUSTRALIAN NATIVE SPECIES WITH TURF BREEDING POTENTIAL ...... 593 Newell, A.J., Wood, A.D., and Hart-woods, J.C. VARIATION IN SURFACE PROPERTIES AMONG CULTIVARS OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASS SPECIES IN A SIMULATED CRICKET PITCH ...... 600 Neylan, J., Peart, A., and Huff, D. R. A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF POTABLE WATER VERSUS SALINE EFFLUENT USED FOR IRRIGATING BENTGRASS (AGROSTIS SPP.) AND POA ANNUA L. CULTIVARS ...... 609 Park, B.S., Murphy, J.A., Meyer, W.A., Bonos, S.A., den Haan, J., Smith, D.A., and Lawson, T.J. PERFORMANCE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS WITHIN PHENOTYPIC CLASSIFICATIONS AS AFFECTED BY TRAFFIC618 Roche, M.B., and Loch, D.S. MORPHOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL COMPARISONS OF SEVEN GREENS QUALITY HYBRID BERMUDAGRASS [CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS. X C. TRANSVAALENSIS BURTT-DAVY] CULTIVARS ...... 627 Stewart, A.V. TURF GRASS BREEDING IN NEW ZEALAND ...... 635 Stewart, A.V. THE COMMERCIAL USE OF ENDOPHYTE IN TURF RYEGRASS IN NEW ZEALAND ...... 641 Stier, J.C., Bae, J.J., and Jung, G. COMPOSITION OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS TURF MIXTURES AS SPORTS TURF ...... 645 Hughes, S.J., and Thorogood, D. DISTINGUISHING POA SUPINA, AND P. ANNUA BY SPECIES SPECIFIC ISOZYME ALLELES AND FLOW CYTOMETRY ...... 654 Cella, L., Voigt, T.B., Fermanian, T.W., and Branham, B.E. DO GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT BALL POSITION ON KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS FAIRWAYS? ...... 661 Watkins, E., and Meyer, W.A. EVALUATION OF TUFTED HAIRGRASS GERMPLASM AS LOW-MAINTE- NANCE TURF ...... 666

PART TWO

SECTION 6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/EDUCATION Haydu, J.J., Cisar, J.L., Satterthwaite, L.N. FLORIDA’S SOD PRODUCTION INDUSTRY: A 2003 SURVEY ...... 700 Mayfield, C.A., Wingenbach, G.J., and Chalmers, D.R. USING STAKEHOLDER INPUT TO DEVELOP A TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM FOR THE MASTER GARDENER PROGRAM ...... 705 Turgeon, A.J. A WEB-BASED TURFGRASS CASE LIBRARY FOR JUST-IN-TIME LEARNING ...... 713 Voigt, T.B., and Reicher, Z.R. THE INDIANA - ILLINOIS TURFGRASS SHORT COURSE - 10 YEARS OF COOPERATIVE OUTREACH ...... 718

SECTION 7 PESTS Hertl, P.H., Brandenburg, R.L., and Williams III, C.B. FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF SCAPTERISCUS VICINUS SCUDDER AND S. BORELLII GIGLIO-TOS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE) IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA...... 723 Crow, W.T., Lickfeldt, D.W., and Unruh, J.B. MANAGEMENT OF STING NEMATODE (BELONOLAIMUS LONGICAUDATUS) ON BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREENS WITH 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE ...... 734 x Nagata, R.T., Nuessly, G.S., Hentz, M.G., and Carroll, A.S. GREENBUG: A NEW PEST OF SEASHORE PASPALUM, PASPALUM VAGINATUM ...... 742 Peacock, C.H., Flanagan, M.S., and Dunn, R.A. NEMATODE POPULATION DYNAMICS AND NEMATICIDE EFFICACY ON BERMUDAGRASS, CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) Pers...... 746 Potter, D.A., Held, D.W., and Rogers, M.E. NATURAL ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ATAENIUS SPRETULUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) INFESTATION ON GOLF COURSES ...... 753 Reinert, J.A., Taliaferro, C.M., Engelke, M.C., McAfee, J.A., and Myers, R.E. FALL ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA) RESISTANCE AMONG BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON) GENOTYPES AND CULTIVARS 761 Reinert, J.A., and Busey, P. RESPONSE OF BAHIAGRASS, PASPALUM NOTATUM, GENOTYPES TO FEED- ING DAMAGE BY TAWNY MOLE CRICKET, SCAPTERISCUS VICINUS ...... 767 Reinert, J.A., Read, J.C., McCoy, J.E., Heitholt, J.J., Metz, S.P., and Bauernfeind, R.J. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF POA SPP. TO BLUEGRASS BILLBUG, PARVULUS ...... 772 Stahnke, G.K., Antonelli, A.L., Miltner, E.D., Johns, M.J., Corpuz, P.R., and Aviles, N.P. APPLICATION TIMING FOR MAXIMUM EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL EUROPEAN AND COMMON CRANE FLY LARVAE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST ...... 779 Thompson, S.R., Brandenburg, R.L., and Arends, J.J. CONIDIAL VIABILITY AND PATHOGENICITY OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN FOR MOLE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE) CONTROL IN TURFGRASS ...... 784 Walker, N.R., Zhang, H., and Martin, D.L. POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR THE STING NEMATODE IN BERMUDAGRASS SOD PRODUCTION ...... 793 Williamson, R.C., and Hong, S.C. ALTERNATIVE, NON-PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT OF EARTHWORM CASTS IN GOLF COURSE TURF ...... 797 Williamson, R.C., Walston, A.T., and Soldot, D. INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC-BASED FERTILIZERS AND ROOT ZONE MIXES ON THE INCIDENCE OF BLACK TURFGRASS ATAENIUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) INFESTATIONS ON GOLF COURSES ...... 803

SECTION 8 PHYSIOLOGY/STRESS PHYSIOLOGY Baldwin, C.M., Liu, H., McCarty, L.B., Bauerle, W.L., and Toler, J.E. ALUMINUM TOLERANCES OF TEN WARM-SEASON TURFGRASSES ...... 811 Stiegler, J.C., Bell, G.E., Maness, N.O., and Smith, M.W. SPECTRAL DETECTION OF PIGMENT CONCENTRA- TIONS IN CREEPING BENTGRASS GOLF GREENS ...... 818 Bunnell, B.T., McCarty, L.B., and Bridges Jr., W.C. EVALUATION OF THREE BERMUDAGRASS CULTIVARS AND MEYER JAPANESE ZOYSIAGRASS GROWN IN SHADE ...... 826 Bushoven, J.T., and Hull, R.J. THE ROLE OF NITRATE IN MODULATING GROWTH AND PARTITIONING OF NITRATE ASSIMILATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND LEAVES OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.)...... 834 Cagas, B., and Mach Š, R. TOLERANCE OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.) WITH AND WITHOUT INFECTION WITH NEOTYPHODIUM SPP. TO ABIOTIC STRESS ...... 841 Doak, S.O., Schmidt, R.E., and Ervin, E.H. METABOLIC ENHANCER IMPACT ON CREEPING BENTGRASS LEAF SODIUM AND PHYSIOLOGY UNDER SALINITY ...... 845 Gaussoin, R.E., Branham, B.E., and Flore, J.A. THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON CO2 EXCHANGE RATES OF THREE COOL SEASON TURFGRASSES ...... 850 Heckman, N.L., Gaussoin, R.E., Horst, G.L., and Elowsky, C.G. GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON CELLU- LAR CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TURFGRASS SPECIES ...... 857 Lu, S., Guo, Z., Lu, J., Zhong, J., and Han, L. EFFECT OF ABSCISIC ACID ON CHILLING INJURY OF CENTIPEDGRASS ...... 862

xi Huang, B., and Wang, Z. PHYSIOLOGICAL RECOVERY OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS FROM DROUGHT STRESS ...... 867 Hunter, A., and Kealy, E. THE INFLUENCE OF BISPYRIBAC-SODIUM ON SEEDLING AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA VAR. PENN A4 GROWTH AND POA ANNUA L. CONTROL...... 874 Miller, G.L., Edenfield, J.T., and Nagata, R.T. GROWTH PARAMETERS OF FLORADWARF AND TIFDWARF BERMUDAGRASSES EXPOSED TO VARIOUS LIGHT REGIMES ...... 879 Park, D.M., Cisar, J.L., Snyder, G.H., Erickson, J.E., Daroub, S.H., and Williams, K.E. COMPARISON OF ACTUAL AND PREDICTED WATER BUDGETS FROM TWO CONTRASTING RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPES IN SOUTH FLORIDA ...... 885 Suplick-Ploense, M.R., and Qian, Y. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, ROOTING CHARACTERISTICS, AND DEHY- DRATION AVOIDANCE: COMPARISONS BETWEEN HYBRID BLUEGRASS AND KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS ...... 891 Waltz Jr., F.C., and Whitwell, T. TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL EFFECTS ON TOTAL NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHY- DRATES OF FIELD-GROWN HYBRID BERMUDAGRASS ...... 899 Wang, Z., Yin, C., Sun, J., and Huang, B. EFFECTS OF STREPTOMYCES MICROFLAVUS EXTRACT ON HEAT TOLERANCE OF TALL FESCUE ...... 904 Zhang, X., and Ervin, E.H. EFFECTS OF METHYL JASMONATE AND SALICYLIC ACID ON UV-B TOLER- ANCE ASSOCIATED WITH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING CAPACITY IN POA PRATENSIS ...... 910

SECTION 9 SOIL BIOLOGY & CHEMISTRY & PLANT NUTRITION Bigelow, C.A., Waddill, D.W., and Chalmers, D.R. TURF-TYPE TALL FESCUE LAWN TURF RESPONSE TO ADDED CLIPPINGS ...... 916 Kruse, J.K., Christians, N.E., and Chaplin, M.H. REMOTE SENSING OF PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCIES IN AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA ...... 923 Giles-Townsend, L., Clarke, C., Birtle, A., and Elphinstone, D. EFFECTS OF ZEOLITE AMENDMENTS ON THE NUTRIENT RETENTION OF SAND-BASED ROOTZONES ...... 929 Hunter, A., and Butler, T. THE EFFECTS OF HUMIC ACID, SEAWEED EXTRACT AND PHC ORGANIC PLANT FEED ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA PENN A4 GRASS IN A SAND BASED ROOTZONE...... 937 Jiang, Z. MACRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TURFGRASS CLIPPINGS AND GROUNDWATER AS AFFECTED BY FERTILIZERS ...... 944 Johnston, W.J., Golob, C.T., and Schnurr, J.P. RAPID, NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR SEPARATING TURFGRASS CLIPPINGS FROM TOPDRESSING SAND USING AN INCLINED VIBRATING DECK ...... 952 Lee, D.J., and Peacock, C.H. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ORGANIC SOURCES ON NI- TROGEN RELEASE AND TURFGRASS QUALITY ...... 956 Hull, R.J., and Liu, H. TURFGRASS NITROGEN: PHYSIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 962 Macolino, S., and Ziliotto, U. THE IMPACT OF RETURNED GRASS CLIPPINGS ON THE ROOT GROWTH OF TALL FESCUE ...... 976 Miltner, E.D., Stahnke, G.K., and Rinehart, G.J. MOWING HEIGHT, NITROGEN RATE, AND ORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON PERENNIAL RYEGRASS QUALITY AND PEST OCCURRENCE982 Petrovic, A.M., Soldat, D., Gruttadaurio, J., and Barlow, J. TURFGRASS GROWTH AND QUALITY RELATED TO SOIL AND TISSUE NUTRIENT CONTENT ...... 989 Shearman, R.C., Erusha, K.S., and Wit, L.A. IRRIGATION AND POTASSIUM EFFECTS ON POA PRATENSIS L. FAIRWAY TURF ...... 998 Volterrani, M., Grossi, N., Foschi, L., and Miele, S. EFFECTS OF NITROGEN NUTRITION ON BERMUDAGRASS SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE ...... 1005 xii Woods, M.S., Ketterings, Q.M., and Rossi, F.S. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM AVAILABILITY IN A CALCAREOUS SAND ...... 1015

SECTION 10 SOIL PHYSICS & ROOTZONE CONSTRUCTION Adams, W.A., Baker, S.W., Jones, D.M., and Young, R.J. MEASURING AND MODELLING THE BOUNCE AND PACE OF COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIP CRICKET PITCHES ...... 1021 Ok, C-O., Anderson, S.H., Ervin, E.H., and Fresenburg, B.S. ROOTZONE WATER CONTENT AND DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE OF CREEPING BENTGRASS IN SELECTED PUTTING GREEN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS ...... 1027 Baker, S.W., and Woollacott, A.R. CONSTRUCTION PROFILES OF CRICKET PITCHES AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PLAYING PERFORMANCE ...... 1034 Wright, B., Elphinstone, D., and Clarke, C. RECYCLED GLASS AGGREGATE: POTENTIAL USE AS A GRAVEL LAYER IN GOLF GREEN CONSTRUCTIONS ...... 1042 Dest, W.M., Guillard, K., and Ebdon, S. THE EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT INCLUSIONS ON WEAR TOLERANCE, PLAYING QUALITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN A SILT LOAM AND SAND ROOTZONE MATRIX ...... 1049 Frank, K.W., Leach, B.E., Crum, J.R., Rieke, P.E., Leinauer, B.R., Nikolai, T.A., and Calhoun, R.N. THE EFFECTS OF A VARIABLE DEPTH ROOT ZONE ON SOIL MOISTURE IN A SLOPED USGA PUTTING GREEN .... 1060 Liu, C., Gibbs, R.J., Wrigley, M.P., and Kemp, P.D. AN INTEGRATED RATE METHODOLOGY APPROACH FOR PREDICTING GOLF GREEN PERFORMANCE ...... 1067 Glasgow, A., Gibbs, R.J., McAuliffe, K.W., and Liu, C. AN INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC MATTER LEVELS IN NEW ZEALAND GOLF GREENS ...... 1078 Goodall, S.A., Guillard, K., Dest, W.M., and Demars, K.R. BALL RESPONSE AND TRACTION OF SKINNED INFIELDS AMENDED WITH CALCINED CLAY AT VARYING SOIL MOISTURE CONTENTS ...... 1085 Karcher, D.E., and Rieke, P.E. WATER INJECTION CULTIVATION OF A SAND-TOPDRESSED PUTTING GREEN ...... 1094 Li, D., Minner, D.D., Christians, N.E., and Logsdon, S. EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF VARIABLE ROOT ZONE DEPTH ON THE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SAND-BASED TURF SYSTEMS ...... 1100 Liu, H., McCarty, L.B., Wells, C.E., Baldwin, C.M., and Brown, P.J. A GREENHOUSE ESTABLISHMENT STUDY COMPARING PEANUT SHELL BIO-SOLID WITH PEAT MOSS AS AN ORGANIC SOURCE FOR ROOT ZONE MIX ...... 1108 McNitt, A.S., and Landschoot, P.J. THE EFFECTS OF SOIL REINFORCING MATERIALS ON THE TRACTION AND DIVOT RESISTANCE OF A SAND ROOT ZONE ...... 1115 Schlossberg, M.J., McNitt, A.S., and Fidanza, M.A. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER REPELLENCY IN SAND- BASED ROOT ZONES ...... 1123 Owen, A.G., Hammond, L.K.F., and Baker, S.W. EXAMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RECY- CLED GLASS-DERIVED SANDS FOR USE IN GOLF GREEN ROOTZONES ...... 1131 Owen, A.G., Woollacott, A.R., and Baker, S.W. AN EVALUATION OF RECYCLED GLASS-DERIVED SAND FOR USE IN GOLF COURSE BUNKERS ...... 1138 Burnett, S., Quisenberry, V.L., McCarty, L.B., Hubbard, R., and Brown, P.J. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN USGA RECOMMENDED SANDS AS AFFECTED BY BRIDGING FACTOR ...... 1144 Waltz Jr., F.C., and McCarty, L.B. FIELD EVALUATION OF SOIL AMENDMENTS USED IN ROOTZONE MIXES FOR GOLF COURSE PUTTING GREENS ...... 1150

xiii SECTION 11 WEEDS Belcher, J.L., Walker, R.H., and Wehtje, G. FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION OF SELECTED CYPERUS AND KYLLINGA SPECIES ...... 1159 Branham, B.E., Sharp, W., Kohler, E.A., Fermanian, T.W., and Voigt, T.B. SELECTIVE CONTROL OF CREEPING BENTGRASS (AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA L.) IN KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS L.) TURF1164 Beasley, J.S., and Branham, B.E. ANALYSIS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND TRINEXAPAC ACID IN TURFGRASS CLIPPINGS ...... 1170 Brecke, B.J., Unruh, J.B., and Stephenson IV., D.O. DAZOMET BLENDED WITH ROOTZONE MIX FOR FUMI- GATION ...... 1176 Busey, P., and Johnston, D.L. PREDICTING PREEMERGENCE HERBICIDE EFFECTS ON OVERSEEDED PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE) ...... 1179 Calhoun, R.N., Rinehart, G.J., Hathaway, A.D., and Buhler, D.D. MAXIMIZING CULTURAL PRACTICES TO MINIMIZE WEED PRESSURE AND EXTEND HERBICIDE TREATMENT INTERVAL IN A COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS MIXTURE ...... 1184 Goss, R.M., Gaussoin, R.E., and Martin, A.R. SURVIVAL OF COMMON TURFGRASS WEED POPULATIONS FOLLOWING GLYPHOSATE APPLICATION ...... 1189 Hart, S.E., Lycan, D.W., and Meyer, W.A. RESPONSE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS L.) CULTIVARS TO PREEMERGENCE HERBICIDES...... 1193 Park, B.S., and Landschoot, P.J. NONSELECTIVE HERBICIDES FOR CONTROL OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS AND TALL FESCUE TURF ...... 1198 Larsen, S.U., and Fischer, J. PLAYING INTENSITY AND GRASS, WEED, AND BARE GROUND ON FOOT- BALL PITCHES ...... 1205 Larsen, S.U., and Fischer, J. TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AND WEED CONTROL ON GOLF COURSE FAIRWAYS WITHOUT PESTICIDES ...... 1213 Lycan, D.W., Hart, S.E., and Murphy, J.A. ANNUAL BLUEGRASS CONTROL IN KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS WITH SULFOSULFURON ...... 1222 Mitra, S., and Bhowmik, P.C. ROOT PRUNING PREEMERGENCE HERBICIDES AFFECT ROOT DEVELOP- MENT OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS L.) ...... 1227 Ferrell, J.A., Murphy, T.R., Waltz Jr., F.C., and Smith, A.E. ORAL AND DERMAL EXPOSURE OF GOLFERS TO 2,4-D, DICAMBA AND MECOPROP ...... 1233 Richardson, M.D., McCalla, J.H., Boyd, J.W., Karcher, D.E., and Landreth, J.W. TOLERANCE OF ZOYSIAGRASS SEEDLINGS TO POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES ...... 1240 McCullough, P.E., Whitwell, T., McCarty, L.B., and Liu, H. RESPONSE OF ‘TIFEAGLE’ BERMUDAGRASS TO FENARIMOL AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ...... 1245

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