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The Social Ideas of Oliver Goldsmith with Particular Reference to His Position Between Classicism and Romanticism

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The Social Ideas of Oliver Goldsmith with Particular Reference to His Position Between Classicism and Romanticism The social ideas of Oliver Goldsmith with particular reference to his position between classicism and romanticism Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors McNiece, Gerald Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 22:24:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318941 THE SOCIAL IDEAS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HIS POSITION BETWEEN CLASSICISM AND ROMANTICISM by Gerald M. Me Niece A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1948 Approved 711 — -__ > . (Lb n Director of The ^as M)ate • ' • ; . ^ABIE 'OF GOT^STS , Chapter : - I ^ -. THE :p r o b l e i ' AID HEPTHTTIOHS OF ,TERMS HSED, II . A PRESEHTATIOH. OF GOHmMITH* S. IDEAS OF LHXHRY AND COMIERCE . ... ..o @ . ..6 ..o e . @ ■ 23 III, GOLDSMITH® S IDEOLOGICAL POSITIOF BETWEEN . • PRIMITIVISM AFD SO'CIAL REFINEMENT... ..... .o... 49 IVo GOLDSMITH'S IDEAS ON INDIVIDUALISM AND ' •, COSMOPOLITANISM.. $. « • . .. « *■» « @ . © ©. © . ©. 61 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.... ..V.. .... .. ........... 81 HIBIiIOG RAPRiY'...... ..................................... 90 /i 9 6.84.8 ■ : THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED ' Tbh position .of Oliver Goldsmith. (1728=1774) In English letters has long been assuredo The beauties.of his style and :tlie: charm of his sentiments ■ have attracted many readers " ' to this later eighteenth century literary'figurei But Goldsmithrs positibn in the history of ideas has received relatively little. consideration0 Too often his comments on ■. social questions have been laid aside as of little signlfi- . cance.® h ; ' : . /i:/ : -'' i ' ' i -: ■ lo / THE PROBLEM ' \ ; vi . Statement of the problem-^. It: was the purpose of this V ^ : Study : (1 ) to present and • interpret, the social ideas .of . : ■ Oliver .Goldsmith with a view to the eighteenth century background from which they proceededI and (2) to decide Goldsmith® s.. position be tween classicism and romanticism as established by those social ideas® • : importance of the study o Goldsmith was sub .is c te d to' a hr crosscurrent of ideas<, some originating from the traditional- .. 1st 9 nep-classic., pas to t h e r s fore shadowing, a future age which ' saw the French Revolutioh and the;romantic upheavalo. It is felt that a study of Goldsmith, a ■writer of the transitional period,' might clarify' the. meanings- of the , terms classicism ' 4 ;and: romanticism by revealing. the. contrasting tendencies at • In GoldsmltM lies :tile: key to an ‘age e But not only does the survey of his. ideas aid in comprehending: the literary forces .whlchhourlshed.hirris but- it also provides considerable i: ' Insight into a difficult perlodp a period of transition .. between: two great IdeaSo T . ' /. - ' - \ : - i : ; ■ S; ' iio the plan of. the thesis v ■ V - t - Prefatory material concerning Goldsmith5s eighteenth .century background has been included in this Introductpry . chapter in addition to working .definitions of classicism9 .• : romanticism9 and sentimentalism. Two further topicss the -' ''transition from classicism to romanticism and the distinction between romanticlsm and .sentimehtalism, have been discussed "ibrieflyi.r :V:'.. 1 v; /"■ ^ . I; ; h ^-Vnr The actual matter of Goldsmith8 s social ideas has been apportioned among Chapters II? III9 and IV9 with ChapterV . presenting a summary and conclusionsc Chapter II presents - Goldsmi th’ s Ideas on luxury arid commerceChapters ' III and I¥ proceed from Goldsmith’s detiunciation of the abuses .'of " luxury in Chapter 111 Chapter III .inspects the range Of Goldsmith’s ideas on sentimental primitivism and useful : luxury^ attempting to discover If. justification may exist > for referring to Goldsmith as a sentlmentalist.» ; Chapter IV : is developed from the s ymp a thy whi ch Goldsmith displayed for: the poors simple folk oppressed by the tyranny of luxury. His •concern with the Iridiyidual as opposed to the mass of 'aoc.i@tys'/':.with''vparfei.cular'.'rdfer0Eic9;.:fco .'lai.s -ideas on prison reform^ is observed as growing from his personal sympathies» . Cosmopoil fcanism has been disous sed 'as: an extension . of- romantic indivldualism, with emphasis upon Goldsmithis citizen™of-the-. world concept o' Chapter V s the final chapters, .summarizes in the usual fashion the findings of the problem chapters, and^ in conclusions attempts to justify by. reference to these findings'the statements made as to the importance of the Study o..y \ ■ . : ^ ■■' -: ; ■: h '1 . : - ' ' ::".i ;V ' ; in.: m e t h o d of p r o c e d u r e " : ; . - The. edition of Goldsmith which has been used in this study is that of Peter Cunninghamo This editions .first ■ released: in 1854 and- reprinted in: the; Turk1 s Head Edition. of 1908s was followed by a number nf more, modern editions whichp' however$, were: not available o The Gunnlngham edltion includes Goldsmithts major works and large excerpts from . his more important'cbmpilations c Those works by Goldsmith, which are usually rated as of ma jor 'importance and theref ore . considered at some;:length ■ in. this study are the two poems. The Traveller and The Deserted tillage, The Citizen, of the • ■; World essays, and the one great novel. The Vicar of Wakefield0 The two comedies„ The Good^Hatured Map-and She Stoops to ' Conquerg- had no particular application to this study*.. : .Supplementary material:has been derived from his other less ’ known works j, some of' whichg notably Hew Essays edited by ' : Ronald So Crane in 1927s help to explain and corroborate the .pbsltibns which. Goldsmith, takes in the better-known■ works» : Critical and interpretive material to . supplement, the readings: in. G-b Id smith :has: been considered under, four divisions : ' (1 ) general background . works ; ( 2); works' on the , theorie s of roman­ ticism s .cladslelsmj, and sentimentalism; .(3) works containing references to Goldsmith^ :s 'social ideas i - and ( 4) works in . which Goldsmith’ s, position invthe histpry of ideas has been estimatedo ;v ^ :V > . - - - . % , . ■ - ihere are ^ no extended works available, on Goldsmith1s ■social: .Ideas» Howeveri a fairly representative group of opinions has been derived by the collation of such articles .as Robert Wo Seitz5 s- "The Irish Background of Goldsmith's Thought" and Howard Jo Bell's "The Deserted Village and Goldsmith5s Social Doctrines" with the brief but pertinent comments from the literary histories and critical surveys 6 • : An Interesting variance of opinion exists among those who have attempted to classify Goldsmith as classicists : romanticists' or sentimentalist0 The anti-sentimentalist • side is represented by Robert B e.Heilman and Ernest.Bernbaumj . such scholars as Walter,- Pran.cis Wright and James Hall Pitman stress h i s .entlmcntallsm„ A'similar situation exists in regard to Goldsmith5.s position between classidsm and roman--, tlcismo ; Thus, a gallery Of . critics .refer to the ; writer, , . according to their respective .predilections-, , as 'Goldsmith? the arch-cons.ervatiVe9 the reactionary; Goldsmith9 the romantic precursor I, or perhaps as Gbldsmiths, the man who wrote his prose with his head and his poetry with his he art« The reasons for such a condition as centered Inin the : dual'natUredual 'natUre of many of Goldsmith5s 11deas:have.beendeas: have.been discus sedse as: part of this thesisthesis0 It is feltfait that the best way to . • ; resolve such disturbing paradoxes is to display the author6s i deas as controlled or influenced by his background and i evaluate them by su: etic. criteria^. > : I¥ o BlCKGI^IJliBj, J®FINlTipSS:? MBVhSSEHTIAL DISTIdGTlOHS Gf the period in which Goldsmith iived, referring espe­ cially, to: the' years be tween 1710 and 1780 P VG 0. Mo Trevelyan . ;'States t. :■ 'f . ; ': i' ’h " :'h . hi In England it was an age of aristocracy and liberty! • of the rule of law and the absence of reform;, of indi- g vidual initiative and institutional decay! of Latitudin arianism above and Wesleyanism below| of the growth of hmaani tar I an and philanthropic .feeling and endeavour ■ of creative vigour In' all the trades and arts that serve and adorn the life of man0 It was? as -Trevelyan implies $, an age which glorif ied man and .his facuitieso Thinkers of that era felt that society had -reached a certain peak Of perfectionc, Philosophers of the s tree t> such' as. Br o Johns on # had ample leisure to--•moralize ' on the human scene j,:. fee ling: happily certain that the state. of society and the modes of thoUght'to which they were ' . ; • accustomed were not mere passing aspects of . an ever-shifting kaleIdoscopep -hut permanent habitationss the final outcome " of reason and- experienced" : • ' -1- - : - >.-■ ; - ■ " George Macaulay :Tre velyan9 Englis Po 359 :Prosperity was theirs o The canal system'and the turn- . pike roads had stimulated both the exchange of goods' :Inside the island and the overseas tradeo- British commerce had ' begun to assume .its modern form of supplying necessaries for: all j, instead of • merely luxuries for the rich.. For; it :was ■.;h only in the eighteenth century that - articles of general con- .sump 11 on. we re;
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