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Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability, Pages 1–8, Sydney, July 2006
COLING •ACL 2006 MLRI’06 Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability Proceedings of the Workshop Chairs: Andreas Witt, Gilles Sérasset, Susan Armstrong, Jim Breen, Ulrich Heid and Felix Sasaki 23 July 2006 Sydney, Australia Production and Manufacturing by BPA Digital 11 Evans St Burwood VIC 3125 AUSTRALIA c 2006 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 1-932432-82-5 ii Table of Contents Preface .....................................................................................v Organizers . vii Workshop Program . ix Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) for NLP Multilingual Resources Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet and Claudia Soria . 1 The Role of Lexical Resources in CJK Natural Language Processing Jack Halpern . 9 Towards Agent-based Cross-Lingual Interoperability of Distributed Lexical Resources Claudia Soria, Maurizio Tesconi, Andrea Marchetti, Francesca Bertagna, Monica Monachini, Chu-Ren Huang and Nicoletta Calzolari. .17 The LexALP Information System: Term Bank and Corpus for Multilingual Legal Terminology Consolidated Verena Lyding, Elena Chiocchetti, Gilles Sérasset and Francis Brunet-Manquat . 25 The Development of a Multilingual Collocation Dictionary Sylviane Cardey, Rosita Chan and Peter Greenfield. .32 Multilingual Collocation Extraction: Issues and Solutions Violeta Seretan and Eric Wehrli . 40 Structural Properties of Lexical Systems: Monolingual and Multilingual Perspectives Alain Polguère . 50 A Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting English-Japanese Parallel Texts Ken’ichi Fukushima, Kenjiro Taura and Takashi Chikayama . 60 Evaluation of the Bible as a Resource for Cross-Language Information Retrieval Peter A. -
Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability, Pages 9–16, Sydney, July 2006
The Role of Lexical Resources in CJK Natural Language Processing Jack Halpern(春遍雀來) The CJK Dictionary Institute (CJKI) (日中韓辭典研究所) 34-14, 2-chome, Tohoku, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-0001, Japan [email protected] Abstract 7. Chinese and Japanese proper nouns, which are The role of lexical resources is often un- very numerous, are difficult to detect without a derstated in NLP research. The complex- lexicon. ity of Chinese, Japanese and Korean 8. Automatic recognition of terms and their vari- (CJK) poses special challenges to devel- ants (Jacquemin 2001). opers of NLP tools, especially in the area of word segmentation (WS), information The various attempts to tackle these tasks by retrieval (IR), named entity extraction statistical and algorithmic methods (Kwok 1997) (NER), and machine translation (MT). have had only limited success. An important mo- These difficulties are exacerbated by the tivation for such methodology has been the poor lack of comprehensive lexical resources, availability and high cost of acquiring and main- especially for proper nouns, and the lack taining large-scale lexical databases. of a standardized orthography, especially This paper discusses how a lexicon-driven ap- in Japanese. This paper summarizes some proach exploiting large-scale lexical databases of the major linguistic issues in the de- can offer reliable solutions to some of the princi- velopment NLP applications that are de- pal issues, based on over a decade of experience pendent on lexical resources, and dis- in building such databases for NLP applications. cusses the central role such resources should play in enhancing the accuracy of 2 Named Entity Extraction NLP tools. -
Mass Spectrometric Research of Hydrogenated Molecules of Carbon As Products of Pyrolysis of Benzene and Pyridine Vapours
Chemical and Materials Engineering 1(4): 122-131, 2013 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cme.2013.010404 Mass Spectrometric Research of Hydrogenated Molecules of Carbon as Products of Pyrolysis of Benzene and Pyridine Vapours Alexey Kharlamov1, Marina Bondarenko1,*, Ganna Kharlamova2 1Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NASU, Krzhyzhanovsky St. 3, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine 2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Volodymyrs'ka St. 64, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract Hydrogenated carbon molecules are to speak about creation on the basis of system of convertible synthesized by a method which essentially is distinct from reactions already known methods of preparation of fulleranes as this C60+30H2 C60H60 (1) method a preliminary stage of synthesis of carbon molecules accumulator of hydrogen with so huge (7.7mass. %) contents is excluded completely. Fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes as ⇌ of hydrogen. Though here it is necessary to note, that in nanodimentional particles were in common deposited by dodecahedrane С Н , which was synthesized by Paquette ethanol from benzene-xylene extracts from products of 20 20 [4] three years prior to opening of fullerene С (and 8 years pyrolysis of vapours of benzene and pyridine. The 60 prior to obtaining of first fullerane C H ), the ratio Н/C is dehydrogenation of the synthesized samples of fulleranes 60 36 the same (1/12) as in fullerene С Н . However of so and quasi-fulleranes is started at 30-50 °C and the evacuation 60 60 steadfast interest of the researchers this controllable of hydrogen proceeds up to 700 °C. -
Functionalized Aromatics Aligned with the Three Cartesian Axes: Extension of Centropolyindane Chemistry*
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 749–775, 2006. doi:10.1351/pac200678040749 © 2006 IUPAC Functionalized aromatics aligned with the three Cartesian axes: Extension of centropolyindane chemistry* Dietmar Kuck‡ Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany Abstract: The unique geometrical features and structural potential of the centropolyindanes, a complete family of novel, 3D polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are discussed with respect to the inherent orthogonality of their arene units. Thus, the largest member of the family, centrohexaindane, a topologically nonplanar hydrocarbon, is presented as a “Cartesian hexa- benzene”, because each of its six benzene units is stretched into one of the six directions of the Cartesian space. This feature is discussed on the basis of the X-ray crystal structures of centrohexaindane and two lower members of the centropolyindane family, viz. the parent tribenzotriquinacenes. Recent progress in multiple functionalization and extension of the in- dane wings of selected centropolyindanes is reported, including several highly efficient six- and eight-fold C–C cross-coupling reactions. Some particular centropolyindane derivatives are presented, such as the first twelve-fold functionalized centrohexaindane and a tribenzo- triquinacene bearing three mutually orthogonal phenanthroline groupings at its molecular pe- riphery. Challenges to further extend the arene peripheries of the tribenzotriquinacenes and fenestrindanes to give, eventually, graphite cuttings bearing a central bowl- or saddle-shaped center are outlined, as is the hypothetical generation of a “giant” nanocube consisting of eight covalently bound tribenzotriquinacene units. Along these lines, our recent discovery of a re- lated, solid-state supramolecular cube, containing eight molecules of a particular tri- bromotrinitrotribenzotriquinacene of the same absolute configuration, is presented for the first time. -
Stabilization of Anti-Aromatic and Strained Five-Membered Rings with A
ARTICLES PUBLISHED ONLINE: 23 JUNE 2013 | DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.1690 Stabilization of anti-aromatic and strained five-membered rings with a transition metal Congqing Zhu1, Shunhua Li1,MingLuo1, Xiaoxi Zhou1, Yufen Niu1, Minglian Lin2, Jun Zhu1,2*, Zexing Cao1,2,XinLu1,2, Tingbin Wen1, Zhaoxiong Xie1,Paulv.R.Schleyer3 and Haiping Xia1* Anti-aromatic compounds, as well as small cyclic alkynes or carbynes, are particularly challenging synthetic goals. The combination of their destabilizing features hinders attempts to prepare molecules such as pentalyne, an 8p-electron anti- aromatic bicycle with extremely high ring strain. Here we describe the facile synthesis of osmapentalyne derivatives that are thermally viable, despite containing the smallest angles observed so far at a carbyne carbon. The compounds are characterized using X-ray crystallography, and their computed energies and magnetic properties reveal aromatic character. Hence, the incorporation of the osmium centre not only reduces the ring strain of the parent pentalyne, but also converts its Hu¨ckel anti-aromaticity into Craig-type Mo¨bius aromaticity in the metallapentalynes. The concept of aromaticity is thus extended to five-membered rings containing a metal–carbon triple bond. Moreover, these metal–aromatic compounds exhibit unusual optical effects such as near-infrared photoluminescence with particularly large Stokes shifts, long lifetimes and aggregation enhancement. romaticity is a fascinating topic that has long interested Results and discussion both experimentalists and theoreticians because of its ever- Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of osmapentalynes. Aincreasing diversity1–5. The Hu¨ckel aromaticity rule6 applies Treatment of complex 1 (ref. 32) with methyl propiolate to cyclic circuits of 4n þ 2 mobile electrons, but Mo¨bius topologies (HC;CCOOCH3) at room temperature produced osmapentalyne favour 4n delocalized electron counts7–10. -
Graphene Supported Rhodium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Ameerunisha Begum1*, Moumita Bose2 & Golam Moula2
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Graphene Supported Rhodium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Ameerunisha Begum1*, Moumita Bose2 & Golam Moula2 Current research on catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is based on obtaining higher catalytic activity than platinum particle catalysts on porous carbon. In search of a more sustainable catalyst other than platinum for the catalytic conversion of water to hydrogen gas, a series of nanoparticles of transition metals viz., Rh, Co, Fe, Pt and their composites with functionalized graphene such as RhNPs@f-graphene, CoNPs@f-graphene, PtNPs@f-graphene were synthesized and characterized by SEM and TEM techniques. The SEM analysis indicates that the texture of RhNPs@f- graphene resemble the dispersion of water droplets on lotus leaf. TEM analysis indicates that RhNPs of <10 nm diameter are dispersed on the surface of f-graphene. The air-stable NPs and nanocomposites were used as electrocatalyts for conversion of acidic water to hydrogen gas. The composite RhNPs@f- graphene catalyses hydrogen gas evolution from water containing p-toluene sulphonic acid (p-TsOH) at an onset reduction potential, Ep, −0.117 V which is less than that of PtNPs@f-graphene (Ep, −0.380 V) under identical experimental conditions whereas the onset potential of CoNPs@f-graphene was at Ep, −0.97 V and the FeNPs@f-graphene displayed onset potential at Ep, −1.58 V. The pure rhodium nanoparticles, RhNPs also electrocatalyse at Ep, −0.186 V compared with that of PtNPs at Ep, −0.36 V and that of CoNPs at Ep, −0.98 V. -
The Synthesis of Hindered Aliphatic Ketones for the Future Production of Spiro [4.5] Decane Sesquiterpenes
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1986 The Synthesis of Hindered Aliphatic Ketones for the Future Production of Spiro [4.5] Decane Sesquiterpenes Stephen Lee Hodges College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Hodges, Stephen Lee, "The Synthesis of Hindered Aliphatic Ketones for the Future Production of Spiro [4.5] Decane Sesquiterpenes" (1986). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625343. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jkzs-gq54 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SYNTHESIS OF HINDERED ALIPHATIC KETONES FOR THE FUTURE PRODUCTION OF SPIRO[4.5] DECANE SESQUITERPENES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Chemistry The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts t>y Stephen Lee Hodges 1986 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, February 1986 David W. Thompson, Ph.D \\ j j D Trevor B. Hill, Ph.D. andolph A. Coleman, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................... vi INTRODUCTION........................................ 2 DISCUSSION............................................. 21 EXPERIMENTAL...........................................31 Spiro[4.5]dec-6-ene-lf 8-trione . .......... 31 2 -Isopropyl-l, 3-cyclopentanedione.............. -
Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes, and Cycloalkynes
CYCLOALKANES, CYCLOALKENES, AND CYCLOALKYNES any important hydrocarbons, known as cycloalkanes, contain rings of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds. The simple cycloalkanes of formula (CH,), make up a particularly important homologous series in which the chemical properties change in a much more dramatic way with increasing n than do those of the acyclic hydrocarbons CH,(CH,),,-,H. The cyclo- alkanes with small rings (n = 3-6) are of special interest in exhibiting chemical properties intermediate between those of alkanes and alkenes. In this chapter we will show how this behavior can be explained in terms of angle strain and steric hindrance, concepts that have been introduced previously and will be used with increasing frequency as we proceed further. We also discuss the conformations of cycloalkanes, especially cyclo- hexane, in detail because of their importance to the chemistry of many kinds of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some attention also will be paid to polycyclic compounds, substances with more than one ring, and to cyclo- alkenes and cycloalkynes. 12-1 NOMENCLATURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CYCLOALKANES The IUPAC system for naming cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes was presented in some detail in Sections 3-2 and 3-3, and you may wish to review that ma- terial before proceeding further. Additional procedures are required for naming 446 12 Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes, and Cycloalkynes Table 12-1 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Density, Compounds Bp, "C Mp, "C diO,g ml-' propane cyclopropane butane cyclobutane pentane cyclopentane hexane cyclohexane heptane cycloheptane octane cyclooctane nonane cyclononane "At -40". bUnder pressure. polycyclic compounds, which have rings with common carbons, and these will be discussed later in this chapter. -
Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Cycloalkynes and Organic Azides
Top Curr Chem (Z) (2016) 374:16 DOI 10.1007/s41061-016-0016-4 REVIEW Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Cycloalkynes and Organic Azides 1 1 Jan Dommerholt • Floris P. J. T. Rutjes • Floris L. van Delft2 Received: 24 November 2015 / Accepted: 17 February 2016 / Published online: 22 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A nearly forgotten reaction discovered more than 60 years ago—the cycloaddition of a cyclic alkyne and an organic azide, leading to an aromatic triazole—enjoys a remarkable popularity. Originally discovered out of pure chemical curiosity, and dusted off early this century as an efficient and clean bio- conjugation tool, the usefulness of cyclooctyne–azide cycloaddition is now adopted in a wide range of fields of chemical science and beyond. Its ease of operation, broad solvent compatibility, 100 % atom efficiency, and the high stability of the resulting triazole product, just to name a few aspects, have catapulted this so-called strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) right into the top-shelf of the toolbox of chemical biologists, material scientists, biotechnologists, medicinal chemists, and more. In this chapter, a brief historic overview of cycloalkynes is provided first, along with the main synthetic strategies to prepare cycloalkynes and their chemical reactivities. Core aspects of the strain-promoted reaction of cycloalkynes with azides are covered, as well as tools to achieve further reaction acceleration by means of modulation of cycloalkyne structure, nature of azide, and choice of solvent. Keywords Strain-promoted cycloaddition Á Cyclooctyne Á BCN Á DIBAC Á Azide This article is part of the Topical Collection ‘‘Cycloadditions in Bioorthogonal Chemistry’’; edited by Milan Vrabel, Thomas Carell & Floris P. -
Anagostic Interactions Under Pressure: Attractive Or Repulsive? Wolfgang Scherer *[A], Andrew C
Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: manuscript_final.pdf ((Attractive or repulsive?)) DOI: 10.1002/anie.200((will be filled in by the editorial staff)) Anagostic Interactions under Pressure: Attractive or Repulsive? Wolfgang Scherer *[a], Andrew C. Dunbar [a], José E. Barquera-Lozada [a], Dominik Schmitz [a], Georg Eickerling [a], Daniel Kratzert [b], Dietmar Stalke [b], Arianna Lanza [c,d], Piero Macchi*[c], Nicola P. M. Casati [d], Jihaan Ebad-Allah [a] and Christine Kuntscher [a] The term “anagostic interactions” was coined in 1990 by Lippard preagostic interactions are considered to lack any “involvement of 2 and coworkers to distinguish sterically enforced M•••H-C contacts dz orbitals in M•••H-C interactions” and rely mainly on M(dxz, yz) (M = Pd, Pt) in square-planar transition metal d8 complexes from o V (C-H) S-back donation.[3b] attractive, agostic interactions.[1a] This classification raised the fundamental question whether axial M•••H-C interaction in planar The first observation of unusual axial M•••H-C interaction in 8 8 d -ML4 complexes represent (i) repulsive anagostic 3c-4e M•••H-C planar d -ML4 complexes was made by S. Trofimenko, who interactions[1] (Scheme 1a) or (ii) attractive 3c-4e M•••H-C pioneered the chemistry of transition metal pyrazolylborato hydrogen bonds[2] (Scheme 1b) in which the transition metal plays complexes.[5,6] Trofimenko also realized in 1968, on the basis of the role of a hydrogen-bond acceptor (Scheme 1b). The latter NMR studies, that the shift of the pseudo axial methylene protons in 3 bonding description is related to another bonding concept which the agostic species [Mo{Et2B(pz)2}(K -allyl)(CO)2] (1) (pz = describes these M•••H-C contacts in terms of (iii) pregostic or pyrazolyl; allyl = H2CCHCH2) “is comparable in magnitude but [3] preagostic interactions (Scheme 1c) which are considered as being different in direction from that observed in Ni[Et2B(pz)2]2” (2) “on the way to becoming agostic, or agostic of the weak type”.[4] (Scheme 2).[6,7] Scheme 1. -
WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/10 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/DK20 15/050343 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 11 November 2015 ( 11. 1 1.2015) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (25) Filing Language: English PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (26) Publication Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: PA 2014 00655 11 November 2014 ( 11. 1 1.2014) DK (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/077,933 11 November 2014 ( 11. 11.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/202,3 18 7 August 2015 (07.08.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: LUNDORF PEDERSEN MATERIALS APS TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, [DK/DK]; Nordvej 16 B, Himmelev, DK-4000 Roskilde DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (DK). -
Organometallics Study Meeting H.Mitsunuma 1
04/21/2011 Organometallics Study Meeting H.Mitsunuma 1. Crystal field theory (CFT) and ligand field theory (LFT) CFT: interaction between positively charged metal cation and negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand LFT: molecular orbital theory (back donation...etc) Octahedral (figure 9-1a) d-electrons closer to the ligands will have a higher energy than those further away which results in the d-orbitals splitting in energy. ligand field splitting parameter ( 0): energy between eg orbital and t2g orbital 1) high oxidation state 2) 3d<4d<5d 3) spectrochemical series I-< Br-< S2-< SCN-< Cl-< N -,F-< (H N) CO, OH-< ox, O2-< H O< NCS- <C H N, NH < H NCH CH NH < bpy, phen< NO - - - - 3 2 2 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 < CH3 ,C6H5 < CN <CO cf) pairing energy: energy cost of placing an electron into an already singly occupied orbital Low spin: If 0 is large, then the lower energy orbitals(t2g) are completely filled before population of the higher orbitals(eg) High spin: If 0 is small enough then it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because of the repulsion resulting from matching two electrons in the same orbital 3 n ex) (t2g) (eg) (n= 1,2) Tetrahedral (figure 9-1b), Square planar (figure 9-1c) LFT (figure 9-3, 9-4) - - Cl , Br : lower 0 (figure 9-4 a) CO: higher 0 (figure 9-4 b) 2. Ligand metal complex hapticity formal chargeelectron donation metal complex hapticity formal chargeelectron donation MR alkyl 1 -1 2 6-arene 6 0 6 MH hydride 1 -1 2 M MX H 1 -1 2 halogen 1 -1 2 M M -hydride M OR alkoxide 1 -1 2 X 1 -1 4 M M -halogen O R acyl 1 -1 2 O 1 -1 4 M R M M -alkoxide O 1-alkenyl 1 -1 2 C -carbonyl 1 0 2 M M M R2 C -alkylidene 1 -2 4 1-allyl 1 -1 2 M M M O C 3-carbonyl 1 0 2 M R acetylide 1 -1 2 MMM R R C 3-alkylidine 1 -3 6 M carbene 1 0 2 MMM R R M carbene 1 -2 4 R M carbyne 1 -3 6 M CO carbonyl 1 0 2 M 2-alkene 2 0 2 M 2-alkyne 2 0 2 M 3-allyl 3 -1 4 M 4-diene 4 0 4 5 -cyclo 5 -1 6 M pentadienyl 1 3.