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Beyond Ideals: Proslavery Reforms on a Nineteenth-Century Cotton Plantation Kevin R

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Beyond Ideals: Proslavery Reforms on a Nineteenth-Century Cotton Plantation Kevin R University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 12-14-2015 Beyond Ideals: Proslavery Reforms on a Nineteenth-Century Cotton Plantation Kevin R. Fogle University of South Carolina - Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Fogle, K. R.(2015). Beyond Ideals: Proslavery Reforms on a Nineteenth-Century Cotton Plantation. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3293 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEYOND IDEALS: PROSLAVERY REFORMS ON A NINETEENTH-CENTURY COTTON PLANTATION by Kevin R. Fogle Bachelor of Science James Madison University, 2002 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2008 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2015 Accepted by: Kenneth G. Kelly, Major Professor Charles R. Cobb, Committee Member Kimberly E. Simmons, Committee Member S. Melinda Spencer, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Kevin R. Fogle, 2015 All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every phase of the Witherspoon Island Project from site survey and excavation to analysis and writing was made possible with the support of my committee, my colleagues, numerous volunteers, my students, my friends, and my loving family. The advice and constant availability of my chair, Ken Kelly, helped make this dissertation a reality. Ken’s guidance and inspiration helped craft this project over the course of many meetings, site visits, quick chats, and countless emails. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my committee members Charlie Cobb, Kim Simmons, and Mindi Spencer whose feedback and creative ideas helped strengthen and shape this project in many unique ways. Thank you for the many hours of reading and reviewing required. I want to thank Nina Rice for introducing me to Chip Helms and for inviting me out on my first trip to the Pee Dee region back in the fall of 2008. Chip’s passion and knowledge of the Darlington area convinced me that a project in this region was both viable and necessary. With his help I was able to tour several potential sites before finally connecting with the Howard family, the owners of Witherspoon Island. Huge thanks to the entire Howard family, especially Charles Howard Sr. and Chase Howard for opening their homes, providing material support and allowing me to conduct my research on Witherspoon Island. I am also honored to thank the descendants of the enslaved community on Witherspoon Island – I sincerely appreciate your willingness to entrust your vibrant iii family stories with me and for taking the time to answer my many queries. I am also extremely grateful to the descendants of J.D. Witherspoon who also have shared their stories and family records that helped to enrich this project. Funding for fieldwork and analysis was provided by several anonymous donors and grants from the Archaeological Society of South Carolina, the Southern Studies Program, and the Department of Anthropology. Their combined support for the Witherspoon Island Project helped make this important project feasible. I am indebted to many past and present students in the Department of Anthropology who supported me by offering advice, pertinent sources, and most importantly by assisting me in the field and in the lab. Special thanks go out James Nyman, Diane Wallman, Dave Rigtrup, Kelly Goldberg, Brooke Kenline, Jeremy Vanderknyff, Nick Younginer, Jeremy Vanier, Brooke Brilliant, and Colin Partridge who spent many days helping with various facets of this project. Thank you to Diane Wallman for your amazing work on the zooarchaeological assemblage. Thank you to James Nyman for taking on an advanced leadership role in the field when I needed it most. I also need to thank my Anth. 391 classes for their help processing artifacts, the students and volunteers in my 2010 field school for their labor, and both Colin Partridge and Rachel Jones for undertaking their senior theses on Witherspoon Island assemblages. All of your help means more than I can possibly express here. The Darlington County Historical Commission is an amazing institution and I want to especially thank Doris, Gail and Kaye for your vast knowledge of both the Pee Dee region and the relevant historical resources at your fingertips. A big thanks also goes iv out to Scott Wilds and Renee Brown-Bryant for your knowledge of Darlington County – your legwork and research advice has been invaluable to me. I also need to thank my supportive family. My parents instilled a sense of wonder and possibility in me from an early age – the completion of this dissertation shows that those vital lessons are still paying dividends. Finally, I need to thank my supportive wife and son for their love and unwavering belief in me throughout this long and rewarding process. v ABSTRACT The last four decades of the antebellum period witnessed the rise of a proslavery plantation reform movement aimed at preserving slavery in the face of increasing abolitionist pressure. Reformers promoted the image of ideal enslaved households operating as part of efficient modern plantations ruled by reason, benevolent management techniques, and scientific agriculture. Where implemented, reforms resulted in numerous changes to plantation life both around the home and in the fields. Slaves who bore the brunt of these changes struggled to resist plantation reforms or grudgingly accepted them depending on the impact upon established daily routines and any potential benefits bondsmen may have foreseen. Utilizing a novel integrated landscape and household framework, this dissertation examines two neighboring slave quarter sites that were excavated between 2009 and 2012 on Witherspoon Island, a large nineteenth-century cotton plantation located in Darlington County, South Carolina. Looking at both the dwellings and surrounding yard space associated with these contested landscapes, this study seeks to understand what reforms may have been adopted by planter John Dick Witherspoon and their impact on the plantation’s vibrant enslaved community. Specifically, this dissertation examines the material and symbolic impact of labor reforms on enslaved inhabitants, their dwellings and associated landscapes through the lens of dwelling architecture, household sanitation, slave diet, religious instruction, health care, and market access for slaves. While many of the reforms regarding improved housing, diet or sanitation may have appeared outwardly vi humane, I argue that the core of the reform movement was concerned with developing a better means to physically control slaves across the plantation landscape both in the fields and in the private lives bondsmen worked to create. vii PREFACE This dissertation attempts to understand the lives of the enslaved individuals on Witherspoon Island through the lens of nineteenth-century plantation reforms. To do so, this study relies heavily on primary and secondary documentation which contains racist language and derogatory terminology common to the antebellum period. All quotations from these documents are unaltered to give readers a true sense of the meaning and context associated with the original source material. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... vi PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: PROSLAVERY REFORMS AND WITHERSPOON ISLAND ......................................33 CHAPTER 3: WITHERSPOON ISLAND HISTORY AND FIELDWORK .........................................52 CHAPTER 4: REFORMS TO HEALTH, HYGIENE, AND HOUSING .............................................91 CHAPTER 5: ECONOMIC CONTROLS ON WITHERSPOON ISLAND ........................................130 CHAPTER 6: FOODWAYS AND DIETARY REFORMS ON WITHERSPOON ISLAND .................178 CHAPTER 7: CHRISTIAN ENLIGHTENMENT AND MORAL REFORMS ...................................229 CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................254 REFERENCES CITED ..........................................................................................................264 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Class Representation of Faunal Remains from Antebellum Contexts at Cabin Sites 1 & 2 by Number of Identified Species and Total Weight .....................................220 Table 6.2 Species Representation from Antebellum Contexts at Cabin Site 1 by NISP, Weight, and Minimum Number of Individuals................................................................221
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