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Resistencias Noviolentas En América Latina www.flacsoandes.edu.ec Esperanza Hernández Delgado y Cécile Mouly Coordinadoras Resistencias noviolentas en América Latina. Experiencias en Brasil, Colombia y México © 2019 FLACSO Ecuador Impreso en Ecuador, noviembre de 2019 ISBN: 978-9978-67-516-8 Depósito legal: 057540 © 2019 Ediciones Unisalle Impreso en Colombia, noviembre de 2019 ISBN impreso: 978-958-5486-71-3 ISBN digital: 978-958-5486-72-0 Cuidado de la edición: Editorial FLACSO Ecuador FLACSO Ecuador La Pradera E7-174 y Diego de Almagro, Quito-Ecuador Telf.: (593-2) 294 6800 Fax: (593-2) 294 6803 www.flacso.edu.ec Ediciones Unisalle Carrera 5 n.º 59A - 44, Sede Chapinero, Edificio Administrativo, 3.er piso Bogotá, Colombia Telf.: (571) 3488000 ext.: 1224-1226 [email protected] https://ediciones.lasalle.edu.co Ilustración de portada: “Minga por la vida” de Jafeth Gómez [email protected] Resistencias noviolentas en América Latina. Experiencias en Brasil, Colombia y México / coordinado por Esperanza Hernández Delgado y Cécile Mouly. Quito- Ecuador ; Bogotá, Colombia : FLACSO Ecuador : Ediciones Unisalle, 2019 xviii, 229 páginas : ilustraciones, figuras, fotografías, mapas tablas.- (Serie Foro) Incluye bibliografía ISBN: 9789978675168 FLACSO Ecuador ISBN: 9789585486713 Ediciones Unisalle (impreso) ISBN:9789585486720 Ediciones Unisalle (digital) CIENCIA POLITICA ; RESISTENCIA CIVIL ; CONFLICTOS SOCIALES ; MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES ; DICTADURA ; MEDIACIÓN ; SOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS ; RESISTENCIA PASIVA ; AMÉRICA LATINA. I. HERNÁNDEZ DELGADO, ESPERANZA, COORDINADORA II. MOULY, CÉCILE, COORDINADORA 321.4 - CDD F En la serie Foro se publican obras arbitradas. Índice de contenidos Abreviaturas ............................................. ix Presentación ............................................ xi Prólogo ................................................ xiii Agradecimientos ......................................... xvii Introducción ............................................ 1 Esperanza Hernández Delgado y Cécile Mouly Aprendizajes sobre la resistencia civil ......................... 3 La resistencia civil ....................................... 5 La investigación realizada .................................. 7 Referencias ............................................ 8 Capítulo 1. Namakasia: resistencia civil de la tribu yaqui en Sonora, México ........................................ 13 Esperanza Hernández Delgado El concepto de resistencia civil que aplica a la experiencia yaqui .... 15 Contexto .............................................. 18 La resistencia histórica de los yaquis .......................... 19 Conclusiones ........................................... 44 Referencias ............................................ 45 v Índice de contenidos Capítulo 2. De la resistencia pasiva a la resistencia civil: la experiencia de la tribu warijío ............................. 51 Esperanza Hernández Delgado Sobre el concepto de la resistencia civil ....................... 52 Contexto .............................................. 54 Las resistencias de la tribu warijío ........................... 59 La resistencia con recurso a la violencia ....................... 60 Conclusiones ........................................... 82 Referencias ............................................ 83 Capítulo 3. Dos momentos de resistencia noviolenta en Brasil: acción de los movimientos sociales durante la dictadura militar y el golpe a Dilma Rousseff ................................. 85 Mario Ramírez-Orozco Antecedentes para la necesidad de resistencias .................. 85 El contexto social ........................................ 88 Las resistencias contra la dictadura militar 1964-1985. 91 Las resistencias al golpe institucional contra la presidenta Dilma Rousseff ............................... 106 Conclusiones ........................................... 117 Referencias ............................................ 121 Capítulo 4. Resistencia civil al conflicto armado interno colombiano. El caso de la ATCC. ...................... 125 Esperanza Hernández Delgado y Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza Sobre la resistencia civil ................................... 127 Estudios previos ......................................... 129 Contexto ............................................. 130 La resistencia civil de la ATCC ............................. 133 Conclusiones .......................................... 146 Referencias ............................................ 149 vi Índice de contenidos Capítulo 5. ¿Cómo toma forma la paz localmente? La experiencia de resistencia civil en Samaniego, Colombia ........ 153 Cécile Mouly, María Belén Garrido y Annette Idler El doble rol de la agencia y la estructura en la movilización contra la violencia en Samaniego .................. 160 Reduciendo la violencia en Samaniego: factores de éxito .......... 168 Conclusiones ........................................... 186 Referencias ............................................ 188 Capítulo 6. Las Mercedes: esfuerzos de una comunidad por construir un territorio de paz en medio del conflicto armado ....... 195 Cécile Mouly y María Belén Garrido Rol de la estructura y la agencia en el surgimiento del territorio de paz ...................................... 200 Resultados del territorio de paz ............................. 204 Resurgimiento de la iniciativa .............................. 209 Conclusiones ........................................... 215 Referencias ............................................ 217 Principales hallazgos ...................................... 221 Esperanza Hernández Delgado y Cécile Mouly Autoras y autores ......................................... 227 vii Ilustraciones Figuras 4.1. Zona de influencia ATCC ............................... 132 Fotografías Marcha pacífica en Las Mercedes en noviembre de 2013 ............. 211 Mapas 5.1. Ubicación geográfica de Samaniego ........................ 156 6.1. Ubicación geográfica de Las Mercedes ...................... 197 Tablas 1.1. Resumen de métodos yaqui de resistencia noviolenta ........... 40 5.1. Movilización contra la violencia de parte de la población de Samaniego desde 1997 a 2014 ............................ 171 5.2. Instituciones representadas en la Mesa de Trabajo por la Paz establecida para apoyar al territorio de paz en Samaniego. 173 5.3. Comparación de enfoques de resistencia civil entre tres periodos en Samaniego ................................ 177 6.1. Seis puntos de la declaración de convivencia pacífica de Las Mercedes .................................. 203 viii Abreviaturas AB Anonymous Brasil ACNUR Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados ALN Ação Libertadora Nacional ATCC Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos del Carare AUC Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia CEB Comunidades Eclesiais de Base CIPRI Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales CNS Conselho Nacional de Saúde CONAQ Coordenação Nacional de Articulação das Comunidades Negras Rurais Quilombolas CONTAG Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura CRIC Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca DEM Demócratas ELN Ejército de Liberación Nacional EPL Ejército Popular de Liberación FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia FBP Frente Brasil Popular FETRAF Federação Nacional dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras na Agricultura Familiar FNL Frente Nacional de Luta FPS Frente Povo Sem Medo ix Abreviaturas INI Instituto Nacional Indigenista MAB Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens MBL Movimiento de Liberación de Brasil MAPP-OEA Misión de Apoyo al Proceso de Paz de la Organización de los Estados Americanos MAS Muerte a secuestradores MCP Movimento Camponês Popular MLB Movimento de Luta nos Bairros MPA Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores MPB Música Popular Brasileira MPL Movimento Pase Livre MPSM Frente Povo Sem Medo MR-8 Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro MST Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra MTST Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Teto OEA Organización de Estados Americanos PAEG Plan de Acción Económica del Gobierno PMDB Partido de Movimiento Democrático Brasileño PSC-RJ Partido Social Cristão do Rio de Janeiro PSDB Partido de la Social Democracia Brasileña PSL Partido Social Liberal PT Partidos de los Trabajadores RELASEDOR Red Latinoamericana de Análisis de Seguridad y Delincuencia Organizada SD Solidariedade TEN Teatro Experimental do Negro TFP Tradição, Família e Propriedade UNMP União Nacional por Moradia Popular USP Universidade de São Paulo UFRN Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo x Presentación La Universidad de La Salle (Colombia), y FLACSO Ecuador trabajan articu- ladamente y unen sus esfuerzos para fortalecer el quehacer académico, hacer visibles realidades propositivas, apoyar la investigación de largo alcance y contribuir a la búsqueda de alternativas frente a problemáticas comunes más allá de las fronteras. Es por esto que las dos instituciones han apoyado la pu- blicación de este libro, producto de un trabajo conjunto entre tres colectivos de investigación: por una parte, dos grupos de la Universidad de La Salle, “Educación y Sociedad” del Doctorado en Educación y Sociedad y “Trabajo social, equidad y justicia social” del Programa de Trabajo Social; por otra parte, el grupo “Paz y Conflicto” de FLACSO Ecuador. Desde la teoría de la resistencia civil y los casos documentados en Mé- xico, Colombia y Brasil, los autores del libro ofrecen hallazgos valiosos que contribuyen a comprender y caracterizar mejor esta resistencia, sus moda-
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