Covid-19 : L'asie Orientale Face À La Pandémie

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Covid-19 : L'asie Orientale Face À La Pandémie Covid-19 : l’Asie orientale face à la pandémie NOTE AVRIL 2020 Think tank indépendant créé en 2000, l’Institut Montaigne est une plateforme de réflexion, de propositions et d’expérimentations consacrée aux politiques publiques en France et en Europe. À travers ses publications et les événements qu’il organise, il souhaite jouer pleinement son rôle d’acteur du débat démocratique avec une approche transpartisane. Ses travaux sont le fruit d’une méthode d’analyse et de recherche rigoureuse et critique, ouverte sur les comparaisons internationales. Association à but non lucratif, l’Institut Montaigne réunit des chefs d’entreprise, des hauts fonctionnaires, des universitaires et des personnalités issues d’horizons divers. Ses financements Covid-19 : l’Asie orientale sont exclusivement privés, aucune contribution n’excédant 1,5 % d’un budget annuel de 6,5 millions d’euros. face à la pandémie NOTE – AVRIL 2020 À PROPOS DES AUTEURS • Mathieu Duchâtel, directeur du programme Asie Mathieu Duchâtel est le directeur du programme Asie de l’Institut Montaigne depuis janvier 2019. Avant de rejoindre l’Institut, il a été Senior Policy Fellow et Deputy Direc- tor du programme Asie de l’ECFR (2015-2018), Senior Researcher et représentant à Pékin du Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2011-2015), Research Fellow à l’Asia Centre à Paris (2007-2011) et chercheur associé, basé à Taipei, pour l’Asia Centre (2004-2007). Docteur en science politique de Sciences Po, il a vécu neuf ans entre Shanghai (Université de Fudan), Taipei (Université Nationale de Chengchi) et Pékin. Il a également été Visiting Scholar à la School of International Studies de l’Université de Pékin en 2011 et 2012, puis au Japan Institute of International Affairs en 2015. Son dernier rapport de recherche, L’Europe et la 5G : le cas Huawei, a été publié par l'Institut Montaigne en mai 2019. Il n’est désir plus naturel • François Godement, conseiller pour l’Asie que le désir de connaissance François Godement est Conseiller pour l’Asie à l’Institut Montaigne. Il est également Senior non resident fellow du Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, et consul- tant externe au ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères français. François Godement était précédemment directeur du programme Asie de l’ECFR, professeur des universités à l’INALCO (Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales) puis à Sciences Po Paris. Il a fondé le Centre Asie de l’IFRI (1985-2005), le CSCAP Europe (Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific) et le think tank Asia Centre en 2005. Il est diplômé de l’Ecole normale supérieure de la rue d’Ulm, où il s’est spécia- lisé en histoire, avant d’étudier à l’Université d’Harvard. Son dernier ouvrage publié est : La Chine à nos portes – une stratégie pour l’Europe (avec Abigaël Vasselier), Odile Jacob, 2018 et il est l’auteur, en décembre 2019, de la note Données personnelles : comment gagner la bataille. • Viviana Zhu, chargée d’études - programme Asie Viviana Zhu est chargée d’études au sein du programme Asie de l’Institut Montaigne depuis janvier 2019. Avant de rejoindre l’Institut Montaigne, elle était coordinatrice du programme Asie à l’ECFR. Elle était responsable de la coordination événementielle, du suivi des activités et du soutien aux activités de recherche. Elle est une contributrice régulière à la publication trimestrielle du programme Asie de l’Institut Montaigne, China Trends, et contribue également au blog de l’Institut Montaigne. Elle est diplômée d’un master en Politiques internationales de la School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, où elle s’est concentrée sur l’étude de la Chine et des questions internationales. REMERCIEMENTS SOMMAIRE Les auteurs remercient Vasudha Rajkumar et Fiona Trichard pour l’excellent travail Introduction . 8 d’assistance de recherche et leur implication totale dans ce projet, alors que le début de leur stage à l’Institut a coïncidé avec le confinement général. La publication de I. Alerte précoce et réaction rapide ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 cette étude n’aurait pas été possible sans la coordination de Claire Lemoine, qui a rejoint le programme Asie pendant cette période de télétravail. Nous lui en sommes II. Les contrôles aux frontières et les interdictions d’entrée . 15 extrêmement reconnaissants. III. Les mesures de comportement social : de la quarantaine ou de la distanciation sociale au confinement ���������������������� 19 IV. La mobilisation de l’industrie : l’exemple des masques, et au-delà ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 V. Politiques de dépistages �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 VI. Les outils numériques ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Les opinions exprimées dans cette note 6 n’engagent ni les personnes précédemment citées VII. Les mesures de soutien à l’économie ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 38 7 ni les institutions qu’elles représentent. La Chine : confinements, outils numériques et mobilisation industrielle . 48 Corée du sud : dépistages, investigations ciblées et la question de la vie privée . 67 Hong Kong : contrôle des frontières, traçage épidémiologique et responsabilité sociale . 80 Japon : autodiscipline, contraintes institutionnelles et l’ombre des jeux olympiques . 98 À Singapour, anticipation, surveillance et tests à l’arrivée ������������������������������������������������������ 114 La réponse rapide, minutieuse et numérique de Taiwan . 123 Conclusion . 132 www.institutmontaigne.org www.institutmontaigne.org INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION C’est là un point important pour notre démonstration, car une des paroles fantaisistes Cette note prend pour objet de recherche une cible mouvante. Ni la genèse du corona- que l’on entend le plus à propos des approches asiatiques de la lutte contre le coro- virus, désormais désigné sous le nom de Covid-19, ni certaines de ses caractéristiques navirus réside dans l’affirmation qu'elles ne sont rendues possibles que par un climat principales (étendue, contagiosité, variété des effets sur l'être humain, réaction aux politique et culturel qui favoriserait l'autorité et le collectif par rapport à l'individu. méthodes et barrières préventives mises en place) ne sont connues avec exactitude. C'est certes vrai pour la Chine, où de graves erreurs politiques ont en réalité servi de Au mieux, on ne dispose pas avec précision du nombre d’individus contaminés berceau à la montée du virus, et où le succès - jusqu'à présent - dans l'endiguement ni même du nombre de décès - ce sera le cas tant que des dépistages complets de la contagion a été favorisé par un contrôle généralisé de la population et sa et fiables n’auront pu être effectués. Cela est vrai des prémices de l’épidémie dans la mobilisation. À l’inverse, tous les autres cas de notre étude, à l'exception du Japon, province chinoise du Hubei et à Wuhan, puis de sa propagation à travers la Chine. Non ont su réagir très rapidement et avec fermeté. Plutôt que d’être dans l’obligation d’y seulement il y a de bonnes raisons de douter des chiffres officiels, mais nous ignorons aller à coups de massue pour combattre la pandémie, cette rapidité et cette fermeté jusqu’à l’amplitude de l’écart qui sépare ces chiffres de la réalité. premières les ont généralement aidés à adopter une combinaison de mesures plus spécifiques. Comme nous le verrons, cela ne signifie pas pour autant que seules Ces incertitudes invitent à la modestie, et lorsque l’on évoque certaines réponses des mesures souples ont été utilisées. Naturellement, un facteur culturel - mêlant politiques à l’épidémie de coronavirus qui ont permis de la contenir, « succès » autodiscipline et l'expérience de l’épidémie de SRAS il y a de cela 17 ans seu- est un terme relatif, auquel il convient d’apposer l’expression « jusqu'à présent ». lement - a pu jouer un rôle. Mais les fermetures de frontières, l'isolement et L’incertitude demeure quant au nombre de patients asymptomatiques et quant aux les quarantaines forcés, le tracing et le tracking obligatoires sont des points conséquences d’une vague de nouveaux cas dans des pays où le succès de la lutte communs qui rapprochent ces cas dans des proportions qui n'ont pas grand chose à contre le virus semblait effectivement à portée de main. Pour n’en citer qu’une, notons voir avec les nuances qui différencient leurs systèmes politiques. la récente évolution constatée à Singapour et au Japon : alors que les deux pays 8 semblaient avoir évité, grâce à une combinaison de mesures préventives, l’option du Au moment de la mise à disposition de la séquence complète du génome du virus, 9 confinement, ils ont dû imposer, depuis le 7 avril, des formes d’isolement social de survenue le 7 janvier 2020, ces six cas n'étaient pas tous dotés de la même manière plus en plus contraignantes. d'équipements de protection individuelle (EPI), de capacités
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