National University of Ireland St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. a 17Th
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National University of Ireland St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. A 17th century “real estate company“: The 1649 officers and the Irish land settlements, 1641-1631. b y Kevin Me Kenny Research project presented to the Department of Modern History, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. In fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of M.A. August 1939 To Mary Catherine Flannery U.S.A., whose love is now lost to me due to the pressures imposed by this study. If you love somebody set them free. If they come back they are yours. If they don't, they never were. Kevin Me Kenny August 1989 CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES. LIST OF TABLES. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. PREFACE. CHAPTER ONE, PRELUDE TO CROMWELL: IRELAND 1641-1849. CHAPTER. TWO, TO HELL OR CONNAUGHT: CROMWELLIAN IRELAND 1649-1659. CHAPTER THREE, PRELUDE TO A SETTLEMENT: IRELAND 1659-1662. CHAPTER. FOUR, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ROYALIST REAL ESTATE COMPANY: IRELAND 1663-1665 CHAPTER. FIVE, ANATOMY OF A ROYALIST SETTLEMENT: IRELAND 1665-1681. CONCLUSION APPENDIX A, AN ALBHABETICAL COMPILATION OF THE PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE '49 LOTS THAT WERE DISTRIBUTED IN 1666. APPENDIX B, A COMPILATION OF THE '49 LOTS SHOWIING THE NUMBERS INVOLVED IN EACH LOT, THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ARREARS STATED IN EACH LOT, THE NUMBER OF TRUSTEES INVOLVED IN EACH LOT AND THE AMOUNT OF QUIT RENT RESERVED TO THE RING PER. LOT. APPENDIX C, THE '49 LOTS SHOWING THE COUNTIES, TOWNS AND CITIES THAT COMPRISE EACH LOT, THE NUMBER OF PIECES OF REAL ESTATE WITHIN EACH LOT AND THE AMOUNT OF PROFITABLE AND UNPROFITABLE ACRES IN EACH. APPENDIX D, INSTRUCTIONS EMBODIED IN THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT CONCERNING THE '49 SECURITY, APPENDIX E, CLAUSES IN THE ACT OF EXPLANATION CONCERNING THE '49 SECURITY. APPENDIX F, A LEGAL OPINION AS TO WHETHER SUCH COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AS SUBMITTED NOT ON HAVING SUBMITTED TO THE CESSSATION AND AFTERWARDS FELL OFF, ARE TO BE SATISFIED ANY ARREARS OUT OF THE '49 SECURITY FOR THE TIME THEY DID NOT SUBMIT TO THE CESSATION. APPENDIX G, TRANSCRIPT OF THE FIRST DECREE OF THE DECREES OF INNOCENCE. APPENDIX H, FIRST ADJUCATION OF THE '49 LOTS BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES. 1 AREAS HELD BY THE CATHOLIC CONFEDERATES, SEPTEMBER 1643. 2 AREAS HELD BY ROYALIST FORCES, FEBRUARY 1647. 3 AREAS UNDER. PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL, JULY 1647. 4 AREAS HELD BY THE PARLIAMENT AND ROYALIST FORCES, JULY 1649. 5 BARONIES DRAWN BY THE ADVENTURERS AND SOLDIERS, 24 JANUARY 1654. 6 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND. FIGURE ONE GRAPHIC DEPICTION OF THE SEVEN EPOCHS INTO WHICH THE 1641-52 WAR CAN BE DIVIDED, SHOWING THE VARIOUS FACTIONS. LIST OF TABLES 1 NUMBERS OF TROOPS EMBARRKED FOR ENGLAND FROM IRELAND, OCTOBER 1643 TO JUNE 1644 2 ADJUSTED RATES AT WHICH THE SOLDIERS WERE TO BE SATISFIED. 3 THE ALLOCATION OF THE ADVENTURERS DEBT. 4 RETURNS OF THE GROSS SURVEY FOE THE TEN COUNTIES. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 JAMES BUTLER, DUKE OF ORMONDE. n OWEN ROE 0"NEILL. ,3n GEORGE MONCK, DUKE OF ALBERMARLE. 4 OLIVER CROMWELL. 5 FRONTSPIECE OF THE ACT FOR THE ATTAINDER OF THE REBELS IN IRELAND. 6 COPY OF A LAND DEBENTURE. 7 COPY OF A CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO THE SOLDIERS WHEN THEY DELIVERED UP THEIR DEBENTURES. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Cai. S.P. Ire. Calendar State Papers Ireland Cai. S. P. Do®, Calendar State Papers Domestic Carte MSS Carte manuscripts, which comprise 270 volumns in the Bodlein Library, Oxford. There is an incomplete set in the Public Record Office Ireland and they can be found on microfilm in the National Library of Ireland. Gommo ns jn. Ire. Commons Journal Ireland E . H . R English Historical Review H . M . C Historical Manuscript Commission I . H . S Irish Historical Studies J . C . H ¿1 .0 . Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society J . G . A .H.S. Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society J . R . S .A.I. L . A . J County Louth Archaeological and Historical Journal Lords jn. Ire. Lords Journal Ireland N.H. I New History of Ireland N . L . I National Library of Ireland N . M . A .J. North Munster Antiquarian Journal P . R . 0 .I. Public Record Office Ireland Q . U . B Queens University Belfast T . C . Di. Trinity College Dublin U . C . I)t University College Dublin U . J . A Ulster Journal of Archaeology W . S . Etl.A.J, Waterford and South East of Ireland Archaeological Journal. II t PREFACE This study I pj going to trace the fortune of one clearly identifiable group through that cauldron of Irish history known as the Cromwellian and Restoration land settlements. The group in question are the 1849 officers who, as will be seen in Chapters four and five, were especially pro ? settlement and explanation. This particular study is the first of its kind in that, not only is it going to correctly identify these 1G49 officers, but it will also trace the exact methods by which they received satisfaction for the arrears of army pay they had incurred fighting for the royalist cause during the 1641-52 war. There is a definate need for such an identification because to date many historians have incorrectly ascribed the title of 1649 (or '49) officer to all those officers who served in Ireland, on either the king's or parliamentarian side, prior to 5 June 1649. As this study will shortly show, this rather loose ascription of the '49 officer title to all those who served in Ireland before 5 June 1649 Is factually incorrect because such a title can only be claimed by those Protestant officers who served the royalist cause particulary during the years; 1648-50. The need for outlining the method by which this group were settled is quite obvious in that it has never before been attempted. Other studies of the period concentrate on the Restoration land settlement only in so far as it affected particular localised areas. This particular study will differ ( V from such local studies in that it will trace the fortune of one entire group that was involved in the Restoration land settlement. Referring to a specific group ensures that an enormous amount of data will be involved along with having to cover a rather large portion of Ireland. This study, therefore, can only infer structural type conclusions in respect to the group and the settlement on the whole. Such inferences, however, as will soon become apparent, are of paramount importance in understanding the Restoration land settlement. Because of the large amount of statistics involved, a data base computer programme was utilised to assist in the compilation and analysis of such statistics. The use of a computer based programme to assist in the managing of large amounts of historical statistics was pioneered by Dr. Karl Bottigheimer in his English money and Irish land: the adventurers ill the. Cr.omg.e 11 lafl-sgttlement of Irelands Because this study is dealing with a previously unexplored group associated with the Restoration land settlement, it was initially impossible to formulate a definition of a '49 officer. Because of that it was necessary to outline in general the events as they occurred in Ireland during the 1641-52 war (Chapter one); the events of the Cromwellian decade (Chapter two); and the events leading up to the Restoration (Chapter three). It was only in Chapter three that this study began to transform from the general to the particular in that it ceased to outline general events and concentrated instead on particular events as they affected the '49 officers only. It thus became possible in Chapter four to formulate an exact definition of a '49 officer. That particular V chapter along with Chapter five, shows how the '49 officers were eventually satisfied and these particular chapters are especially useful when used in conjunction with appendices A. B and C where the Restoration land settlement in so far as it affected the '49 officers is tabulated and analysed. Chapter six which acts as the conclusion shows the necessity for the first three chapters of this study. Bearing in mind the definition that was formulated in Chapter four, the conclusion among other things, traces the '49 officers as a group through the initial war and subsequent Cromwellian decade. Apart from dealing specifically with the '49 officers, this study also ranged rather widely particularly in the first three chapters and some of these incursions were originally unintended. During such unintended incursions, however, it b e c a m e necessary to examine the views* of previous writers and ask if their conclusions were justified. Only as research progressed was their ideas challenged, altered or disproved. There were many debts contracted during the course of this research. Invidious though it may seem I must make particular reference to a number of people for the assistance they willingly offered me. Firstly, Dr. Colm Lennon, without whose particular encouragement and supervision this thesis might have remained unfinished. Harold Christopher O'Sullivan M.A., whose help In the acquisition of valuable sources that might have remained obscure to me, was particularly valuable. It was an initial conversion with Harold during the course of my undergraduate research, that the question arose as to who exactly were the '49 officers? It VI was that particular conversation that led to the commencement of this research with a view to answering the uncertainties that were apparent from the conversation. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude and thanks to Professor Vincent Commerford, Dr. Jacquelene Hill and Mary Cullen M.A., from the Department of Modern History at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, whose assistance and able teaching over the past four years ensured that I acquired the knowledge and capability to not only attempt but to complete this present study.