E S S Ays OH East of Eden ]Ohl'l Ditsky Steinbeck Monograph Series, No
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E s s ays OH East of Eden ]Ohl'l Ditsky Steinbeck Monograph Series, No. 7, 1977 · A A ` EM _ ams! r' L5 *• ' , ` yyyeezé '—*§ :/·¢¢C»£ ME}! » ,e·>¤,.’%§ ··‘$a! ‘2'¤;;l { {W Hkigéi Au? °22*% [52 ¤j·x.’€:>%€ · im"}“E"3 » x:img;?, _, e· ·# ; 7i;$‘~» ` &, - `.»&:M EZQWQ ’ »rJw_ “ V »?a¢[?§ .;=;;~$& E s says OI] East of Eden ]0lm Ditsky S i w U 7 ’ibélli /Lx f· \/""~ ~ Wit/” Steinbeck Monograph Series, N0. 7, 1977 The ]0hn Steinbeck Society 0fAinerica English Department, Bail State University Muncie, Indiana 47306 U.S.A. Steinbeck Monograph Series Published by the ]0hn Steinbeck Society of America under the Sponsorship of Ball State University Sponsors: Richard W. Burkhardt, University Sponsor Robert L. Carmin, College Sponsor Advisor: Warren French (Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis) A Checklist of Published Monographs (1971-1977) * No. 1971: Tetsumaro Hayashi, ed.,]ohn Steinbeck: A Guide to the Doctoral Dissertations (1946-1969) * No. 1972: Reloy Garcia, Steinbeck and D.H. Lawrence: Fiction Voices and the Ethical Imperative * No. 1973: Lawrence William ]0nes,]ohn Steinbeck as Fabulist, ed. Marston LaFrance * No. 1974: Tetsumaro Hayashi, ed., Steinbeck Criticism: A Review of Book-Length Studies (1939-1973) * No. 1975: Tetsumaro Hayashi, ed., Steinbeck and the Arthurian Theme No. 1976: Roy S. Simmonds, Steinbeck’s Literary Achievement No . 7, 1977: ]0hn Ditsky, Essays on “East of Eden,) No . 8, 1978: Tetsumaro Hayashi, ed.,]ohn Steinbeck: A Collection of Dissertation Abstracts (1946-1977) (forthcoming) out of print Editorial Staff (1976-1977) Tetsumaro Hayashi (Ball State University): Editorial Duector Richard Peterson (Southern Illinois University); Associate Editor Donald L. Sielker (Ball State University), Kenneth D. Swan (Taylor University), and George H. Spies, III (Culver Military Academy): Assistant Editors © 1977 The ]ohn Steinbeck Society of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-71393 for my wife, and for his ’A Contents Pages Acknowledgements v1 Foreword (By Tetsumaro Hayashi) . vii Preface 1x I. Toward a Narrational Self. II. Outside of Paradise: Men and the Land in East 0fEden 15 III. The “East” in East ofEden . 41 Steinbeck Monograph Series (1971- ) . 51 Steinbeck Society Pamphlet Series (1971- ) . 52 Contributor and Editors . 53 Quotations from ]ohn Steinbeck in this monograph are used by permission of the Steinbeck Literary Estate through Mrs. Elizabeth R. Otis Kiser. I can hardly improve on the performance of Reloy Garcia who, for the second number in this series, paid tribute to Dr. Tetsumaro Hayashi of Ball State University in these words: “I know of no Steinbeck scholar who has promoted more Stein beck criticism for so little recompense, except for the respect and admiration of his friends and colleagues? Ditto and Amen. Respects are also owing to my unseen and unmet benefac tors at Ball State University, and to my graduate students at the University of Windsor, whose collective encouragement meant so much to me during the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks also to these distinguished clergymen-colleagues for their assis tance: Professor Samuel Stollman of the University of Windsor and Professor Nonnan McKendrick ofthe University of Detroit. A negative acknowledgement is also due: to the man’s many detractors who condemn what they have rarely ever read, my thanks for leaving so much to be said. ]0hn Ditsky University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada v1 In 1970, acting as editorial director, I initiated the Steinbeck Monograph Series under the sponsorship of Ball State Univer sity. ]udging from the public response, I can safely say that this series has met some of the important demands in Steinbeck studies and reflected some of the manor interests of our active Steinbeck scholars in many lands. Fortunately our sponsors at Ball State University, Dr. Richard W. Burkhardt, Dr. Robert L. Carmin, and many other leaders, who firmly believe in the edu cational and scholarly value of our monograph series, have con tinued their unflagging support. ]ohn Ditsky’s Essays on “East of Eden” (Steinbeck Mono graph Series, No. 7, 1977) represents our continuing effort to publish a longer essay on Steinbeck’s work or a series of essays that approach a common Steinbeck theme. Professor Ditsky, who shares with me the belief that Steinbeck’s East ofEden de serves to be more fully explored and more dimensionally re assessed, was invited to do this monograph in 1976-1977. A dis tinguished poet in his own right, he is also well known for his impeccable devotion to Steinbeck studies as teacher, scholar, and editor. If the finest tribute any one can pay to our senior scholars who have pioneered Steinbeck studies is to pursue the goals inspired by their achievements, I feel Professor Ditsky has accomplishedjust that. Iwelcome and appreciate the author’s dedication and originality in exploring the new dimensions of East of Eden in this monograph. I had the good fortune to have Professor Richard F. Peterson of Southern Illinois University as Associate Editor, and Profes sors Donald L. Siefker of Ball State University and Kenneth D. Swan of Taylor University along with Dr. George H. Spies of Culver Military Academy as Assistant Editors. I wish to express my profound indebtedness to their editorial service and advice. Tetsumaro Hayashi Editorial Director of the Steinbeck Monograph Series October 25, 1976 vii The Viking editions of three of Steinbeck’s works are cited in parenthetical references made within my text and indicated by abbreviations as follows: East of Eden (1952): ]our— al of u Novel (1969): UN"; Steinbeck: A Life in Letters (1975): “SLL.’ vm What follows are three interrelated essays that aim to give ]ohn Steinbeck’s East of Eden (1952) the closer look their au· thor believes the book deserves. These pieces are indebted to no prior criticism; thus, while they may inadvertently repeat an observation of another reader, they are in no sense meant as an attack on any writer or critical approach. Rather, they attempt to supplant the previous, cookie cutter form of attention with serious and original readings not pre-formed by any school of criticism. Quite simply put, if Steinbeck is the writer — at any stage of his career ——— that many of us take him for, then East of Eden, simply by being, deserves our attention. Having myself grown impatient oflate with all sorts ofjudgments that claim to be qualitatively normative, but are in reality based on obscure and highly personal criteria, I have almost gleefully concluded that the ultimate praise is attention itself East of Eden requires attention; it is therefore to some degree praiseworthy. Luckily, it earns its praise and rewards its perusing. The man knew what he was doing. Most of us, devoted to Steinbeck scholarship but browbeaten by sometimes-ignorant colleagues, are accustomed to a professional defensiveness and the habit of pious apologetics. We ought to quit acting as though we were indulging in some harmless milquetoast hobby, some futile piety. ]ohn Steinbeck’s own humility was, perhaps, his own worst enemy. Had he the ego ofa Hemingway, a Roethke, or a Robert Frost, he might have had us cowed. We might have fear ed to call him less than great. Instead, we fear to do him simple justice. The Steinbeck Quarterly and the Steinbeck Monograph Series have made a giant step towards changing all that. I am proud to be a participant in the latter enterprise, and hope that these essays achieve the synthesis of approach I have intended. In the first of these pieces, I discuss the ways in which Stein beck’s career might be said to have been a conscious — and un conscious — preparing for the writing of East of Eden. In the second, I examine the various ways in which the relationship ofindividuals in the novel to Nature can be said to be an index of their characters, and in turn contributes to the structural ar rangement of the book’s materials. And in the final essay, I at tempt a fusion ofthese ideas along with Ste inbeck’s employment 1x of "Eastem” influences — Oriental and Biblical — in a novel meant to possess a general societal impact, yet spring out of the writer’s own past. I make no claims for what I have done, nor for the novel’s final worth, beyond the statement that I hope the fonner is proportioned to the latter, and that I have begun to get at the hidden thing. In 1930, ]ohn Steinbeck wrote to Carl Wilhelmson about a new book, Dissonant Symphony, he was at work on. "A series of short stories or sketches,” the new work nevertheless . is not the series in Salinas at all. I shall not do that yet. I am too vindictive and harsh on my own people. In a few years I may have outgrown that. (SLL, 22) And later that same year, he wrote Amasa Miller that he was working on a novel “which will get some spleen out of my sys tem. Bile that has been sickening me for years” (SLL, 28). Stein beck was unsuccessfully trying to use one book to unblock an other’s path; apparently, the poisons proved too strong for this piece of deliberate therapy to overcome. What were the sources of the "bile” and "spleen” that in fected Steinbeck’s vision in 1930? I have no factual information to offer beyond what is already available to us, especially in the letters, but clearly Steinbeck’s feelings had to do with anguish caused by his own struggle for self—identity and self-worth, or with the quest for self—definition or for self-accommodation; the letters make this likelihood too strong to ignore. In 1935, he wrote to George Albee that the forthcoming In Dabioas Battle was to present a strike situation "as the symbol of man’s eternal, bitter warfare with himself.” This generalized "man hates some thing in himself He has been able to defeat every natural ob stacle but himself he cannot win over unless he kills every in dividual.” Steinbeck had therefore written about "this self-hate which goes so closely in hand with self—love,” becoming in the process “merely a recording consciousness, judging nothing, simply putting down the thing” (SLL, 98).