Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 247
RECENT RANGE EXTENSIONS, NAME CHANGES AND STATUS UPDATES FOR SELECTED SOUTH DAKOTA FISHES
Cari-Ann Hayer South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006
Brandon C. Harland Iowa Department of Natural Resources Des Moines, IA 50319
Charles R. Berry, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey South Dakota Cooperative Research Unit South Dakota State University Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
ABSTRACT
We present new distributional records for ten species of fish in South Dakota: silver chub, Macrhybopsis storeriana, Topeka shiner, Notropis topeka, northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos, southern redbelly dace, P. erythrogaster, shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, yellow bullhead, Ameiurus na- talis, northern pike, Esox lucius, Iowa darter, Etheostoma exile, johnny darter E. nigrum, yellow perch, Perca flavescens, and walleye, Sander vitreus. We also pres- ent several recently described or renamed fishes: shoal chub, Macrhybopsis hyos- toma, Carmine shiner, Notropis percobromus, western blacknose dace, Rhinichthys obtusus, and northern plains killifish, Fundulus kansae. The sand shiner,Notropis stramineus, is traditionally separated into two subspecies: eastern sand shiner, N. s. stramineus and plains sand shiner, N. s. missuriensis, both of which are present in South Dakota. There are also three species of carpsuckers in South Dakota: northern river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio carpio, central quillback carpsucker, C. cyprinus hinei, and highfin carpsucker, C. velifer. Difficulties in distinguish- ing among these species obscure the status of the rarer quillback and highfin carpsuckers. Many species in South Dakota are easily misidentified; therefore we recommend preserving specimens for future examinations.
Keywords
Fish distribution, range extensions, misidentification, South Dakota 248 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006)
INTRODUCTION
The last comprehensive survey of South Dakota fishes was conducted by Bai- ley and Allum in 1962. Researchers at South Dakota State University compiled a comprehensive list on the fish fauna of South Dakota which included both his- torical and recent survey records, allowing researchers to examine changes in fish distributions across the state (Smith et al. 2002, Hayer et al. 2006, Hoagstrom 2006). Systematic sampling by several agencies in South Dakota (see acknowl- edgements) continues to produce new distributional records for many South Dakota fishes (Blausey 2001, Harland 2003, Duehr 2004, Morey and Berry 2004, and Hoagstrom 2006). Our objectives were to report on species that have demonstrated significant range extensions based on historical and recent sam- pling sites across South Dakota drainage basins (Figure 1). In addition, we will present an update on South Dakota species whose names have changed recently, and report on certain species that are either difficult to identify or that are often confused with others.
Figure 1. Map of South Dakota drainage basins.
METHODS
Literature was used to determine historical fish species presence in South Dakota and additional data were gathered from several agencies across South Dakota and surrounding states and used to compile an updated list of South Dakota fishes and their distributions (Hayer et al. 2006, Hoagstrom 2006) by drainage basin (Figure 1). Fishes were collected by various methods (i.e. seining, Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 249 electrofishing, hook and line) depending on the study. A total of 2,015 historic and recent sampling locations were compiled and used to examine potential range extensions based on 11 drainages (Figure 1). Taxonomic name changes were based on an American Fisheries Society special publication which updated previous taxonomic lists in an attempt to “achieve uniform use of common names and avoid confusion in scientific names” (Nelson et al. 2004). The list suggests scientific names to use based on current literature and views of special- ists on the various taxa.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Range Extensions
Eleven species demonstrated considerable range extensions from their histor- ical distributions (Table 1). Each species will be discussed below, beginning with where the new distribution occurred and the habitat in which it was collected. This will be followed by the nearest documented locality and a description of other drainage basins where the species has been previously collected in the state. We will then hypothesize why the range extension occurred and give the status of the species in South Dakota (South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks 2006) and in the surrounding states of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wyoming (Iowa DNR 2006, Minnesota DNR 2006, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 2006, North Dakota Game and Fish Department 1994, Wyoming Game and Fish 2006).
Macrhybopsis storeriana (Kirtland) – silver chub One silver chub was col- lected from the Keya Paha River (Table 1, Figure 2) west of Clearfield, South Dakota in June 2002 (Harland and Berry 2004) by seining. The sampling site was comprised of 75% sand, 15% gravel, and 0.34 m/s velocities, which are common silver chub habitats (Harlan et al. 1987). The Keya Paha River is a tributary to the Niobrara River in Ne- braska. The nearest published collection of this species is Figure 2. Silver Chub, Macrhybopsis storeriana, point located in the Niobrara River distributions, native range, and range extensions into the Keya Paha River drainage. in Nebraska (228.5 km). This is the first verified record for silver chub west of the Missouri River in South Dakota. The silver chub is cat- egorized as a large-river species being restricted to the Missouri River and a few 250 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006)
Table 1: List of species exhibiting range extensions in South Dakota, the source for the extension, and specific location for the new record. STREAM SPECIES SOURCE BASIN NAME UTM TRS Silver Chub 420813E T96N R77E Macrhybopsis Harland and Keya Paha Keya Paha River storeriana Berry 2004 4771278N Sec. 32 Topeka shiner Blausey 2001; Vermillion, Notropis topeka James and Wall et al. 2004 Big Sioux Northern Redbelly Dace Morey and Grand River Stink Creek 328639E Phoxinus eos Berry 2004 5054981N Southern Redbelly Dace Springman and Little Beaver T98N R49W Phoxinus Banks 2005 Big Sioux Creek Sec. 34 erythrogaster Antelope 387310E T38N R26E Creek 4787039N Sec. 34 T96N R78E Sec. 17 Shorthead Harland and Keya Paha redhorse Berry 2004 Keya 410169E T95N R76E Moxostoma Paha 4775627N Sec. 22 macrolepidotum River 433595E 4765215N Harland 2003 Missouri Bull Creek 459801E T103N R73W 4836631N Sec. 36 Yellow bullhead 635300E Ameiurus natalis Hampton 1998 Cheyenne Cheyenne River 4805690N T8S R7E Sec. 6 Antelope 363361E T38N R28E Creek Sec. 19 Harland and Keya Paha Northern Pike Berry 2004 White 4789507N T96N R77E Esox lucius Willow Creek 420970E Sec. 32 4771463N Duehr 2004 Moreau Thunder Butte 269361E T15N R18E Creek 5018930N Sec. 5 Iowa darter Duehr 2004 Cheyenne Sulpher Creek 685306E T10N R12E Etheostoma exile 4968045N Sec 10 Johnny darter Etheostoma Duehr 2004 Moreau Moreau River 360637E T15N R27E nigrum 5015925N Sec. 11 American Crow 466945E T104 R73W 4850456N Sec 14 Harland 2003 Missouri T103N R73W Sec. 36 Bull Creek 459801E 4836631N White 420970E T96N R77E Yellow perch Harland and Keya Paha 4771463N Sec. 32 Perca flavescens Berry 2004 Willow Creek 409874E T96N R78E Sand Creek 4774390N Sec. 19 Walleye 419882E T103N R77E Sander vitreum Harland 2003 White Dog Ear Creek 4836084N Sec. 36 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 251 watersheds within the James, Big Sioux, and Niobrara river basins (Figure 2, Bai- ley and Alum 1962, Hesse et al. 1979, Smith et al. 2002) and typically inhabits semi-turbid water in strong current over sand a gravel substrates (Harlan et al. 1987). Harland and Berry (2004) suggested that this collection was the result of silver chub using the Keya Paha for spawning activities. It is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states and this new record represents a notable range extension.
Notropis topeka (Gilbert) – Topeka shiner The Topeka shiner was recorded to occur in 24 streams before 1999 (Blausey 2001) and collections since 1999 have recorded its presence in 21 additional streams located throughout the Vermillion, James, and Big Sioux river drainages (Wall et al. 2004). The Topeka shiner is native to Big Sioux, Vermillion and James rivers in eastern South Dakota (Bailey and Allum 1962). These new local records may be the result of the Topeka shiner being listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Tabor 1998), which prompted surveys of many tributaries within their historical range (Blausey 2001, Wall et al. 2004). The To- peka shiner is considered a species of concern in South Dakota and threatened in Iowa; however, recent collections in Minnesota and South Dakota (Hatch 2001, Wall et al. 2004) at both historic and new locations suggest it is more persistent in the northern part of its range in Minnesota and South Dakota than the south- ern part of its range in Kansas (Wall and Berry 2004).
Phoxinus eos (Cope) – northern redbelly dace Thirteen northern red- belly dace were collected in June 2003 by pulsed-DC elec- trofishing (Table 1, Figure 3) in the Grand River drainage (Morey and Berry 2004). The sample reach consisted of a single, unconstrained channel that transected open prairie, with pools consisting mostly of silt substrate, filamentous algae, and rooted macro- phytes. The stream gradient was low (0.1%) and there was no apparent surface flow at Figure 3. Northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos, point the time of sampling. Mean distributions, native range, and range extensions into the Grand River drainage. wetted width was 1.33 m and mean depth was 23 cm. Water quality conditions consisted of water temperature (16.6° C), dissolved oxygen (14.6 mg/L), conductivity (748 µmhos.cm), and pH (7.69). Habitat conditions were similar to those reported for this species by others (Brown 1971, Eddy and Underhill 1976, Becker 1983, Bestgen 1989). The nearest published collection of this species is located in Blue Blanket Creek in the upper Missouri River 252 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) drainage (approximately 76 km to the east). Northern redbelly dace also occur in the Big Sioux and Minnesota river drainages in South Dakota and historical populations are distributed throughout the western Great Plains, including the Niobrara River drainage, White River drainage, and several minor tributaries of the Missouri River (Figure 4, Bailey and Allum 1962, Cunningham et al. 1995, Smith et al. 2003, Morey and Berry 2004), where they are restricted to perennial streams with slow, clear water and abundant macrophytes and algae (Morey and Berry 2004). Additional sampling efforts in previously under-sampled drainages might provide new records of northern redbelly dace in South Dakota (Morey and Berry 2004). The northern redbelly dace is considered a species of concern in North Dakota and considered threatened in South Dakota and Nebraska. This collection represents a considerable range extension into the Grand River drainage and a more complete distribution of glacial relict populations in the northern Great Plains (Morey and Berry 2004).
Phoxinus erythrogaster (Rafinesque) - southern redbelly dace Springman and Banks (2005) collected 48 southern redbelly dace in Little Beaver Creek (Big Sioux River drain- age) in South Dakota (Table 1, Figure 4). The reach was located approximately 4 km upstream from the Big Sioux River confluence and ap- proximately 150 km upstream from the Big Sioux and Mis- souri River confluences. The stream reach habitat consisted of clear, moderately flowing water with undercut banks, Figure 4. Southern redbelly dace, Phoxinus erythrogas- overhanging vegetation, and ter, point distributions, native range, and range exten- a substrate mixture of sand, sions into the Big Sioux River drainage. silt, clay, and gravel substrates, which are typical southern redbelly dace habitats (Springman and Banks 2005). The southern redbelly dace has not been previously reported in South Dakota; however, they have been noted to occur in the nearby Big Sioux River drainage in Minnesota (Bailey and Allum 1962, Lee et al. 1980). The southern redbelly dace is fairly widespread throughout its range in Minnesota where they are not considered a species of concern. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 253
Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur) – shorthead redhorse Four shorthead redhorse were collected from Antelope Creek (Table 1, Figure 5) and three total were collected at two Keya Paha River locations in early summer 2002 by sein- ing (Harland and Berry 2004). The sample reach was a third- order stream characterized by 0.30 m3/s flow velocities and sand a gravel substrates which is typical shorthead redhorse habitat (Pflieger 1997). The nearest documented locality in South Dakota is the Little Figure 5. Shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macro- lepidotum, point distributions, native range, and range White River (approximately extensions into the Keya Paha River drainage. 121 km west). In addition, one shorthead redhorse was collected in July 2002 in Bull Creek, a tributary to Lake Francis Case, a Missouri River reservoir (Table 1, Figure 6; Harland 2003). The nearest documented locality in South Dakota to this record is Medicine Knoll Creek in the Missouri River drainage, approximately 87 km North. The shorthead redhorse is com- mon in all major drainages in South Dakota (Figure 5, Bailey and Allum 1962). Collection of this species may have been the result of sampling in a previously under sampled region. These two collections represent range extensions into the Keya Paha and Missouri River drainages. The shorthead redhorse is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states.
Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur) – yellow bullhead Two yellow bullheads were taken from two reaches in the upper Cheyenne River in Fall River and Custer counties, South Dakota in 1997 (Table 1, Figure 6, Hampton 1998). One reach was located just below Angostura Dam in Fall River County, and the other was located near the intersec- tion of Custer, Pennington, and Shannon counties, South Dakota. They were collected in slow-moving stretches with submerged aquatic vegetation Figure 6. Yellow bullhead, Ameiurus natalis, point dis- and substrates of sand, silt tributions, native range, and range extensions into the Cheyenne River basin. and gravel. The nearest docu- 254 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) mented localities for this species in South Dakota are in the Big Sioux and James rivers, approximately 482.8 km to the east (Figure 6). The yellow bullhead is na- tive to the Bios de Sioux, James, and upper Minnesota river drainages in eastern South Dakota (Bailey and Allum 1962). This is the western most native range for this species; however they have been extensively introduced into numerous western states (Fuller et al. 1999). This range extension in the Cheyenne River may be the result of an introduction. The yellow bullhead is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states and this new record represents a substantial range extension in the state and its entire reported range (Scott and Crossman 1973).
Esox lucius Linnaeus – northern pike In May and June 2002, two northern pike were col- lected by seining from Ante- lope and White Willow creeks, both of which are tributaries to the Keya Paha River in south-central South Dakota (Table 1, Figure 7, Harland and Berry 2004). Northern pike were collected in reaches with aquatic vegetation and low flow velocities which are typical northern pike habitats (Pflieger 1997). The nearest documented locality in South Figure 7. Northern Pike, Esox lucius, point distributions, Dakota is the Little White native range, and range extensions into the Keya Paha River basin. Basins where the species is not found are River, approximately 96.6 km white. west from this new collection. Harland and Berry (2004) suggested that high stream-flows prior to sampling created washouts from nearby stocked ponds allowing northern pike access to the tributaries, resulting in this new collection. In addition, two northern pike were collected by seining in June 2003 in Thunder Butte Creek located within the Moreau River drainage (Table 1, Figure 8, Duehr 2004). The nearest documented locality to this new record is the Little Missouri River, approximately 165 km west. Northern pike are pres- ent in most drainages in South Dakota (Figure 7). They are considered native in the Red, Minnesota, Big Sioux, and James Rivers (Hoagstrom 2006). They are considered non-native (introduced) in the Vermillion, Missouri, and drainages west of the Missouri River (Bailey and Allum 1962, Fuller et al. 1999). These new records are the first to be recorded in the Keya Paha and Moreau river drain- ages. The northern pike is not considered a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 255
Perca flavescens (Mitchill) – yellow perch Three yellow perch were collected (along with north- ern pike) at White Willow Creek and one yellow perch was collected at Sand Creek (Table 1, Figure 8, Harland and Berry 2004). White Wil- low and Sand creeks are both tributaries in the lower South Dakota portion of the Keya Paha River. All specimens were collected by seining in May 2002 in reaches with low flow velocities, instream veg- etation, and coarse substrates Figure 8. Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, point distribu- tions, native range, and range extensions into the Keya of sand and gravel. The near- Paha River basin. est documented locality from these locations for yellow perch in South Dakota is the Little White River, approximately 120.7 km west (Figure 8). The yellow perch is native to Eastern drainages of South Dakota and introduced across the rest of the state (Bailey and Alum 1962, Fuller et al.1999). As previously stated for northern pike, high stream flows prior to sampling cre- ated washouts from nearby stock ponds which may account for their presence in the tributaries (Harland and Berry 2004). The yellow perch is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states.
Sander vitreus vitreus (Mitchill) – walleye One walleye was collect- ed in summer 2002 by hook and line from Dog Ear Creek (Table 1, Figure 9), 2 km upstream from its confluence with the White River (Har- land 2003). The specimen was collected in typical walleye habitat (Pflieger 1997) below a culvert crossing in a deep pool where old culverts, concrete rip-rap, and woody substrate comprised the stream bottom. The nearest documented - col lection of walleye in South Figure 9. Walleye, Zander vitreus vitreus, point dis- tributions, native range, and range extensions into the Dakota is Lake Francis Case. White River basin. Walleye were introduced to Montana (Brown 1971, Holton and Johnson 2003) 256 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) and Wyoming (Simon 1946, Baxter and Simon 1970, Baxter and Stone 1995), and South Dakota, Nebraska, and North Dakota comprise the southwestern edge of the historical native range (Bailey and Allum 1962, Cross 1967, Cross and Collins 1995, Fuller et al. 1999). Walleye is reported as native to all major drainages of South Dakota except the Little Missouri River drainage (Hoagstrom 2006). Walleye typically spawn between March and April (Harlan et al. 1987) where they move from large rivers and reservoirs into tributary streams usually during increased flow events. This specimen may have been collected as a result of being trapped in this tributary it was using for reproduction during the 2002 drought (Harland 2003). Walleye is not considered species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states.
Etheostoma exile (Girard) – Iowa darter Thirty-five Iowa dart- er specimens were collected from Sulphur Creek (Table 1, Figure 10) in the Cheyenne River drainage (Duehr 2004) by seining. The sampling reach was located upstream of the Cherry Creek and Red Owl Creek confluence (238 km from the Cheyenne Riv- er) and was characterized by small substrate (predominately muck, <0.1mm) with a mod- erate slope (0.3 m/km). The Iowa darter prefers clear, slug- Figure 10. Iowa darter, Etheostoma exile, point dis- tributions, native range, and range extensions into the gish, or standing waters with Cheyenne River basin. submerged aquatic vegetation (Bailey and Allum 1962). The nearest documented locality for the Iowa darter in South Dakota is on the North Fork of the Moreau River, approximately 45 km north. The Iowa darter is native to all major drainages east of the Missouri River (Figure 10, Big Sioux, James, Minnesota, Red Vermillion, and eastern and southwestern tributaries to the Mis- souri) and the Niobrara in the west (Bailey and Allum 1962). This new record represents a considerable range extension of its historical range and may be the result of additional sampling in previously undersampled regions and may rep- resent a more complete distribution of glacial relict populations in the northern Great Plains. The Iowa darter is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 257
Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque – johnny darter Seven johnny darters were collected by seining from the mainstem of the Moreau River in summer 2003 (Table 1, Figure 11, Duehr 2004). The johnny darter is tolerant of clear and turbid waters with a variety of substrate types and prefers stream habitats, but can also be found in lakes . The nearest documented local- ity for johnny darter in South Dakota is Medicine Knoll Creek in the Missouri River drainage, approximately 110 Figure 11. Johnny Darter, Etheostoma nigrum, point distributions, native range, and range extensions into the km east. In addition, 48 Moreau River basin. johnny darters were collected in Bull and American Crow creeks, tributaries of Lake Francis Case (Table 1, Figure 11, Harland 2003). The johnny darter is considered native to all drainages east of the Missouri River (Big Sioux, James, Minnesota, and Vermillion) and to the Niobrara River drainage in the west (Bailey and Allum 1962, Hoagstrom 2006). It is considered non- native to the Grand, Moreau, and upper Missouri Valley drainages (Figure 11, Hoagstrom 2006). This species is able to tolerate broad environmental condi- tions (Trautman 1981) and are considered highly invasive (Kuehne and Barbour 1983), which could account for this range extension. These two collections rep- resent new collections in the Missouri and Moreau river drainages. The johnny darter is not considered a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states.
Taxonomic Name Changes And Potential Misidentifications
Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert) – shoal chub The prairie chub, Macrhybopsis australis, shoal chub, M. hyostoma, burrhead chub, M. marconis, and Arkansas river speckled chub, M. tetranema were all formerly considered the speckled chub, M. aestivalis, but have recently been rec- ognized as distinct species (Table 2, Eisenhour 1997, 1999, Nelson et al. 2004) with varying geographic distributions. The shoal chub is the only one of these species that is present in South Dakota, where it is restricted to the lower Mis- souri Valley drainage (Hoagstrom 2006). Shoal chub habitat consists of large, low gradient, small to large rivers with broad shallow riffles over sand or mud and in fast riffles over firm gravel, often in fast water over shifting sand. It is also tolerant of high turbidity and dissolved solids. 258 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006)
Table 2: List of species recent name changes and the sources of the change OLD NAME NEW NAME SOURCE Speckled Chub Shoal Chub Eisenhour 1999, Nelson et Macrhybopsis aestivalis M. hyostoma al. 2004 Rosyface shiner Carmine shiner Wood et al. 2002, Nelson et Notropis rubellus N. percobromus al. 2004 Plains sand shiner Bailey and Allum 1962, Tan- Sand shiner N. s. missuriensis yolac 1973, N. stramineus Eastern sand shiner Nelson et al. 2004 N. s. stramineus Blacknose dace Western Blacknose dace Burkhead 1994, Rhinichthys meleagris R. obtusus Nelson et al. 2004 atratulus Plains killifish Northern plains killifish Nelson et al. 2004, Kreiser Fundulus zebrinus F. kansae 2001, Kreiser et al. 2001
Notropis percobromus (Cope) - carmine shiner The carmine shiner is native to the Minnesota drainage (Bailey and Allum 1962) and more recently (post-1990 collections) the Big Sioux River (Table 2, Hoagstrom 2006). This species was previously referred to as the rosyface shiner (Notropis rubellus) in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum 1962); however, recent examination of the rosyface shiner based on geographic variation of allozyme products has separated it into three species (highland shiner, N. micropteryx, carmine shiner, N. percobromus, and rosyface shiner) with differing geographic distributions (Wood et al. 2002). The Minnesota River drainage in South Da- kota represents the western tip of the carmine shiner distribution. The carmine shiner is considered a species of concern in both South and North Dakota (North Dakota Game and Fish Department 1994), though not a species of concern in Minnesota.
Rhinichthys obtusus Agassiz – Western blacknose dace Historically, eastern, southern, and western forms of blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) were considered subspecies (R. a. atratulus, R. a. obtusus, and R. a. meleagris, Respectively, Hubbs and Lagler 1958, Scott and Crossman 1973). Recently, Smith (1985) and Jenkins and Burkhead (1994) proposed to recognize R. a. atratulus as one species (eastern blacknose dace, R. atratulus Her- man) and R. a. meleagris and R. a. obtusus as another (Table 2, western blacknose dace, R. obtusus Agassiz). These suggestions were accepted by the American Fisheries Society (Nelson et al. 2004). Western blacknose dace occur in eastern South Dakota in the Big Sioux, James, Minnesota, and Vermillion river drain- ages. Recent collections (post-1990) also document the western blacknose dace in the White River drainage (Hoagstrom 2006). The western blacknose dace is often confused with the longnose dace (R. cataractae cataractae), which has never been verified to occur in the Big Sioux, James, Minnesota, and Vermillion river drainages. However, it is important that researchers recognize the utility of voucher specimens and photographs to avoid misidentifications. The western Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 259 blacknose dace is not considered a species of concern in South Dakota or sur- rounding states.
Fundulus kansae Garman – northern plains killifish The taxonomy of the plains killifish,Fundulus zebrinus, has been debated for over a century (Rahel and Thel 2004). The plains killifish is now recognized as two species (Table 2, Nelson et al. 2004): the northern plains killifish, F. kansae, and the southern plains killifish, F. zebrinus (Nelson et al. 2004, Kreiser 2001, Kreiser et al. 2001). Northern plains killifish is considered to be potentially introduced in the Cheyenne River drainage (Miller 1955, Bailey and Allum 1962). However, Hoagstrom (2006) states that as a result of highly variable and patchy distributions, earlier surveys may have failed to detect the species, and thus he considers the northern plains killifish to be native to the Cheyenne River drainage in South Dakota. Recent collections in the Cheyenne River drainage indicate that the northern plains killifish are relatively common as they have been collected on the mainstem and tributaries of the Cheyenne and Bell Fourche riv- ers (Hampton 1998, Duehr 2004, Hoagstrom 2006). Northern plains killifish is not a species of concern in South Dakota or surrounding states.
Notropis stramineus stramineus (Cope) – eastern sand shiner N. s. missuriensis (Cope) - plains sand shiner The sand shiner (Notropis stramineus) in South Dakota is represented by two subspecies, the plains sand shiner, N. s. missuriensis, and eastern sand shiner, N. s. stramineus (Bailey and Allum 1962). The plains sand shiner inhabits the Great Plains and is present in all major drainages west and including the Missouri River (Table 3, Bad, Cheyenne, Grand, Moreau, Niobrara and White drainages), while the eastern sand shiner occupies the central lowlands, interior highlands and coastal plains and is present in eastern drainages of South Dakota (Table 3, Big Sioux, James, Minnesota, and Vermillion river). These two subspecies are dif- ficult to distinguish and are often not differentiated. Diagnostics differentiating the two subspecies include circumference scales, post-orbital diameter of head, orbital diameter, head width, and predorsal scale-rows (Table 3, Tanyolac 1973).
Table 3: Distinguishing features and distribution in South Dakota for two sand shiner subspecies: Plains sand shiner, Notropis stramineus missuriensis, and eastern sand shiner, N. s. stramineus. Characters were designated by Tanyolac 1973. CHARACTERS PLAINS SAND SHINER EASTERN SAND SHINER Bad, Cheyenne, Grand, Big Sioux, James, Drainages present in SD Missouri, Moreau, Minnesota, Vermillion Niobrara, White Circumference scales 27-30 22-25 Postorbital length of head 13-14% of SL 11-12% of SL Orbital diameter <8% SL >8% SL Head width >14% SL <15% SL Predorsal scale rows 15-17 13-15 260 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006)
We recommend that specimens be preserved for accurate identification and fu- ture verification in future studies
Carpiodes – Carpsuckers South Dakota waters contain three carpsuckers, the northern river carpsuck- er, Carpiodes carpio carpio, the central quillback carpsucker, C. cyprinus hinei, and the highfin carpsucker, C. velifer, all of which are difficult to differentiate (Table 4). The northern river carpsucker is common to all major drainages in
Table 4: Distinguishing features and distribution in South Dakota of three carpsuckers, Northern river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio carpio, central quillback carpsucker, C. cyprinus hinei, and highfin carpsucker, C. velifer. CENTRAL NORTHERN QUILLBACK HIGHFIN RIVER CHARACTERS CARPSUCKER CARPSUCKER CARPSUCKER Big Sioux and All drainages Drainages east of Drainages present in SD lower Missouri except Minnesota Missouri River river drainages and Red river Nipple on lower lip Absent Present Present Long as base of Elongated – as long More than 1⁄2 the Anterior dorsal rays the fin as base of fin base of the fin Lateral line scales 37-40 33-37 33-37 Mostly posterior Mouth location Anterior to nostrils Posterior to nostrils to nostrils
South Dakota with the exception of the Minnesota and Red river drainages (Bai- ley and Allum 1962, Hoagstrom 2006). The northern river carpsucker is closely related to the highfin carpsucker, which is native to the Big Sioux and lower Missouri Valley river drainages (Bailey and Allum 1962; Hoagstrom 2006). The central quillback carpsucker is native to South Dakota drainages east of the Mis- souri River (Hoagstrom 2006). One highfin carpsucker was reported from the James River drainage in 2000 (Shearer 2001, Shearer and Berry 2002, 2003), but after examination of the preserved specimen, it was concluded that it was the central quillback carpsucker (Hoagstrom 2006). This previous misidentification of this specimen was based on its lack of a nipple on the lower lip (Pflieger 1997) and patterns of tuberculation (Huntsman 1967). As a result of the difficulty in correctly differentiating between these three species of carpsucker, particulalry young of the year, it is important to take pictures and if possible voucher speci- mens to avoid misidentification.
CONCLUSIONS
A total of ten species of fish are new to the Big Sioux (southern redbelly dace), Cheyenne River (yellow bullhead and Iowa darter), Grand (northern Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 85 (2006) 261 redbelly dace), Keya Paha (silver chub, shorthead redhorse, northern pike, and yellow perch), Moreau (johnny darter and northern pike), White (walleye) and Missouri (shorthead redhorse, johnny darter, and walleye) river drainages in South Dakota. As fish distributions commonly change through time, future collections may reveal further changes and movements. There are three possible reasons for the range extensions presented in this paper: 1) additional sampling efforts in under surveyed drainages (i.e. west river drainages) reveal new records (e.g. northern redbelly dace, southern redbelly dace and Iowa darter), 2) invasive species range expansions within a river system (e.g. johnny darter) and 3) newly introduced/stocked species (e.g. northern pike, yellow bullhead). In conclusion, it is important to document fish range extensions in our constantly changing aquatic systems in South Dakota. We emphasize the importance of preserving specimens for later examination in order to obtain a more detailed and adequate list of species distributions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding was provided by Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration under D. J. Project #F-57-R-1. We thank Jeremy Duehr, Chris Hoagstrom, and Jason Kral for their assistance with field data collection, and landowners who made these surveys possible. We thank those who allowed us to add their fish collection data to ours for a complete fish distribution list of South Dakota:, Chris Hoagstrom, Jeremy Duehr, Sheila Thomson – SDSU, Steve Freeling – Vermillion River Wa- ter Development District, Jeff Shearer – SDGF&P, Nathan Morey – South Da- kota Department of Transportation, Jason Kral – U.S. Geological Survey EMAP project, and Ryan Sylvester and Steve Freeling – UMRBGAP. We also thank Chris Hoagstrom and Steve Herrington for helping to improve this manuscript. The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, US Geological Survey, Wildlife Management Institute, US Fish and Wildlife Service and South Dakota State University jointly support the South Dakota Cooperative Research Unit.
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