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Fishes of the Dakotas South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 Fishes of the Dakotas Kathryn Schlafke South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Schlafke, Kathryn, "Fishes of the Dakotas" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3942. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3942 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FISHES OF THE DAKOTAS BY KATHRYN SCHLAFKE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Specialization in Fisheries Science South Dakota State University 2020 ii THESIS ACCEPTANCE PAGE Kathryn Schlafke This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the master’s degree and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Brian Graeb, Ph.D. Advisor Date Michele R. Dudash Department Head Date Dean, Graduate School Date iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my advisors throughout this project, Dr. Katie Bertrand and Dr. Brian Graeb for giving me the opportunity to work towards a graduate degree at South Dakota State University. Brian, thank you for always appearing to be calm in my states of panic, for always encouraging me, and for giving me the opportunities to express what I think when making decisions. I’m thankful for your continued help and support throughout this journey. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Steven Chipps, Chelsey Pasbrig and Geno Adams for their time and support, as well as being patient with me. This project would also not be possible without the assistance of Matt Wagner and Nick Kludt. Matt, thank you for getting this project started to a point where I was able to jump in. I know it took an incredible amount of time to gather all the information for the distribution maps, create a dichotomous key, and to take your stunning photos. I appreciate everything you’ve done to get the project to where it is now, and for providing assistance remotely. Nick, thank you for your time and patience to help create the maps needed for this book. Your wisdom in GIS will never cease to amaze me. This project would not have been possible without the support of several South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Fisheries staff members across the state. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the various members who contributed to edits on numerous species accounts for this book, as well as going out to sample for species throughout the duration of this project. I greatly appreciate the time and effort of every individual involved and cannot thank them enough for providing me with the information needed to complete this project. A sincere thank you is also extended out to iv Chelsey Pasbrig for taking several hours of her time to edit numerous species accounts, introduction chapters, provide ideas and insight, and for continuing to support and check up on me throughout the entirety of this project. A special thank you to all the friends I have made here at SDSU in the NRM department. I am forever grateful that we crossed paths and I hope we continue to do so in our futures. I am so thankful for the supportive community you have all contributed to, and I am not quite sure how I would have survived graduate school without each one of you. Thank you for the great conversations, always listening to me, and for all the fun times. I am also very grateful and appreciative of the support from the Natural Resource Management office staff who have helped make not only my own, but everyone else’s lives a lot easier. I would also like to extend a thank you to all of the many professionals and graduate students throughout my undergraduate career who encouraged me to pursue my education, and who guided and mentored me through opportunities to help develop skills and personal growth. Thank you for continuing to reach out throughout my entire graduate experience, and I am very thankful and appreciative of our relationships. Last, but certainly not least, I owe a tremendous amount of thanks to my amazing family. Mom, Dad, William, and Myla, thank you for being so understanding, supportive, and encouraging throughout this entire process. Throughout all the twists, turns, and curveballs, I could always count on you to listen to me and pick me back up with a little (or a lot) of laughter. You guys are the absolute best, and I am so thankful to call you mine. I would not be where I am today without you, so thank you. v This project was made possible and administered by the funding provided from South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks and the Agricultural Experiment Station. A special thanks to SDSU and the Department of Natural Resource Management for providing the necessary resources. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..xvii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...….xviii CHAPTER 1: WATERS AND GEOLOGY OF NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA………………………………………………………………………………..1 Level III Ecoregions…………………………………………………………….7 Lake Agassiz Plain………………………………………………………………7 Western Corn Belt Plains………………………………………………………..8 Northern Glaciated Plains…………………………………………………….....9 Northwestern Glaciated Plains…………………………………………………10 Northwestern Great Plains……………………………………………………..11 Nebraska Sand Hills…………………………………………………………....13 High Plains……………………………………………………………………..14 Middle Rockies……………………………………………………………...…15 Major River Basins of the Dakotas………………………………………….…16 Bad River Basin………………………………………………………..18 Belle Fourche River Basin ………………………………………...…..18 Big Sioux River Basin ………………………………………………...19 Cannonball River Basin ……………………………………………….19 vii Cheyenne River Basin………………………………………………….19 Devils Lake River Basin…………………………………….…………20 Grand River Basin…………………………………………….………..21 Heart River Basin…………………………………………………..…..21 James River Basin………………………………………….…………..22 Knife River Basin……………………………………………………...22 Little Missouri River Basin…………………………………………….23 Minnesota River Basin…………………………………………………23 Missouri River Basin…………………………………………………..24 Garrison Dam…………………………………………………..25 Oahe Dam…………………………………………….………..26 Big Bend Dam ……………………………………..…………..26 Fort Randall Dam………………………………………..……..27 Gavins Point Dam………………………………………..…….27 Moreau River Basin……………………………………………………28 Niobrara River Basin…………………………………………….…….29 Red River of the North River Basin………………………..…………..29 Sheyenne River Basin………………………………………………….30 viii Souris River Basin……………………………………………………..30 Vermillion River Basin…………………………………..…………….31 White River Basin……………………………………………….……..31 Literature Cited…………………………………………………….…………..32 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF ICHTHYOLOGY IN THE DAKOTAS………………..38 Prehistoric Fishes………………………………………………………………38 1800’s…………………………………………………………………………..38 Early 1900’s………………………………………………………………...….41 Post Reservoir Construction: 1950’s to Today…………………………...……43 Literature Cited……………………………………………………………..….45 CHAPTER 3: FAMILY PETROMYZONTIDAE……………………………………..46 Chestnut Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus………………………………..…48 Silver Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis………………………………...……53 CHAPTER 4: FAMILY ACIPENSERIDAE…………………………………...…..…...58 Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens………………………………………….…60 Pallid Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus………………………………………..…66 Shovelnose Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus……………………………72 CHAPTER 5: FAMILY POLYODONTIDAE……………………………………….….77 ix Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula…………………………………………….……..80 CHAPTER 6: FAMILY LEPISOSTEIDAE…………………………………….……..85 Longnose Gar, Lepisosteus osseus……………………………………….…….87 Shortnose Gar, Lepisosteus platostomus……………………………………….92 CHAPTER 7: FAMILY HIODONTIDAE………………………………...…………..97 Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides……………………………………………...……..99 Mooneye, Hiodon tergisus……………………………………………………103 CHAPTER 8: FAMILY ANGUILLIDAE……………………………………………108 American Eel, Anguilla rostrate……………………………………….……..110 CHAPTER 9: FAMILY CLUPEIDAE……………………………………………….117 Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus……………………………………………...119 Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianum………………………………………..124 Skipjack Herring, Alosa chrysochloris…………………………...…………..130 Threadfin Shad, Dorosoma petenense………………………………………..134 CHAPTER 10: FAMILY CYPRINIDAE…………………………………………….139 Central Stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum………………………...………141 Largescale Stoneroller, Campostoma oligolepis…………………………..….146 Goldfish, Carassius auratus………………………………………………….151 x Northern Redbelly Dace, Chrosomus eos……………………………...……..156 Southern Redbelly Dace, Chrosomus erythrogaster…………………………162 Finescale Dace, Chrosomus neogaeus………………………………………..167 Lake Chub, Couesius plumbeus………………………………………………172 Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon Idella………………………………...……..177 Red Shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis…………………………………………...…183 Spotfin Shiner, Cyprinells spiloptera……………………………………...…189 Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio………………………………...……………194 Western Silvery Minnow, Hybognathus argyritis………………………...….200 Brassy Minnow, Hybognathus hankinsoni…………………………….……..206
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