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Ognean Et Al.Pdf Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences (ISSN: 2350 -2274) Vol. 9(4) pp. 037-043 , April, 2021 Available online http://meritresearchjournals.org/asss/index.htm Copyright © 2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Review Trends and Perspectives Regarding the use of Natural and Synthetic Zeolite Systems in Environment Protection (Review) Ognean S. I. 1, Micle V. 1, Bolo ş D. 2, A gapie D. 2, Octavia Tamas-Krumpe 3* , Daria F ene şan 3, Ognean L. 3 Abstract 1Technical University, Faculty of The zeolite material that is available nowadays for the confection of devices and Environmental Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, systems that are used in environment protection is represented by an ensemble of Romania natural modified zeolites and synthetic ones that ensure the adsorption of various 2S.C. Zeolites Group Cluj-Napoca, pollutants. Natural z eolites facilitate ion exchanges, absorption and catalysis, these Romania proprieties securing their use as protectors and restorative for polluted water, soil 3University of Agricultural Sciences and and plants. The modification of zeolites is represented by a transformation of the Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of natural zeolite into cheaper adsorbent materials that are very efficient in the Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, purification of environments that have been polluted with heavy metals. This review Romania summarises the application of natural and modified zeolites in the protection and *Corresponding Author E-mail: decontamination of the environm ent. [email protected] Keywords: Decontamination, Devices, Environment, Protection, Systems, Zeolite INTRODUCTION Zeolites that are found in the volcanic tuffs are part of the universal use in various fields and their global presence, tectosilicate class. They are hydrated aluminosilicates of zeolites are amongst the most appreciated natural calcium and sodium mainly. Natural zeolites are formed resources ( Hrenovic and Tibljas, 2002; Pogurschi et al., over millennia through the sedimentation of volcanic ash 2016; Vrzgula et al., 1988). in salt water lakes, alkaline sediments of lakes and soils Important mineral deposits formed only a few types of from the desert or in marine sediments and metamorphic natural zeolites (analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, rocks. The se environments facilitate the chemical natrolite, heulandite, stilbite, phillipsite) and the most reactions of zeolite ash and alkaline water. The volcanic widespread is clinoptilolite (USA, Russia, China, Bulgaria, tuff was documented for the first time by the Swedish Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Japan). mineralogist, Freiherr Axel Fredrick, who also named it Romania has important zeolite natural resources, “zeolite” because after being heated, it produce s a large especially clinoptilolite from Rupea, Bra șov (Popa et al., quantity of steam (“zeo” comes from Ancient Greek and it 2017). The re are numerous quarries in Cluj County means “hot stone” that eliminates water when heated. situated in Aluni ş, Apahida, Bor şa, Cuzdrioara, Iclod, Two decades ago, Marcus and Cormier (1999) stated MăguraCa şeiu, Nima, OcnaDejului, Rupturi, Ţigla that there are over 40 types of natural zeolites and over (Bedelean et al., 2006; Ulmanu et al., 2006). 150 types of synthetic zeoli tes. More recently, Monte and Environment pollution continues to be a current and Resende (2005) have stated that there are over 80 types important iss ue that will impact the future of global of zeolites known and a few hundred synthetic zeolites. In civilisation. Nowadays enormous quantities of inorganic the past, only natural zeolites were used, but nowadays and organic pollutants accumulate and they are very synthetic zeolites are exploited as well because they a re harmful for the environment. This fast rate of pollution is easy to obtain and use. Synthetic zeolites are widely due to the continuous growth of urban populatio n and spread around the world and China is considered to be implicitly transportation, industrial and energy pro - the biggest zeolite producer and consumer. Due to their duction, uncontrolled intensified and chemically oriented 038 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci. agriculture, the repercussions of the nuclear accident and reduction of the transfer of these heavy metals from soil the nuclear waste storing facilities. When the pollutants into plants was directly proportional to the zeolite concentration exceeds some ranges, their presence concentration. It is also important to mention the results jeopardises the environment and public health so from commercial research and documentation that correction strategies are needed. Corrective procedures evaluate the quality of Rupea zeolites, an important are mainly based on the extraction of the pollutants from natural resource of Romania. Their unique characteristics the soil and water systems or by mobilizing and in situ are presented in the specification sheet provided by S. C. stabilization (Shi et al., 2009). Over time many materials Zeolites Group, where the physical, chemical and and techniques were used in de-polluting the ambient. mineralogy characteristics are presented (Table 2). Among them, natural and synthetic zeolites are very popular materials used for decontamination. Natural and synthetic zeolites established themselves because of Characteristics and action principles of zeolites used their advantages such as their global availability, low in the environmentprotection cost, mechanical and thermic proprieties correlated with a high absorption rate and soil and water pH regulating Volcanic tuffs from Romania are rich in zeolites and system. On the other hand the use of natural zeolites usually have a vitroclastic texture. Clinoptilote is the most does not represent a supplementary pollution source for commonly found type of zeolite together with modernite, the environment. This review aims to update the phillipsite, analcime and other secondary minerals applications of natural zeolites and some other modified (quartz, calcite, muscovite, biotite and plagioclase). types of zeolites regarding the potential of these Natural zeolites are used in various fields because of compounds to bind and chemically stabilize various their structural and physicochemical characteristics such industrial and common pollutants (inorganic, organic and as: low density, adsorption, ability to perform ionic radioactive) from soils, water and other sources, in order exchange, molecular sieve, catalysis, hyperhydration; to develop new procedures for the protection of the they can easily dehydrate and consequently form environment. voluminous holes, the stability of the crystalline network after dehydration and the ability to form molecular channels in the dehydrated crystals. All of these The use of natural zeolite based materials for proprieties can be influenced by numerous factors such environmental protection as: the characteristics of the mineral, pH levels, temperature, impurities, the cationic properties of heavy The pollution of the environment continues to rise in metals, the circumstances of application, pore clogging alarming rates and to gain new connotations. In this and the size of the particles. It is important to mention the regard it is important to note one of the most recent and fact that these factors can have a major impact on the alarming sources of pollution in Romania generated by sorbent capacity of zeolite materials used in systems the increase in the levels of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, designed for environmental decontamination. Therefore Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni) and the pH levels of the water in the the use of natural zeolites in soil and water Some ș and Tisa drainage basins after a few mines from decontamination is completely justified. The vast majority Maramure ș were closed (Smical et al., 2015). In order to of water decontamination technologies that use reduce the heavy metal pollution zeolites are frequently zeolites are based on their ability to facilitate cationic used because of their efficient absorption capacities. In exchange . this context it is appropriate to evaluate the efficiency of The dissolved cations can be removed from the water natural zeolites to decontaminate heavy metal polluted through the exchange with other cations that are part of soils and plants because these volcanic tuffs reduce the the zeolites (Varvara et al., 2013). It is important to transfer of heavy metals into the cultivated plants and mention that there were some experiments conducted spontaneous flora. Ulmanu et al. (2006) evaluated the regarding some devices based on bio augmented silt and capacity of a zeolite from Baia-Mare to retain some heavy natural zeolites that remove phosphorus (Montalvo et al., metals (lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and manganese) 2011). Regarding these devices, phosphorus absorption from soil and a few cultivated plants (corn, mustard plants is due to the bioactivity of the bacteria-rich slurry: and oats). The first table shows the physical phosphate accumulating bacteria precipitate phosphate, characteristics (the specific surface is measured using which in turn, is absorbed by the zeolite and then the BET N 2 adsorption method), mineral characteristics suspended in the purifying solution (Montalvo et al., (determined using X-ray diffraction method) and chemical 2011). Similar principles lay at the basis of other properties of this type of zeolite. After conducting this experimental methods in order to remove arsenate and research, the authors determined
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