Air and Space Power Journal: Fall 2002
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DEPARTMENT of the AIR FORCE 1670 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330–1670
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 1670 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330±1670 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE F. WHITTEN PETERS, Acting Confidential Assistant (VACANCY) Staff Assistant (VACANCY) Military Assistant (VACANCY) Under Secretary of the Air Force F. WHITTEN PETERS Confidential Assistant ELIANG BROCK Deputy Under Secretary (International Affairs) ROBERT D. BAUERLEIN Principal Assistant Deputy Under Secretary MAJ. GEN. CLINTON V. HORN (International Affairs) Assistant Deputy Under Secretary BRIG. GEN. WILLIAM E. STEVENS (International Affairs) Director, Small and Disadvantaged Business ANTHONY J. DELUCA Utilization Assistant Secretary (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, RODNEY A. COLEMAN Installations, and Environment) Executive Director, Air Force Board for MACK M. BURTON Correction of Military Records Director, Air Force Personnel Council COL. CHERYL M. HARRIS Director, Air Force Civilian Appellate SOPHIE A. CLARK Review Office Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary PHILLIP P. UPSCHULTE (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, Installations, and Environment) Deputy Assistant Secretary (Force RUBY B. DEMESME Management and Personnel) Deputy Assistant Secretary (Reserve Affairs) BRYAN E. SHARRATT Deputy Assistant Secretary (Installations) JIMMY G. DISHNER Deputy Assistant Secretary (Environment, THOMAS W.L. MCCALL, JR. Safety, and Occupational Health) Deputy Assistant Secretary (Equal DENNIS M. COLLINS Opportunity) Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and ROBERT F. HALE Comptroller of the Air Force) Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary JAMES R. SPEER (Financial Management) Superintendent, Executive Services SR. M. SGT. PRESTON DUNN Deputy Assistant Secretary (Budget) MAJ. GEN. GEORGE T. STRINGER Director, Budget and Appropriations COL. PHILIP E. RUTER Liaison Director, Budget Management and ROBERT W. ZOOK Execution Director, Budget Investment MICHAEL J. NOVEL, Acting Director, Budget Operations and BRIG. GEN. EVERETT G. ODGERS Personnel Director, Budget Programs COL. -
U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C. -
Overhead Surveillance
Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence Community Overhead Surveillance Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz Overhead Surveillance One of the primary methods the U.S. uses to gather vital national security information is through air- and space-based platforms, collectively known as “overhead surveillance.” This memorandum provides an overview of overhead surveillance systems, the agencies involved in gathering and analyzing overhead surveillance, and the costs and benefits of this form of intelligence collection. What is Overhead Surveillance? “Overhead surveillance” describes a means to gather information about people and places from above the Earth’s surface. These collection systems gather imagery intelligence (IMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT) and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT). Today, overhead surveillance includes: • Space-based systems, such as satellites. • Aerial collection platforms that range from large manned aircraft to small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). A Brief History of Overhead Surveillance Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance platforms, collectively known as ISR, date back to the 1790s when the French military used observation balloons to oversee battlefields and gain tactical advantage over their adversaries. Almost all WWI and WWII belligerents used aerial surveillance to gain intelligence on enemy lines, fortifications and troop movements. Following WWII, the U.S. further refined airborne and space-based reconnaissance platforms for use against the Soviet Union. Manned reconnaissance missions, however, were risky and could lead to potentially embarrassing outcomes; the 1960 U-2 incident was perhaps the most widely publicized case of the risks associated with this form of airborne surveillance. Since the end of the Cold War, overhead surveillance technology has evolved significantly, greatly expanding the amount of information that the policymaker and the warfighter can use to make critical, time-sensitive decisions. -
National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide
NRO Approved for Release 16 Dec 2010 —Tep-nm.T7ymqtmthitmemf- (u) National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide For Automatic Declassification Of 25-Year-Old Information Version 1.0 2008 Edition Approved: Scott F. Large Director DECL ON: 25x1, 20590201 DRV FROM: NRO Classification Guide 6.0, 20 May 2005 NRO Approved for Release 16 Dec 2010 (U) Table of Contents (U) Preface (U) Background 1 (U) General Methodology 2 (U) File Series Exemptions 4 (U) Continued Exemption from Declassification 4 1. (U) Reveal Information that Involves the Application of Intelligence Sources and Methods (25X1) 6 1.1 (U) Document Administration 7 1.2 (U) About the National Reconnaissance Program (NRP) 10 1.2.1 (U) Fact of Satellite Reconnaissance 10 1.2.2 (U) National Reconnaissance Program Information 12 1.2.3 (U) Organizational Relationships 16 1.2.3.1. (U) SAF/SS 16 1.2.3.2. (U) SAF/SP (Program A) 18 1.2.3.3. (U) CIA (Program B) 18 1.2.3.4. (U) Navy (Program C) 19 1.2.3.5. (U) CIA/Air Force (Program D) 19 1.2.3.6. (U) Defense Recon Support Program (DRSP/DSRP) 19 1.3 (U) Satellite Imagery (IMINT) Systems 21 1.3.1 (U) Imagery System Information 21 1.3.2 (U) Non-Operational IMINT Systems 25 1.3.3 (U) Current and Future IMINT Operational Systems 32 1.3.4 (U) Meteorological Forecasting 33 1.3.5 (U) IMINT System Ground Operations 34 1.4 (U) Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Systems 36 1.4.1 (U) Signals Intelligence System Information 36 1.4.2 (U) Non-Operational SIGINT Systems 38 1.4.3 (U) Current and Future SIGINT Operational Systems 40 1.4.4 (U) SIGINT -
Vantage Points Perspectives on Airpower and the Profession of Arms
00-Frontmatter 3x5 book.indd 4 8/9/07 2:39:03 PM Vantage Points Perspectives on Airpower and the Profession of Arms Compiled by CHARLES M. WESTENHOFF Colonel, USAF, Retired MICHAEL D. DAVIS, PHD Colonel, USAF DANIEL MORTENSEN, PHD JOHN L. CONWAY III Colonel, USAF, Retired Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama August 2007 00-Frontmatter 3x5 book.indd 1 8/9/07 2:39:02 PM Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Cataloging Data Vantage points : perspectives on airpower and the profes- sion of arms / compiled by Charles M. Westenhoff . [et al.] p. ; cm. ISBN 978-1-58566-165-7 1. Air power—Quotations, maxims, etc. 2. Air warfare— Quotations, maxims, etc. 3. Military art and science— Quotations, maxims, etc. I. Westenhoff, Charles M. 355.4—dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or im- plied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. All photographs are courtesy of the US government. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-5962 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii 00-Frontmatter 3x5 book.indd 2 8/9/07 2:39:03 PM Contents Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . v THEORY OF WAR . 1 Patriotism . 8 AIR, Space, AND CYBER POWER . 10 DOCTRINE . 21 Education, TRAINING, AND LESSONS LEARNED . 24 Preparedness, SECURITY, AND FORCE PROTECTION . 27 PLANNING . 30 LEADERSHIP AND PROFESSIONALISM . 32 CHARACTER AND LEADERSHIP TRAITS . 35 TECHNOLOGY . -
US Military Ranks and Units
US Military Ranks and Units Modern US Military Ranks The table shows current ranks in the US military service branches, but they can serve as a fair guide throughout the twentieth century. Ranks in foreign military services may vary significantly, even when the same names are used. Many European countries use the rank Field Marshal, for example, which is not used in the United States. Pay Army Air Force Marines Navy and Coast Guard Scale Commissioned Officers General of the ** General of the Air Force Fleet Admiral Army Chief of Naval Operations Army Chief of Commandant of the Air Force Chief of Staff Staff Marine Corps O-10 Commandant of the Coast General Guard General General Admiral O-9 Lieutenant General Lieutenant General Lieutenant General Vice Admiral Rear Admiral O-8 Major General Major General Major General (Upper Half) Rear Admiral O-7 Brigadier General Brigadier General Brigadier General (Commodore) O-6 Colonel Colonel Colonel Captain O-5 Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Commander O-4 Major Major Major Lieutenant Commander O-3 Captain Captain Captain Lieutenant O-2 1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant Lieutenant, Junior Grade O-1 2nd Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant Ensign Warrant Officers Master Warrant W-5 Chief Warrant Officer 5 Master Warrant Officer Officer 5 W-4 Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Warrant Officer 4 W-3 Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Warrant Officer 3 W-2 Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 2 Warrant Officer 2 W-1 Warrant Officer 1 Warrant Officer Warrant Officer 1 Blank indicates there is no rank at that pay grade. -
Naval Gunfire
navalgunfire.txt Artillery support in Normandy Author: Simon Alderson () Date: 06-23-04 13:41 Could someone tell me how long it was before allied artillery units were in action after D Day. Were artillery battalions disembarked on D Day and were available for action on D Day? How long did the Allies rely on naval gunfire for support? How would you represent naval gunfire support? Can a warship use time on target fire missions for example? Answers to these questions would be appreciated. Thanks Simon Reply To This Message Re: Artillery support in Normandy Author: Mark Hayes () Date: 06-23-04 15:04 Simon, I can give you some short answers now. Others will likely respond and I'll try to expand my remarks later. 1) Some self-propelled artillery were part of the assault waves, and even fired from the landing craft on the way in. 2) The Allies used naval gunfire support (NGFS) well into the campaign. A salvo from a battleship's main guns can make an impression on the enemy significantly greater than explosions from 25-pdrs, however numerous they may be. 3) There has been a lot of discussion on representing NGFS earlier in the forum. Scroll back several months. There may also be some ideas on the Pacific Playtest forum. 4) Good question. I would say yes, especially if the ship is serving as its own spotter. The 5-inch fire from the destroyers on D-Day would be considered this. With regard to indirect fire called in by a naval gunfire liason team, ships are certainly capable of directing every battery on a point target. -
Preserving Ukraine's Independence, Resisting Russian Aggression
Preserving Ukraine’s Independence, Resisting Russian Aggression: What the United States and NATO Must Do Ivo Daalder, Michele Flournoy, John Herbst, Jan Lodal, Steven Pifer, James Stavridis, Strobe Talbott and Charles Wald © 2015 The Atlantic Council of the United States. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Atlantic Council, except in the case of brief quotations in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. Please direct inquiries to: Atlantic Council 1030 15th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20005 ISBN: 978-1-61977-471-1 Publication design: Krystal Ferguson; Cover photo credit: Reuters/David Mdzinarishvili This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The authors are solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council, the Brookings Institution, and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and their funders do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. February 2015 PREFACE This report is the result of collaboration among the Donbas provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk. scholars and former practitioners from the A stronger Ukrainian military, with enhanced Atlantic Council, the Brookings Institution, the defensive capabilities, will increase the pros- Center for a New American Security, and the pects for negotiation of a peaceful settlement. Chicago Council on Global Affairs. It is informed When combined with continued robust Western by and reflects mid-January discussions with economic sanctions, significant military assis- senior NATO and U.S. -
SPRING 2015 - Volume 62, Number 1 Call for Papers Violent Skies: the Air War Over Vietnam a Symposium Proposed for October 2015
SPRING 2015 - Volume 62, Number 1 WWW.AFHISTORICALFOUNDATION.ORG Call For Papers Violent Skies: The Air War Over Vietnam A Symposium Proposed for October 2015 Four military service historical foundations—the Air Force Historical Foundation, the Army Historical Foundation, the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation, and the Naval Historical Foundation—recognize that a half century has passed since the United States became militarily engaged in Southeast Asia, and hope to sponsor a series of conferences involving scholars and veterans, aimed at exploring aspects and conse- quences of what once was known as America’s Longest War. For the first conference in the series, since all military services employed their combat aircraft capabilities in that conflict, the leaders of the four nonprofit organizations agree that the air war over Southeast Asia offers a compelling joint topic for reflective examination and discus- sion. The intent is to host a symposium on this subject in the national capital region on Thurs- day and Friday, October 15 and 16, 2015, potentially extending into Saturday, October 17. Other stakeholder organizations will be approached to join as co-sponsors of this event. The organizers of the symposium envision plenary and concurrent sessions to accommodate a wide va- riety of topics and issues. Panel participants will be allotted 20 minutes to present their research or discuss their experiences. A panel chair will be assigned to provide commentary and moderate discussion. Com- menters from academia, veterans, Vietnamese émigrés, and scholars from the region may be invited to pro- vide additional insights. Panel/Paper proposals may employ both chronological and topical approaches: Examples of chronological subjects can include: U.S. -
THE COMMUNICATOR VOL 22 - No 44 SPRING 1975
THE COMMUNICATOR VOL 22 - No 44 SPRING 1975 ' I I 5i£*C« THE COMMUNICATOR PUBLISHED AT HMS ‘MERCURY’ The Magazine of the Communications Branch, Royal Navy and the Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society SPRING 1975 VOL 22, No 4 Price: 25p. post free CONTENTS page page E ditorial ......................................... 169 A Change of E m p h a s is ............... 221 An Old Communicator’s D isjointed Communicator 221 R eminiscences ............... 172 Exchange for a Change ............... 222 Legend of the Cover G oing the Rounds in Mercury 225 K aleidoscope ............... 180-181 WRNS Corner ............................ 229 Skynet II .................................... 182 C ivilian Instructional Officers 231 T he Signal D ivision ............... 187 Kelly Squadron ............................ 232 Signal Officers’ Policy M eeting 187 H ome Brewing—Part III 236 RN A mateur R adio Society 188 M ore H aste Less Sp e e d ............... 239 M auritius ....................................... 190 Communications G azette 241 Spring Crossword ............... 191 Commissioning F orecast 243 F leet Section ........................... 192 D rafting ......................................... 244 Editor: Lieutenant R. F. V illier Fleet Editor: Lieutenant-Commander E. Y. C. G oring Treasurer: Lieutenant-Commander H. D. H ellier Sales Director: FCCY C. R. Bracey Business, Production & Mr Edgar Sercombe, 44, Abbots Ride, Farnham, Advertisement Manager'. Surrey EDITORIAL In the future I will always think seriously before saying ‘I haven't got the time’. In his recent visit and during the flights to and from India and Nepal, Lord Mountbatten wrote his reminiscences as a Communicator. The majority of his article was then typed by the Prince of Wales’ Staff in his aeroplane. We are therefore especially grateful to Lord Mountbatten, for having been so unstinting in bis time and effort and letting us share with him some of his communication memories. -
Record Copy to Be Retired When \\O Longer©Needed
D J 739 MS # C-065a /? aao.C <- * - c.l Fgn MS English Copy GBEIMER_pIABY_MpjgES, 12 Aug 1942 - 12 Mar 1943 RECORD COPY TO BE RETIRED WHEN \\O LONGER©NEEDED flROPSRTY OF US ARMY HISTORICAL DIVISION HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY EUROPE FOREIGN MILITARY STUDIES BRANCH MS # C-065a Helmuth GREENER Ministerialrat Custodian of the War Diary in HITLER©S Headquarters (August 1939 - April 1943) NOTES on the Situation Reports and Discussions at HITLER©S Headquarters from 12 August 1942 to 1? March 1943 Translator: Werner METER Editor : LUCAS Reviewer : Lt. Col. VERNON HISTORICAL DIVISION EUROPEAN COl-iMAND MS # C~065 a FOBStfOBD This manuscript is part of a narrative history of events in the German Armed Forces Supreme Command Headquarters during World War II. The writer, Hell- Mith G-BSINM, was charged with writing the War Diary at that headquarters from August 1939 to April 22, 1942. He has based hie work on notes taken at various conferences, copies of final drafts for entry in the War Diary, copies of HIJLER©S directives, orders end documents he was able to save from destruction at great personal risk. With the aid of these sources and the trained mind and memory of a professional historian, he has presented a vivid picture of HITLilR© S method of com mand as well as his reaction to reverses end success and the various other factors which influenced de cisions in both the military and the political spheres. In addition to a general description of procedures in the supreme headquarters it includes details of or ganization and the composition of HITLER©S immediate staff. -
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory Numbers Are Total Active Inventory Figures As of Sept
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory numbers are total active inventory figures as of Sept. 30, 2015. By Aaron M. U. Church, Senior Editor ■ 2016 USAF Almanac BOMBER AIRCRAFT B-1 Lancer Brief: Long-range bomber capable of penetrating enemy defenses and de- livering the largest weapon load of any aircraft in the inventory. COMMENTARY The B-1A was initially proposed as replacement for the B-52, and four proto- types were developed and tested before program cancellation in 1977. The program was revived in 1981 as B-1B. The vastly upgraded aircraft added 74,000 lb of usable payload, improved radar, and reduced radar cross section, but cut maximum speed to Mach 1.2. The B-1B first saw combat in Iraq during Desert Fox in December 1998. Its three internal weapons bays accommodate a substantial payload of weapons, including a mix of different weapons in each bay. Lancer production totaled 100 aircraft. The bomber’s blended wing/ body configuration, variable-geometry design, and turbofan engines provide long range and loiter time. The B-1B has been upgraded with GPS, smart weapons, and mission systems. Offensive avionics include SAR for tracking, B-2A Spirit (SSgt. Jeremy M. Wilson) targeting, and engaging moving vehicles and terrain following. GPS-aided INS lets aircrews autonomously navigate without ground-based navigation aids Dimensions: Span 137 ft (spread forward) to 79 ft (swept aft), length 146 and precisely engage targets. Sniper pod was added in 2008. The ongoing ft, height 34 ft. integrated battle station modifications is the most comprehensive refresh in Weight: Max T-O 477,000 lb.