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Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman emperors had always been conscious of the political power of the military establishment. In his well-known assessment of the secrets of Augustus’ success, Tacitus observed that he had “won over the soldiers with gifts”,1 while Septimius Severus is famously reported to have advised his sons to “be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise the rest”.2 Since both men had gained power after fiercely contested periods of civil war, it is hardly surprising that they were mindful of the importance of conciliating this particular constituency. Emperors’ awareness of this can only have been intensified by the prolonged and repeated incidence of civil war during the mid third century, as well as by emperors themselves increasingly coming from military backgrounds during this period. At the same time, the sheer frequency with which armies were able to make and unmake emperors in the mid third century must have served to reinforce soldiers’ sense of their potential to influence the empire’s affairs and extract concessions from emperors. The stage was thus set for a fourth century in which the stakes were high in relations between emperors and the military, with a distinct risk that, if those relations were not handled judiciously, the empire might fragment, as it almost did in the 260s and 270s. 1 Tac. Ann. 1.2. 2 Cass. Dio 76.15.2. Just as emperors of earlier centuries had taken care to conciliate the rank and file by various means,3 so too fourth-century emperors deployed a range of measures designed to win and retain the loyalties of the soldiery. -
Flowers in Greek Mythology
Flowers in Greek Mythology Everybody knows how rich and exciting Greek Mythology is. Everybody also knows how rich and exciting Greek Flora is. Find out some of the famous Greek myths flower inspired. Find out how feelings and passions were mixed together with flowers to make wonderful stories still famous in nowadays. Anemone:The name of the plant is directly linked to the well known ancient erotic myth of Adonis and Aphrodite (Venus). It has been inspired great poets like Ovidius or, much later, Shakespeare, to compose hymns dedicated to love. According to this myth, while Adonis was hunting in the forest, the ex- lover of Aphrodite, Ares, disguised himself as a wild boar and attacked Adonis causing him lethal injuries. Aphrodite heard the groans of Adonis and rushed to him, but it was too late. Aphrodite got in her arms the lifeless body of her beloved Adonis and it is said the she used nectar in order to spray the wood. The mixture of the nectar and blood sprang a beautiful flower. However, the life of this 1 beautiful flower doesn’t not last. When the wind blows, makes the buds of the plant to bloom and then drifted away. This flower is called Anemone because the wind helps the flowering and its decline. Adonis:It would be an omission if we do not mention that there is a flower named Adonis, which has medicinal properties. According to the myth, this flower is familiar to us as poppy meadows with the beautiful red colour. (Adonis blood). Iris: The flower got its name from the Greek goddess Iris, goddess of the rainbow. -
Chthonic Aspects of Macdonald's Phantastes: from the Rising of The
Chthonic Aspects of MacDonald’s Phantastes: From the Rising of the Goddess to the Anodos of Anodos Fernando Soto The Herios was a woman’s festival. Plutarch of course could not be present at the secret ceremonies of the Thyaiades, but his friend Thyia, their president, would tell him all a man might know . From the rites known to him he promptly conjectured that it was a “Bringing up of Semele.” Semele, it is acknowledged, is but a Thraco-Phrygian form of Gaia, The “Bringing up of Semele” is but the Anodos of Gala or of Kore the Earth Maiden. It is the Return of the vegetation or Year-Spirit in the spring. (Jane Harrison, Themis 416) 1. Introduction and General Backgrounds hantastes is one of the most mysterious books George MacDonald wrote andP one of the least understood books in the English tradition. Since its publication in 1858, reviewers, readers and researchers have experienced great difficulties understanding the meaning of this complex work.The perceived impediments have been so great that some scholars remain unsure whether Phantastes contains a coherent plot or structure (Reis 87, 89, 93-94; Robb 85, 97; etc.). Other critics appear adamant that it contains neither (Wolff 50; Manlove, Modern 55, 71, 77, 79; England 65, 93, 122). Even those scholars who sense a structure or perceive a plot differ not only regarding the types of structure(s) and/or plot(s) they acknowledge (Docherty 17-22; McGillis “Community” 51-63; Gunther “First Two” 32-42), but in deciding into what, if any, genres or traditions Phantastes belongs (Prickett, “Bildungsroman” 109-23; Docherty 19, 23, 30, McGillis, “Femininity” 31-45; etc.). -
The Myth of Melampus
EÖTVÖS LORÁND TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR Abstract VERONIKA KULIN Interpreting the Seer – The Myth of Melampus NYELVTUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA A doktori iskola vezetője: Tolcsvai Nagy Gábor DSc, akadémikus, egyetemi tanár ÓKORTUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI PROGRAM A doktori program vezetője: Déri Balázs PhD, egyetemi tanár A BIZOTTSÁG TAGJAI: Elnök: Déri Balázs PhD, egyetemi tanár Belső bíráló: Bolonyai Gábor PhD, egyetemi docens Külső bíráló: Nagy Árpád Miklós PhD, egyetemi docens Titkár: Földváry Miklós PhD, habilitált egyetemi adjunktus Tag: Pataki Elvira PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Póttag: Kárpáti András PhD, habilitált egyetemi docens Póttag: Gesztelyi Tamás DSc, habilitált egyetemi docens TÉMAVEZETŐ: Horváth Judit PhD, ny. egyetemi docens Budapest, 2016 I. Introduction My dissertation starts from two fundamental questions. The first refers to seers in Ancient Greece: what was the role of seers in Greek society? What was the nature of their knowledge? Did they have authority, and if so, what was it based on? In the 2nd half of the 20th century, Greek religious studies have been largely dominated by the concept of a “polis religion”. Since in Greek culture there was no central institution or set of institutions that organised religious life, nor any dogmatic system or holy scripture that created a fixed framework for religious belief and practice, historians of religion have regarded the polis as an institution which assumed the role played by the Church in Christianity (compare Kindt 2012: 3–4 and Bremmer 2010). In consequence, all religious phenomena that did not fit into the frames of institutionalized polis religion were dismissed as insignificant, marginal or “sectarian”. Magic and mystery-religion took second place, and so did seers and divination. -
The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great
Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-2 The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great Stanislav Doležal (University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice) Abstract The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstand- ing his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine’s accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an impor- tant role. Keywords Constantine the Great; Roman emperor; usurpation; tetrarchy 19 Stanislav Doležal The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great On 25 July 306 at York, the Roman Emperor Constantius I died peacefully in his bed. On the same day, a new Emperor was made – his eldest son Constantine who had been present at his father’s deathbed. What exactly happened on that day? Britain, a remote province (actually several provinces)1 on the edge of the Roman Empire, had a tendency to defect from the central government. It produced several usurpers in the past.2 Was Constantine one of them? What gave him the right to be an Emperor in the first place? It can be argued that the political system that was still valid in 306, today known as the Tetrarchy, made any such seizure of power illegal. -
STONEFLY NAMES from CLASSICAL TIMES W. E. Ricker
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Perla Jahr/Year: 1996 Band/Volume: 14 Autor(en)/Author(s): Ricker William E. Artikel/Article: Stonefly names from classical times 37-43 STONEFLY NAMES FROM CLASSICAL TIMES W. E. Ricker Recently I amused myself by checking the stonefly names that seem to be based on the names of real or mythological persons or localities of ancient Greece and Rome. I had copies of Bulfinch’s "Age of Fable," Graves; "Greek Myths," and an "Atlas of the Ancient World," all of which have excellent indexes; also Brown’s "Composition of Scientific Words," And I have had assistance from several colleagues. It turned out that among the stonefly names in lilies’ 1966 Katalog there are not very many that appear to be classical, although I may have failed to recognize a few. There were only 25 in all, and to get even that many I had to fudge a bit. Eleven of the names had been proposed by Edward Newman, an English student of neuropteroids who published around 1840. What follows is a list of these names and associated events or legends, giving them an entomological slant whenever possible. Greek names are given in the latinized form used by Graves, for example Lycus rather than Lykos. I have not listed descriptive words like Phasganophora (sword-bearer) unless they are also proper names. Also omitted are geographical names, no matter how ancient, if they are easily recognizable today — for example caucasica or helenica. alexanderi Hanson 1941, Leuctra. -
The Concept of Immo<Tals in Medite<<Anean Antiquity Autho<(S): Cha<Les H. Talbe<T Sou<Ce: Jou<Nal Of
!"#$%&'(#)*$&+$,--&.*/01$2'$3#42*#../'#/'$5'*2672*8 57*"&.91:;$%"/.0#1$<=$!/0>#.* ?&7.(#;$@&7.'/0$&+$A2>02(/0$B2*#./*7.#C$D&0=$EFC$G&=$H$9?#)=C$IEJK:C$))=$FIELFHM N7>021"#4$>8;$!"#$?&(2#*8$&+$A2>02(/0$B2*#./*7.# ?*/>0#$OPB;$http://www.jstor.org/stable/3265162 5((#11#4;$QMRQIRSQQE$QE;FI Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sbl. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature. -
Composición, Estado De Conservación Y Propuestas De Manejo
FAUNA DEL IBERÁ Composición, estado de conservación y propuestas de manejo Marzo de 2004 Coordinador General Tomás Waller Editor Aníbal Parera Equipo de trabajo Alejandro Giraudo (especies de valor especial de conservación y bases de datos) Gustavo Aprile (restauración de fauna) Andrés Bortoluzzi (bases de datos) Marcela Uhart (consultor sobre restauración de fauna) Gustavo Solís (consultor sobre restauración de fauna) Martín Méndez (consultor sobre genética) Tomás Waller Aníbal Parera Se agradece la colaboración de: Francisco Erize, Daniel Ligier, Ditmar Kurtz, Flavio Moschione, Ricardo Banchs, Alfredo Balcarce, Rosendo Fraga, Mariano Codesido, Juan Carlos Chebez, Aníbal Andrés Parera, Javier Pereira y Bernardo Lartigau Preparado por la Para el Proyecto GEF/PNUD ARG02/G35: Manejo y Conservación de la Biodiversidad en los Humedales de los Esteros del Iberá Asociación Civil Ecos Corrientes - PNUD y Gobierno de la Provincia de Corrientes RESUMEN EJECUTIVO En el marco del Proyecto GEF/PNUD ARG02/G35 “Manejo y Conservación de la Biodiversidad en los Humedales de los Esteros del Iberá”, y en el contexto del proceso orientado al desarrollo y ejecución de un Plan de Manejo para dicha unidad de conservación, se realizó un diagnóstico de la fauna de vertebrados tetrápodos (no peces) del Iberá, revisándose su composición y estado de conservación. Asimismo se definieron criterios para la selección de especies destacadas, que permitan a los tomadores de decisiones ordenar sus prioridades y obtener indicadores de éxito para medidas de conservación que pudieran instrumentarse en el futuro. Dichas especies destacadas fueron consideradas por su valor de conservación (EVEC), su significado socio-económico para la comunidad local (EVSE), y otros aspectos relevantes en el marco de una estrategia de conservación: especies exóticas introducidas y especies extintas del área en cuestión. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
The Biology and Geology of Tuvalu: an Annotated Bibliography
ISSN 1031-8062 ISBN 0 7305 5592 5 The Biology and Geology of Tuvalu: an Annotated Bibliography K. A. Rodgers and Carol' Cant.-11 Technical Reports of the Australian Museu~ Number-t TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM Director: Technical Reports of the Australian Museum is D.J.G . Griffin a series of occasional papers which publishes Editor: bibliographies, catalogues, surveys, and data bases in J.K. Lowry the fields of anthropology, geology and zoology. The journal is an adjunct to Records of the Australian Assistant Editor: J.E. Hanley Museum and the Supplement series which publish original research in natural history. It is designed for Associate Editors: the quick dissemination of information at a moderate Anthropology: cost. The information is relevant to Australia, the R.J. Lampert South-west Pacific and the Indian Ocean area. Invertebrates: Submitted manuscripts are reviewed by external W.B. Rudman referees. A reasonable number of copies are distributed to scholarly institutions in Australia and Geology: around the world. F.L. Sutherland Submitted manuscripts should be addressed to the Vertebrates: Editor, Australian Museum, P.O. Box A285, Sydney A.E . Greer South, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. Manuscripts should preferably be on 51;4 inch diskettes in DOS format and ©Copyright Australian Museum, 1988 should include an original and two copies. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission of the Editor. Technical Reports are not available through subscription. New issues will be announced in the Produced by the Australian Museum Records. Orders should be addressed to the Assistant 15 September 1988 Editor (Community Relations), Australian Museum, $16.00 bought at the Australian Museum P.O. -
Part I. the Legacy of Roman Law
Sec. iA JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES I–1 PART I. THE LEGACY OF ROMAN LAW A. JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES Contents, Proemium, 1.1–3, 1.8pr, 1.9–10, 2.1–2, 2.5.6, 2.9.6, 3.13, 4.1pr, 4.6.pr–30 J.B. Moyle trans. (Oxford, 1913) [Some emendations by CD.]1 CONTENTS) PROOEMIUM Book I. Title I. Of Justice and Law II. Of the law of nature, the law of nations, and the civil law III. Of the law of persons IV. Of men free born V. Of freedmen VI. Of persons unable to manumit, and the causes of their incapacity VII. Of the repeal of the lex Fufia Caninia VIII. Of persons independent or dependent XI. Of paternal power X. Of marriage XI. Of adoptions XII. Of the modes in which paternal power is extinguished XIII. Of guardianships XIV. Who can be appointed guardians by will XV. Of the statutory guardianship of agnates XVI. Of loss of status XVII. Of the statutory guardianship of patrons XVIII. Of the statutory guardianship of parents XIX. Of fiduciary guardianship XX. Of Atilian guardians, and those appointed under the lex Iulia et Titia XXI. Of the authority of guardians XXII. Of the modes in which guardianship is terminated XXIII. Of curators XXIV. Of the security to be given by guardians and curators XXV. Of guardians’ and curators’ grounds of exemption XXVI. Of guardians or curators who are suspected BOOK II. Title I. Of the different kinds of Things II. Of incorporeal Things III. Of servitudes IV. Of usufruct V. -
The Thebaid Europa, Cadmus and the Birth of Dionysus
The Thebaid Europa, Cadmus and the birth of Dionysus Caesar van Everdingen. Rape of Europa. 1650 Zeus = Io Memphis = Epaphus Poseidon = Libya Lysianassa Belus Agenor = Telephassa In the Danaid, we followed the descendants of Belus. The Thebaid follows the descendants of Agenor Agenor = Telephassa Cadmus Phoenix Cylix Thasus Phineus Europa • Agenor migrated to the Levant and founded Sidon • But see Josephus, Jewish Antiquities i.130 - 139 • “… for Syria borders on Egypt, and the Phoenicians, to whom Sidon belongs, dwell in Syria.” (Hdt. ii.116.6) The Levant Levant • Jericho (9000 BC) • Damascus (8000) • Biblos (7000) • Sidon (4000) Biblos Damascus Sidon Tyre Jericho Levant • Canaanites: • Aramaeans • Language, not race. • Moved to the Levant ca. 1400-1200 BC • Phoenician = • purple dye people Biblos Damascus Sidon Tyre Agenor = Telephassa Cadmus Phoenix Cylix Thasus Phineus Europa • Zeus appeared to Europa as a bull and carried her to Crete. • Agenor sent his sons in search of Europa • Don’t come home without her! • The Rape of Europa • Maren de Vos • 1590 Bilbao Fine Arts Museum (Spain) Image courtesy of wikimedia • Rape of Europa • Caesar van Everdingen • 1650 • Image courtesy of wikimedia • Europe Group • Albert Memorial • London, 1872. • A memorial for Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. Crete Europa = Zeus Minos Sarpedon Rhadamanthus • Asterius, king of Crete, married Europa • Minos became king of Crete • Sarpedon king of Lycia • Rhadamanthus king of Boeotia The Brothers of Europa • Phoenix • Remained in Phoenicia • Cylix • Founded