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Government in the Reigns of Charles VI and Henry VI

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The Politics ofMadness: Government in the Reigns of Charles VI and Henry VI By Sarah Alger BA A thesis submitted as part ofthe requirements for the degree of Bachelor ofArts with Honours in History School ofHistory and Classics University ofTasmania July 2001 Acknowledgments My sincere thanks must go to the following people, whose indispensable assistance has made this thesis possible: To Professor Michael Bennett for his eternally patient, constructive and insightful supervision, without which this thesis would not have been achievable. To Doctor Megan Cassidy-Welch for her assistance whilst Professor Bennett was on leave in 2000. To Doctor Chris Williams from the Psychology Department, who helped me to understand the psychological aspects ofCharles VI and Henry VI's cases. To Jenny Alger for her help in translating sections ofthe Chroniques du Religieux de Saint Denis and Histoire de Charles VI, without which my primary sources regarding Charles VI would have been insufficient. To my proofreaders and critics, Roland Alger, Jenny Alger and Kristy Willson-Alger, without whom this thesis would be littered with errors. To Andrew Richardson for proofreading my appendices and doing many other tedious tasks, for the use ofhis computer when mine crashed and for his unswerving support. To my niece Hazel for providing many hours ofwelcome distraction and stress relief. Special thanks must also go to my Honours colleagues whose bizarre behaviours made the stresses ofthe year easier to bear. Finally my gratitude must go to my family and friends whose unstinting tolerance and understanding has helped me through this intense experience. Contents Introduction - p. 1 Chapter One: The Problems ofPersonality - p. 10 Chapter Two: Mental Illness and the Stresses ofKingship: A Nexus -po 26 Chapter Three: The Struggle for Stability - p. 42 Conclusion - p. 59 Appendix 1: The Treaty ofTroyes, 1420 - p. 62 Appendix 2: The Appointment ofthe Duke ofYork, 1454 - p. 68 Bibliography - p. 72 List of Illustrations Table 1: The House ofValois, (from M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII, Berkley & Los Angeles: 1974). Table 2: The House of Lancaster, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of Henry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Table 3: The House ofYork, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign ofHenry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Table 4: The Beaufort Family, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign ofHenry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Map 1: England During the Wars of the Roses, (from C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, Politics and the Constitution in England c. 1437-1509, Cambridge: 1997). Map 2: Lancaster and Valois in France, (from C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, Politics and the Constitution in England c. 1437-1509, Cambridge: 1997). List of Illustrations Table 1: The House ofValois, (from M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII, Berkley & Los Angeles: 1974). Table 2: The House of Lancaster, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of Henry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Table 3: The House ofYork, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign ofHenry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Table 4: The Beaufort Family, (from R.A. Griffiths, The Reign ofHenry VI: The Exercise ofRoyal Authority, London: 1993). Map 1: England During the Wars of the Roses, (from C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, Politics and the Constitution in England c. 1437-1509, Cambridge: 1997). Map 2: Lancaster and Valois in France, (from C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, Politics and the Constitution in England c. 1437-1509, Cambridge: 1997). "" Tahlp 1. The House of Valois PH1L1P .zr (13 28-50) I JEAN II·= I 130!'H1~ de Ll4Xembour,g. dtr of JNl1 de l.uxel11bvurs. k. of Bohemia. (1350- Got) 2 Jeal1l1E: d'AuwrSl1E:, dtr. of Guill.lume XII, et. of Al(Yt'r.9~\e I I IIII I ~ CHARLES ::sz: = Jeunue Louis I, Je;nt, Philip Je",lt1le J.Llrie [sabdla Gi..ms",leuzzo (136.;. -So) de 13011rbol1, d. of d. of the :Bold.. (t1373) (t l -f O-f) (t'37Z) Visconti, . eltr. of A~ou. Berry d. or d. of ;\liICllt, Fterr e I, (t 138-f) (t'+16) :BU)'9UH~ d. of Bourbon (t1+O+) CHARLES :Y'I = [si-lbdla Louis I, Catherine ValeHUni-l = LOllis II (1380 - HZ::) of 13avarin d. of Orle",;IS (t 138B) Visconti d. of Orl~.lHs . (tH3S) (tl-tO~) lsabcllr;= 1 'Richil.rd. II. J,,,,rtne = Jelll1 Y, )(ichelle = Philip Louis. = .\(i-ll'3,lret Je,ln, = Jucqucliue C,ltf\<ri", = 1 ){nlrv Y tt40~ k of . (t 1+33) d. of . (tl-f~2) the d. of of BllrSl(iIJy d. of of Bll ~\\)\,t (t'+;S) of EI~Sl(\Hd. EI1,91al1d. :Brittc'):.>' , Good, GliyeHHe TOllNt>le 2 OweH z Chllrles. d. or­ (t1-t1S) (tIN: Tu.i"r d. of Orlf,Hls cttnlltn,ty (t '+67)- )(,lrie of Anjcu, = CHA RLES ill dtr. of LOI,is II} (1+;;;:: - 61) d. of A>ljOli ' I LOUIS XI = 1 At"rqi-lut Cuthcrine = Charle,;, Je.1Hl'1e. =JeillL Ydilltdc = Louis. .J,(\l,tdCliHe = Gastoll lY Ch,wl<; I (1461- 8;;) of $CvtlCllhi, (t 14-+ 6) ct. of de 'p..vt~r~o}L, pi; cf ct. of of Fr.uicc. I dtr, of ChClrolCli,;, ct. of r'iednw'lt. foix d.l'f . Jnmcs I, 5Jtl of· Clenl1':;;;: [elt,r Berry I k. of Scott.tt:l fhilip the Good, d. of SCl\'U (t 1+;:) 1 (t 1H 5) d. (If 1311r31nt~y ., z CIt.lr10U.: of $ClYOY, I dtr, of LOllis II, d. of S,woy 1 1 r- ----- - -1---__ - - - -1-------- - J .ll'l!.:' = Olivier de Ch.lrtJtte = J.1Cqles Jw1ntle =AlIthoiH~ CoWvy. dc 13ri:': de Bltcil S':tlesdlal of GI~etlHC Table 2. The House of Lancaster Edward III (d. 1377) I I I I Edward. prince Lionel. duke Thomas, duke of Wales of Clarence of Gloucester (d. 1376) (d. 1368) (d. 1397) See Table 2 See Table 4 Richard II (d. 1400) i I 1 Philippa = John I. Elizabeth = (2) John Holand, Henry IV king of duke of Exeter (d. 1413) Portugal (d. 14(0) Catherine = Henry III. (d. 1433) king of Castile <, (d. 1406) (i) (ii) I Duarte I. king of John. duke of Mary Bohun Joan of Navarre John II, Portugal Exeter (d. 1447) (d. 1437) king of Castile (d. 1438) (d. 1454) I f AlfonsoI.V, king 0 Henry, duke of = Anne Henry IV, Portugal Exeter Plantagenet king of Castile (d. 1481) (d. 1475) See Table 2 (d. 1474) (i) Henry V = Katherine = (ii) Owen Thomas, duke John, duke Humphrey. duke Blanche = Lewis. Philippa = Eric, (d. 1422) of Valois Tudor of Clarence of Bedford of Gloucester count king (d. 1437) (d. 1461) (d. 1421) (d. 1435) (d. 1447) palatine of Denmark Henry VI = Margaret of Anjou Edmund. earl of Margaret Beaufort Jasper, earl of I(d. 1482) Richmond See Table J Pembroke (d. 1456) (d. 1495) Edward, prince of Wales = Anne Neville (d. 1471) See Table 5 Henry VII Table 3. The House ofYork Edward III (d. 1377) I I I Edward! prince Lionel Jf Antwerp, John of Gaunt, Edmund of Langley. Thomas of Woodstock, of Wales. duke of Clarence duke of Lancaster duke of York duke of Gloucester (d. 1376) (d. 1368) (d. 1399) (d. 1402) (d. 1397) See Table I I See Table I see Table 4 Philippa = Edmund Mortimer, (d. 1386) carl of March (d. 1381) Roger Mortimer. earl of March (d. 1398) I I Edmund Mortimer. Anne Richard. carl Edward, duke earl of March of Cambridge of York {the (d. 1425) (d. 1415) elder son] (d. 1415) Richard, duke = Cicely Neville Isabel = Henry, Viscount of York see Table 5 Bourgchier (d. 1460) see Table 4 Anne = Henry Holand, Henry Edward IV Edmund, earl Elizabeth = John. duke George Richard III Ursula duke of Exeter (d. 1483) of Rutland of Suffolk (d. 1478) (d. 1485) (d. 1475) (d. 1460) (d. 1491) Table 4. The Beaufort Family John of Gaunt. duke of Lancaster (d. 1399) (i) (ii) Blanche of Lancaster Constance of Castile See Table I See Table I I I I John Beaufort, Henry, bishop Thomas. duke of Joan = (2) Ralph Neville, carl marquess of of Winchester Exeter of Westmorland Somerset (d. 1447) (d. 1426) (d. t425) (d. 1410) See TableS I I I I Henry. earl John. duke Joan = James I. of Somerset of Somerset king of (d. 1418) (d. 1444) Scotland I I Margaret = (i) John. duke of Henry, Edmund, James II. king of Scotland Suffolk duke of duke of Somerset (ii) Edmund. carl of Somerset (d. /471) Richmond (d. 1456) (d. 1464) (iii) Henry Stafford (d. 1471) See Table 4 (iv) Thomas, Lord Stanley (d. 1503) ~ Map 1. England during the Wars of the Roses o 50 100 miles I:: o 80 160 kilometres • Towns n Castles X Battles Map 2. Lancaster and Valois in France o 50 100 miles I:: o 80 160 kilometres x Battles • Towns Introduction Between 1380 and 1422, in the reign of the mad king Charles VI, France suffered rebellion and the civil wars of Armagnacs and Burgundians, quite apart from the disastrous depredations of the English from 1415 onwards. After 1422 England had a mad king too, Henry VI, founder of Eton College; she experienced her own civil wars, the Wars ofthe Roses, in the middle years ofthe fifteenth century. 1 Given Vaughan's assessment, can it be regarded coincidental that both France and England during these turbulent periods were ruled by mentally ill kings? Although Vaughan is implying that the mental illnesses of both monarchs and the troubles evident in their reigns are causally linked, much historical literature fails to adequately address this question.
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